Investigating Language Shift among Minangnese Second Generations in North Bandung - By Name: Elsa Wahyuni Putri Affiliation: Universitas ...
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Investigating Language Shift
among Minangnese Second
Generations in North Bandung
By
Name: Elsa Wahyuni Putri
Affiliation: Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
Abstract Code: ABS-ICOLLITE-20277
BACKGROUND OF
THE STUDY
Language & Ethnicity
Probability
Indonesia as Multicultural Country
Fishman (1999), of Language
language and ethnicity is A multilingual country Minangnese
equal. with 1331 ethnic groups Shift among
(Na’im & Syaputra, Minority-Migrant
A person’s identity is
Community Minangnese
considered a ‘Indonesian' 2011). The most migrating
when he or she uses 718 spoken vernacular ethnic group in Indonesia Second
Indonesian language languages (Naim, 1973) The spread of Minangnese
(Kemendikbud, 2020). An estimated half of the
community has already
reached many parts of the
Generations
4.2 million Minangnese
Multicultural
live outside West
country, especially in West
Java, the most populous
in North
neighborhood due to
urbanization Sumatra province (2010
Indonesian census)
province (Badan Pusat
Statistik, 2018).
Bandung
(Tjiptoherijanto, 1999).
Bandung, as the capital city
of West Java province,
become one of popular
destinations for Minangnese
migrants.
Aims of the Study • To investigate whether language shift phenomena has occurred among Minangnese Second Generations in North Bandung. • To find domains of language use. • To identify the contributing factors to the shift.
Research Methods:
Qualitative Descriptive
Instruments
A
Questionnaire Language Test Interview
Findings
1. The occurrence of language shift Diagram 1. Participants’ Language Use in Everyday Context Based on the diagrams above, the Minangnese children shifted their language from Minangnese to other languages, meanwhile Minangnese parents tend to use Minangnese and other languages in their everyday communication
1. The occurrence of language shift (Cont’d)
Minangnese → Indonesian Indonesian → Minangnese Overall
Participant
Translated Poem Translated Poem score
Daughter A 90 80 85
Son A 78 78 78
Oldest Son B 75 75 75
Youngest Son B Unable Unable 0
Older Daughter C 79 77 78
Younger Daughter
68 Unable 68
C
Older Son D 75 75 75
Younger Son D 71 69 70
Children’s average 66.125
Mother A 89 91 90
Father A 90 90 90
Mother B 88 92 90
Mother C 88 88 88
Mother D 88 90 89
Parents’ average 89.4
Participants’ language test results from the translated poems2. Domains of language use Based on the bar diagram above, it can be seen that most of the parents tend to use Minangnese language in the community, home, and self-expression domains. In contrast, fewer than 20% of the children speak Minangnese in the home and community domains only.
3. Factors Contributing to the Shift a. Demographic factors Through interview data, Minangnese children’s language choice is reflected by the society that they live in, which is in Bandung, Indonesia. b. Economic and social factors/intergroup social dependency For economic reasons, two of four Minangnese parents speak languages other than Minangnese to interact with their majority non-Minangnese customers. Following economic factor, there is social intergroup dependency which largely influences Minangnese children to use languages other than Minangnese. c. Attitudes towards Language Most of the parents value the Minangnese language highly, while the children do not maintain their native language exclusively.
Conclusions
This research examines the language shift phenomena among the second generations of
Minangnese in North Bandung. According to the statistics of language use and language tests in
Minangnese, the second generations tend to use other languages and lack in their mother
tongue proficiency. From the data of language use, only 12.5% of the Minangnese second
generations use Minangnese language. This study also highlights some contributing factors to
the language shift among the Minangnese second generations; which are demographic,
intergroup social depency, and attitude.References Badan Pusat Statistik. (2018). Statistik Indonesia 2018. Retrieved from https://www.bps.go.id/publication/2018 Fishman, J. A. (1999). Introduction. In J. A. Fishman (Ed.), Handbook of Language and Ethnic Identity (pp. 3- 5). Retrieved from http://libgen.lc/ Kemendikbud. (2020). Ayo, Ajak Anak Gunakan Bahasa Ibu di Lingkungan Keluarga! Retrieved from https://www.kemdikbud.go.id/. Na’im, A., & Syaputra, H. (2011). Kewarganegaraan, Suku Bangsa, Agama dan Bahasa Sehari-hari Penduduk Indonesia Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2010. Retrieved from https://www.bps.go.id/publication/2012/ Naim, M. (1973). Merantau: Minangkabau Voluntary Migration. Singapore: University of Singapore. Tjiptoherijanto, P. (1999). Urbanisasi dan Pengembangan Kota di Indonesia. Yogyakarta: PPK UGM.
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