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Lista de publicaciones del Think Tank del PE
https://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank
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Autor "SALM Christian"
21 Resultado(s) encontrado(s)
Fecha de creación : 14-01-2022The European Parliament and Greece's accession to the European Community
Tipo de publicación Briefing
Fecha 29-01-2021
Autor SALM Christian
Ámbito político Democracia en la UE, Derecho institucional y parlamentario
Resumen Enlargement of the European Communities (EC) to the south represented one of the most profound changes in
European politics of the 1980s. It dramatically altered political, economic and social structures not only in the EC and
the then Member States, but also in the three accession countries: Greece, Portugal and Spain. This year marks the
40th anniversary of Greece's accession to the European Communities (now Union). Greece became the tenth EC
Member State in 1981, following its transformation from an authoritarian to a democratic system of government.
Importantly, Greece’s EC accession was connected with the consolidation of the country’s emerging democratic
system, starting with the transitional government under Prime Minister Konstantinos Karamanlis from July 1974 on.
Although in the mid-1970s it was not formally involved in deciding on EC membership, the European Parliament saw
itself politically obliged to discuss the major guidelines of EC accession and to assert the need for democratic
conditions in Greece. Against this background, this Briefing looks at the democratisation process in Greece and the
country's EC accession from the perspective of the European Parliament. First, it demonstrates that the Parliament
demanded the fulfilment of fundamental democratic criteria before accepting any rapprochement between Greece and
the Community. Resting on the basic understanding of democracy, the core demand was the holding of free and fair
parliamentary elections. Second, it shows that, following the establishment of democratic structures, the European
Parliament quickly developed relations with Greece, for example with the Greek Parliament in the form of a joint
parliamentary committee. These relations served to support the accession process by discussing and preparing the
baselines of EC enlargement.
Briefing EL, EN
Jacques Delors: Architect of the modern European Union
Tipo de publicación Briefing
Fecha 13-07-2020
Autor LEHMANN Wilhelm | SALM Christian
Ámbito político Democracia en la UE, Derecho institucional y parlamentario
Palabra clave integración europea | presidente de la Comisión | reseña histórica | Unión Económica y Monetaria
Resumen The consensus among most historians of European integration and political scientists is that Jacques Delors, who
served as President of the European Commission from 1985 to 1995, was the most successful holder of that post to
date. His agenda and accomplishments include the EU single market, the Single European Act, Economic and
Monetary Union (EMU) and the rapid integration of the former German Democratic Republic into the European
Community. His combination of coherent agenda-setting and strong negotiating skills, acquired through long
experience of trade union bargaining and years of ministerial responsibilities in turbulent times, puts Delors above
other Commission Presidents, whether in terms of institutional innovation or the development of new Europe-wide
policies. He also showed himself able to react swiftly to external events, notably the collapse of the Soviet bloc, whilst
building Europe’s credibility on the international stage. This Briefing records Delors' life across its crucial stages, from
trade union activist, senior civil servant, French politician, and Member of the European Parliament, to the helm of the
European Commission, where he left the greatest individual impact on European integration history to date. It also
traces the most important ideas that guided Delors in his national and European roles. Finally, it describes the political
events and key actors which made Delors' decade in office a time of important decisions and progress in the process
of European integration and, in doing so, it draws on recent academic literature and on speeches Delors gave in the
European Parliament.
Briefing DE, EN, FR
Schuman Declaration: 70 years on
Tipo de publicación De un vistazo
Fecha 07-05-2020
Autor SALM Christian
Ámbito político Democracia en la UE, Derecho institucional y parlamentario
Palabra clave CECA | fomento de la idea de Europa | historia de Europa
Resumen Aiming to secure peace in Europe after the horrors of the Second World War, the Schuman Declaration proposed
cooperation among European countries in two key economic areas central to rearmament and warfare: coal and steel.
As an institutional framework for this cooperation, the Schuman Declaration proposed the creation of the first
supranational organisation in Europe, the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC). Established in 1952, the
ECSC laid the foundations for today's European Union (EU). The Schuman Declaration is therefore seen as the EU’s
founding act. Presented by the French Foreign Minister, Robert Schuman, on 9 May 1950, this year marks the 70th
anniversary of the Schuman Declaration.
De un vistazo EN
Multimedia Schuman Declaration: 70 years on
Schuman Declaration: 70 years on
14-01-2022 Fuente : © Unión Europea, 2022 - PE 1Global Trendometer 2019
Tipo de publicación Estudio
Fecha 18-12-2019
Autor KONONENKO Vadim | NOONAN EAMONN | RECHARD Daniele | SALM Christian | SCHMERTZING Leopold |
WINDLE-WEHRLE Jessica Freya
Ámbito político Asuntos económicos y monetarios | Democracia | Democracia en la UE, Derecho institucional y parlamentario |
Espacio de libertad, seguridad y justicia | Medio ambiente | Planificación prospectiva | Politica social | Seguridad y
defensa
Palabra clave China | democracia | esperanza de vida | estructura social | informe de estudio de la UE | política espacial | política
social europea | prospectiva | verificación de cuentas | África del Norte
Resumen The new Global Trendometer examines topics ranging from deliberative democracy and the future of social policy in
Europe, to scenarios for Northern Africa, China's social credit system, the auditing of algorithms and space as a new
frontier.
Estudio EN
Multimedia Global Trendometer
European Parliament and the path to German reunification
Tipo de publicación De un vistazo
Fecha 05-11-2019
Autor SALM Christian
Ámbito político Democracia en la UE, Derecho institucional y parlamentario
Palabra clave Alemania | Alemania RDA | conmemoración | relaciones entre las dos Alemanias | unificación de Alemania |
unificación nacional
Resumen This year marks the 30th anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall, set in motion by the events of 9 November 1989,
which led to Germany’s full reunification within less than a year. The accession of the German Democratic Republic
(GDR) to the Federal Republic of Germany (Federal Republic) completed the reunification process on 3 October 1990.
Moreover, with the accession of the former GDR to the Federal Republic, the GDR integrated into the European
Economic Community (EEC) of the time via a special procedure. As the GDR's status as a subject of international law
ended with its accession to the Federal Republic, a normal EEC Treaty accession procedure was not possible. The
European Parliament followed the chain of profound political developments triggered by the fall of the Berlin Wall
closely.
De un vistazo EN
Walter Hallstein: First President of the Commission and visionary of European integration
Tipo de publicación Briefing
Fecha 11-07-2019
Autor LEHMANN Wilhelm | SALM Christian
Ámbito político Democracia en la UE, Derecho institucional y parlamentario
Palabra clave biografía | figura política | historia de Europa | personaje histórico
Resumen When Walter Hallstein became the first President of the European Economic Community Commission, in 1958, a long
career already lay behind him: legal scholar, university professor, research manager, diplomat and German
government representative at the conferences drafting the founding treaties of the European Coal and Steel
Community and then the European Economic Community. The federalist ideas he developed and the emphasis he
placed on supranational institutions remain among his most important legacies. Equally significant was his
administrative capacity to build an institution of a completely new type and to anticipate policies that seemed utopian at
the time but turned out to be necessary many years later. This impetus to push for further integration earned Hallstein
strong opposition from several national leaders, and eventually led to his precipitous departure. This briefing recalls
three principal aspects of Hallstein's life: as a scholar and research administrator, as a protagonist of German foreign
policy and, of course, as a crucial architect of the early period of European integration.
Briefing EN
14-01-2022 Fuente : © Unión Europea, 2022 - PE 2The ECSC Common Assembly's decision to create political groups: Writing a new chapter in transnational
parliamentary history
Tipo de publicación Briefing
Fecha 12-06-2019
Autor SALM Christian
Ámbito político Democracia en la UE, Derecho institucional y parlamentario
Palabra clave CECA | grupo político (PE) | reseña histórica
Resumen Political groups in the European Parliament contribute greatly to the institution's supranational character and are a
most important element of its parliamentary work. Moreover, the Parliament's political groups have proven to be crucial
designers of EU politics and policies. However, when the forerunner of today's Parliament, the Common Assembly of
the Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), was established in 1952, the creation of political groups was not envisaged at
all. Making use of its autonomy with regard to writing its rules of procedures, the ECSC Common Assembly
unanimously decided, at its plenary session in June 1953, to allow the creation of political groups. With this decision,
the ECSC Common Assembly became the world's first international assembly organised in political groups. This
briefing analyses the decision of the ECSC Common Assembly to create political groups by bringing together political
and historical science literature on the topic, as well as original sources from the Parliament's Historical Archives that
record considerations and motives for the decision to create political groups. It will illustrate the complementary
cultural, historical, organisational and financial reasons for this decision. Furthermore, it will demonstrate that, for the
first ECSC Common Assembly members, it was highly important to take account of political affiliations in order to
highlight the supranational character of the newly emerging Assembly. Finally, the briefing highlights that common
work within the political groups was essential in helping to overcome early difficulties between the Assembly's
members with different national backgrounds.
Briefing EN
Political groups in the European Parliament since 1979: Key facts and figures
Tipo de publicación Estudio
Fecha 12-06-2019
Autor SALM Christian
Ámbito político Democracia en la UE, Derecho institucional y parlamentario
Palabra clave estadística | grupo político (PE) | reseña histórica
Resumen This study seeks to fill a gap in research on the development of political groups, which have become a crucial
component of the European Parliament. In fact, the creation of political groups can be traced back to a June 1953
decision of the Common Assembly of the European Coal and Steel Community, the European Parliament’s forerunner,
to allow members to establish three political groups – Christian Democrats, Socialists and Liberals – and thus begin
the formation of supranational links among Members. The paper focuses on the period from the first direct elections, in
1979, to the end of the eighth parliamentary term, and includes data on group membership, on committee chairs by
group, on political groups’ staffing and on the funding allocated to political groups and the linked European political
foundations.
Estudio EN
European elections: A historical perspective
Tipo de publicación De un vistazo
Fecha 05-06-2019
Autor SALM Christian
Ámbito político Democracia en la UE, Derecho institucional y parlamentario
Palabra clave elecciones europeas | reseña histórica
Resumen Between 23 and 26 May 2019, 427 million European Union (EU) citizens had the opportunity to vote for Members of
the European Parliament. This was the ninth time that EU citizens could vote directly for the policy- and decision-
makers who will represent them in EU politics. European elections are consequently one of the most important events
in the EU political cycle. With a view to this year's European election and challenges to come for the new Parliament,
many EU observers attached special historical significance to this ninth European election. Looking back, while the
very first European election was held forty years ago, in 1979, the journey to holding European elections was long and
complex.
De un vistazo DE, EN, FR
14-01-2022 Fuente : © Unión Europea, 2022 - PE 3Major sporting events versus human rights: Parliament's position on the 1978 FIFA World Cup in
Argentina and the 1980 Moscow Olympics
Tipo de publicaciónBriefing
Fecha 13-06-2018
AutorSALM Christian
Ámbito políticoCultura | Derechos humanos
Palabra claveArgentina | debate parlamentario | derechos humanos | espectáculo deportivo | historia contemporánea | Parlamento
Europeo | Resolución PE | Rusia | sesión pública | URSS | violencia política
Resumen Major sports events and politics are closely intertwined. Well-known historical examples of major sporting events that
were used by regimes for political propaganda purposes are the 1978 FIFA World Cup in Argentina and the 1980
Summer Olympic Games in Moscow. The 1978 World Cup took place around two years after the Argentinian military
regime's right-wing coup and its violent repression of critics, and was then the most political World Cup in the history of
the International Federation of Association Football (Fédération Internationale de Football Association: FIFA). The
1980 Summer Olympic Games in Moscow were the first to take place in eastern Europe and the first to be held in a
socialist country. In addition, the 1980 Summer Olympic Games unleashed a hitherto, in the history of major sporting
events, unprecedented boycott by 60 countries, in protest against the Soviet Union's invasion of Afghanistan in
December 1979. The European Parliament's involvement in the debates on the political reaction to these two major
sporting events is a largely unknown aspect of the history of the 1978 World Cup and the 1980 Summer Olympic
Games. This Briefing will reconstruct these debates and the policy action that followed, based on new analysis of
sources held in the Parliament's Historical Archives, and demonstrates that the EP's leitmotiv was the violation of
human rights in both countries. Furthermore, the Briefing shows that these debates set the basis for the EP's current
policy action when it comes to major sports events in countries with a poor track record of human rights.
Briefing EN
The added value of the European Citizens' Initiative (ECI), and its revision
Tipo de publicación Estudio
Fecha 13-04-2018
Autor SALM Christian
Ámbito político Democracia en la UE, Derecho institucional y parlamentario
Palabra clave admisibilidad | ciudadanía europea | consulta pública | datos personales | Defensor del Pueblo Europeo | democracia
participativa | incompatibilidad | iniciativa de la UE | iniciativa legislativa | Internet | organización no gubernamental |
petición | poder de iniciativa | protección de datos | transparencia del proceso decisorio
Resumen The European Citizens' Initiative (ECI) is aimed at bringing the EU closer to its citizens, by enabling them to invite the
European Commission to make a proposal for a legal act. Introduced by the Treaty of Lisbon, the ECI should provide
every citizen with the right to participate in the democratic life of the Union. However, the ECI in practice has had
various procedural hurdles, preventing the fulfilment of the regulation's objectives. The ECI is thus not fulfilling its
potential with regard to bringing the EU closer to its citizens. Against this background, the present study outlines the
weaknesses in the existing ECI procedure. Moreover, it assesses, with a view to their added value, the main reform
proposals that have been put forward to improve the ECI's functioning.
Estudio EN
Cross-border restitution claims of looted works of art and cultural goods
Tipo de publicación
Estudio
Fecha09-11-2017
Autor
SALM Christian
Ámbito político
Derecho de la UE: sistema jurídico y actos legislativos | Derecho internacional público
Palabra clave
aproximación de legislaciones | bien cultural | comercio de arte | Derecho internacional privado | Derecho mercantil |
lucha contra la delincuencia | propiedad pública | protección del patrimonio | tráfico ilícito
Resumen Works of art and cultural goods looted in armed conflicts or wars usually travel across several borders when they are
sold. The cross-border character of looted art creates legal challenges for restitution claims as they often concern
various national jurisdictions, with differing rules, as well as fragmented and insufficiently defined legal requirements in
international and European legal instruments. Against this background, this European Added Value Assessment
identifies weaknesses in the existing EU legal system for restitution claims of works of art and cultural goods looted in
armed conflicts and wars. Moreover, it outlines potential legislative measures that could be taken at the EU level and
that could generate European added value through simplification and harmonisation of the legal system in this area.
Estudio EN
14-01-2022 Fuente : © Unión Europea, 2022 - PE 4Benefits of EU international trade agreements
Tipo de publicaciónBriefing
Fecha 25-10-2017
AutorSALM Christian
Ámbito políticoComercio internacional
Palabra claveacuerdo comercial (UE) | análisis económico | ASEAN | Canadá | Colombia | comercio internacional | Corea del Sur |
desarrollo sostenible | Ecuador | Mercosur | Perú
Resumen Trade is the EU's most important link to the world beyond its borders. In force since the 1957 Treaty of Rome, the
transition to a common EU trade policy was completed in 1968. It is the EU's oldest instrument influencing the bloc's
foreign relations. Today, Article 207 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) establishes the
common trade policy as an exclusive EU competence. Following the procedure under that legal basis the EU
negotiates, concludes and implements trade agreements. Currently, the EU is negotiating and up-dating Free Trade
Agreements (FTAs) with 19 countries and 2 sub-regional blocs, namely the Association of Southeast Asian Nations
(ASEAN) and the Southern Common Market of South American countries (Mercado Común de Sur: Mercosur). Within
the EU's latest trade strategy – the 2015 'Trade for All – Towards a more responsible trade and investment strategy',
FTAs are considered instruments that contribute to the EU's objective of generating jobs and growth. About 31 million
jobs in Europe depend, directly or indirectly, on the EU and its Member States' ability to trade. In other words, EU
external trade concerns almost one in every seven jobs in Europe. In France, for example, over 2.2 million jobs rely on
French exports outside the EU. Around 90 % of future global growth is expected to be generated outside Europe's
borders. Figures show that the EU share of world GDP has slowly decreased in recent years (see graph below).
Against this background, the EU needs to seize trade opportunities beyond its borders in order to gain higher levels of
growth in Europe.
Briefing EN
EU support for education: Improving young people's chances on the job market
Tipo de publicación Briefing
Fecha 07-04-2017
Autor KLUGMAN-VUTZ Cornelia | SALM Christian
Ámbito político Educación | Empleo | Valor añadido europeo
Palabra clave acceso al empleo | cooperación en materia de educación | educación | enseñanza de idiomas | formación profesional |
política de la juventud | programa de la UE
Resumen • The EU's ERASMUS+ programme is investing €14.7 billion in education (2014-2019). • ERASMUS+ will enable 4
million young Europeans to study or learn abroad. • Experience abroad increases young people's chances on the job
market and reduces their risk of unemployment.
Briefing EN
Impact of the ECSC Common Assembly on the politics, negotiation and content of the Rome Treaties
Tipo de publicación Briefing
Fecha 10-03-2017
Autor SALM Christian
Ámbito político Democracia en la UE, Derecho institucional y parlamentario
Palabra clave Comunidad Europea | historia de Europa | Parlamento Europeo | tratados europeos
Resumen As the historical framework for the present-day European Union (EU), the Treaties of Rome, signed in March 1957 and
establishing the European Economic Community (EEC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (EAEC or
Euratom), are among the most important treaties of the European integration process. The failure to set up a European
Defence Community in 1954 provided the incentive for the EEC Treaty to envisage integration in economic as well as
political terms. Crucially, the Rome Treaties provided for the establishment of today's EU institutions, which have
played a major role in securing the peaceful coexistence of Member States for the past sixty years. The Common
Assembly (CA) of the European Coal and Steel Community (1952-1957) has long been overlooked as an important
factor in the development of the Rome Treaties. As it was not directly involved in deliberations and negotiations on the
treaties, it might easily be concluded that the CA did not play a significant role. This briefing demonstrates the very
opposite. It was the CA that put the issue of an extended common market on the Community and Member States'
political agenda, thereby relaunching European integration at a decisive moment in the EU's history. Furthermore, the
CA effectively foreshadowed its future position and competences in a wider European community. The CA formulated
demands for greater legislative and budgetary powers in order to overcome its subsidiary and consultative role. Given
its political authority as the parliamentary representation of the people of the Community, the CA was successful in
incorporating its demands into the deliberations and negotiations that led to the Rome Treaties.
Briefing EN
14-01-2022 Fuente : © Unión Europea, 2022 - PE 5EU Research Policy: Tackling the major challenges facing European society
Tipo de publicación Briefing
Fecha 10-03-2017
Autor SALM Christian
Ámbito político Política de investigación | Valor añadido europeo
Palabra clave centro de investigación | competitividad | financiación de la UE | iniciativa de la UE | innovación | intercambio científico
| investigación y desarrollo | personal de investigación | política de investigación de la UE | presupuesto de
investigación | programa marco de IDT
Resumen • 2014 – 2020, EU funds for research and innovation near €120 billion. • €31 billion of EU funds are set aside for
research into societal challenges (2014 – 2020) • A fully established European Research Area will generate annual
gains of €16 billion.
Briefing EN
EU Defence Policy: The sleeping giant
Tipo de publicación Briefing
Fecha 14-12-2016
Autor SALM Christian
Ámbito político Seguridad y defensa | Valor añadido europeo
Resumen • In 2015, the EU Member States collectively spent €203 billion on defence. • Increased EU defence cooperation could
generate efficiency gains of €26 billion. • In 2015, EU commitments for 11 civilian missions amounted to €258 million. •
Cooperation through pooling and sharing of military capabilities alone can save €300 million.
Briefing EN
How European development aid makes a difference
Tipo de publicación Briefing
Fecha 02-12-2016
Autor KLUGMAN-VUTZ Cornelia | SALM Christian
Ámbito político Desarrollo y ayuda humanitaria | Valor añadido europeo
Palabra clave ayuda al desarrollo | ayuda de la UE | democratización | derechos humanos | estadística de la UE | mantenimiento de
la paz | papel internacional de la UE | país en desarrollo | política migratoria de la UE | reparto de la financiación de la
UE
Resumen • In 2015, Europe provided €68 billion in development aid, which is over 50 % of all global aid efforts, with the main aim
of eradicating poverty. • EU imports from developing countries are worth €860 billion a year. • Better EU aid
coordination could free €800 million in additional development funding.
Briefing EN
Protection of Vulnerable Adults
Tipo de publicación Estudio
Fecha 08-09-2016
Autor SALM Christian
Ámbito político Derecho de la UE: sistema jurídico y actos legislativos | Derecho internacional privado y cooperación judicial en
materia civil | Derecho internacional público | Politica social | Valor añadido europeo
Palabra clave código de conducta | dependencia de los ancianos | discapacitado | enfermedad del sistema nervioso | envejecimiento
de la población | libertad de circulación
Resumen While benefiting from the freedom of movement and residence in the European Union (EU), vulnerable adults often
face legal difficulties when in a cross-border situation as a result of the lack of solid legal protection. This is due to the
different protection schemes operating in the EU Member States, and the incomplete international legal framework,
creating legal uncertainties in the Europe-wide protection of vulnerable adults. This European Added Value
Assessment identifies weaknesses in the existing legal framework for the protection of vulnerable adults in cross-
border situations, focusing on the most important international legal instrument in the field: the Hague Adult Protection
Convention of 13 January 2000. The Assessment goes on to outline potential legal measures which could be taken at
the EU level and which would generate European added value through simplification and transparency of the legal
framework in this area.
Estudio EN, FR
14-01-2022 Fuente : © Unión Europea, 2022 - PE 6Limitation periods for road traffic accidents
Tipo de publicación Estudio
Fecha 07-07-2016
Autor SALM Christian
Ámbito político Espacio de libertad, seguridad y justicia | Valor añadido europeo
Palabra clave acceso a la justicia | accidente de transporte | cooperación judicial civil en la Unión Europea | Derecho comparado |
Derecho de los seguros | Derecho internacional privado | indemnización | prescripción del delito | principio de
seguridad jurídica
Resumen Widely differing limitation periods for tort claims across the European Union (EU) Member States can lead to victims of
cross-border road traffic accidents losing their right to compensation. This European Added Value Assessment (EAVA)
sketches out the weaknesses of the relevant existing legal frameworks which create obstacles for victims of cross-
border road traffic accidents in accessing legal justice. Furthermore, the EAVA identifies the costs that arise on
account of differing rules on limitation periods, not only in terms of length of time but also with regard to the beginning
of a limitation period, the procedural requirements for stopping the running of a limitation period, and application to
minors and disabled people. The EAVA demonstrates that differing rules in the application of limitation periods can
generate costs such as additional lawyer's fees and fees for expert evidence on foreign rules. Finally, the EAVA
outlines two rules for harmonising limitation periods within the EU in the form of minimum standards that could
generate European added value by simplifying the existing legal framework and offering greater legal certainty for
victims of cross-border road traffic accidents.
Estudio EN
European Research Area
Tipo de publicación Estudio
Fecha 18-05-2016
Autor SALM Christian | ZANDSTRA Thomas
Ámbito político Política de investigación | Valor añadido europeo
Palabra clave base jurídica | cooperación científica | integración europea | libre circulación de trabajadores | método abierto de
coordinación | organización de la investigación | personal de investigación | política de investigación de la UE | política
de la UE - política nacional | presupuesto de investigación
Resumen This Cost of Non-Europe study examines the state of implementation of the current policy framework for the
establishment of a European Research Area (ERA). The study combines a backward-looking (ex-post) and a forward-
looking (ex-ante) evaluation. While the ex-post evaluation looks at the implementation of the ERA policy framework,
the ex-ante assessment focuses on potential costs and benefits of possible further policy action. In doing so, it
identifies shortcomings in the ERA policy framework and outlines costs due to the lack of further action on the issue.
The study makes a cautious estimate that the costs linked with implementation shortcomings of the ERA policy
framework could amount to €3 billion per year.
Estudio DE, EN, FR
14-01-2022 Fuente : © Unión Europea, 2022 - PE 7You can also read
