Lobster Cultivation in Indonesia and Vietnam: A Review
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Asian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Research
13(1): 12-20, 2021; Article no.AJFAR.69732
ISSN: 2582-3760
Lobster Cultivation in Indonesia and Vietnam:
A Review
Mochhamad Ikhsan Cahya Utama1*, Ayi Yustiati2, Yuli Andriani2
and Rita Rostika2
1
Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Padjadjaran University, Indonesia.
2
Fishery Department, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science,
Padjadjaran University, Indonesia.
Authors’ contributions
This work was carried out in collaboration among all authors. Author Utama wrote the first draft of the
manuscript. Authors AY, YA and RR managed the outline of the manuscript and managed the
literature searches. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Article Information
DOI: 10.9734/AJFAR/2021/v13i130255
Editor(s):
(1) Dr. Vijai Krishna Das, Institute of Physical and Social Sciences, Sultanpur, India.
Reviewers:
(1) Yamini Tiwari, Vivekananda Global University, India.
(2) Dung Viet LE, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Vietnam.
Complete Peer review History: http://www.sdiarticle4.com/review-history/69732
Received 15 April 2021
Review Article Accepted 21 June 2021
Published 26 June 2021
ABSTRACT
The development of spiny lobster (Panulirus sp.) cultivation is of particular concern as market
demand continues to increase while capture fisheries production remains static and with little
chance of increasing. Indonesia has a unique opportunity to build the largest lobster aquaculture
industry in the world, based on the significant natural resources of the puerulus settlement.
Cultivation of lobster in the country is one solution to maintain the availability of lobster seeds in the
waters. The success of Vietnam's lobster industry has generated enormous interest in Indonesia,
where is having so much potential for the lobster farming industry. Lobster cultivation activities
consist of catching lobster puelurus, juvenile production, and lobster rearing. Vietnam, which has
first started lobster cultivation activities, can certainly be an example for Indonesia in developing
lobster in its own country. Several innovations that have been successfully developed in Vietnam,
such as the process of catching using trawls or using fluorescent lights or cultivation activities
using cages that are submerged with a depth of more than 10 m can certainly be examples for
Indonesia to consider.
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________
*Corresponding author: Email: mochhamad14001@mail.unpad.ac.id;
Utama et al.; AJFAR, 13(1): 12-20, 2021; Article no.AJFAR.69732
Keywords: Indonesia; lobster cultivation; Panulirus sp; Vietnam.
1. INTRODUCTION 2. LOBSTER CULTIVATION DEVELOP-
MENT
Indonesia has the potential for marine cultivation
to reach 12,545,072 ha, while the current One of the efforts that can be done to accelerate
utilization is around 117,449 ha [1]. The the development of lobster cultivation is to know
cultured marine species include snapper, the cultivation techniques that have been carried
grouper, brood fish, milkfish, seaweed, lobster, out and other aspects related to lobster
and others. cultivation in countries where lobster cultivation is
more developed. Lobster cultivation in Vietnam
began in 1992 in Nha Trang City, Khanh Hoa
The development of spiny lobster (Panulirus sp.)
Province. In that year, lobster cultivation in
cultivation is of particular concern as market
floating net cages was only carried out by 5
demand continues to increase while capture
families. There are 8 types of lobster found, but
fisheries production remains static and with little
only 3 of them are cultivated, namely pearl, sand,
chance of increasing. Indonesia has a unique
and batik lobsters. In 1993, lobster cultivation
opportunity to build the largest lobster
was carried out by 100 families and in 2003 it
aquaculture industry in the world, based on the
became 500 families. Each family carrying 10
significant natural resources of the puerulus
cages that installed on 1 raft unit. The peak
settlement [2]. These seed lobsters can be
production of cultivated lobster in Vietnam
caught and cultured to produce high-value
reached 1,900 tons in 2006.
consumption size lobsters.
The success of Vietnam's lobster industry has
Cultivation of lobster in the country is one generated enormous interest in Indonesia, where
solution to maintain the availability of lobster is having much potential for the lobster farming
seeds in the waters. In addition to obtaining industry [9]. Interest in developing Spiny Lobster
lobster for consumption purposes, lobster (Panulirus sp.) cultivation has grown rapidly in
cultivation can also be used as a means for the last few decades [10]. Lobster hatchery
restocking of the lobster’s broodstock [3]. technology commercially has achieved various
Opportunities for lobster cultivation in the country concepts but has not been realized significantly.
are very open due to the lack of aquaculture Commercial production of puerulus produced in
activities in seawater, including lobster cultivation hatcheries could be implemented in the next few
itself. This is certainly an opportunity that can be years [11].
utilized given the natural conditions in Indonesia
itself that support the potential for lobster On the Indonesian island of Lombok, in the early
cultivation. 2000s puerulus especially the Sand Lobster
species (Panulirus homarus) were observed to
Cultivation of lobster in floating net cages (KJA) settle naturally in seaweed and floating net cages
in Indonesia began to develop in 2000 in the used for grouper culture [12]. Seaweed and fish
waters of Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara cultivators recognized that these small lobsters
Province [4,5]. At that time, many natural seeds have an opportunity, to give the high market
were found attached to buoys and other value of lobsters [13,14]. They started looking for
materials related to seaweed and grouper puerulus and developed a special method to
cultivation [6,7], then the seeds were taken for catch and keep them in special cages for lobster
growing culture activities in the KJA. According to rearing. By the mid-2000s, the method of
Priyambodo and Jaya [8], in general, the capturing puerulus had changed to the one which
seeds used in lobster rearing businesses in was used in Vietnam, and more than 600,000
Indonesia are caught from nature. Currently, were caught in 2008/2009 [15]. Over the
lobster cultivation can be said to be following years, puerulus capture methods were
underdeveloped due to the puelurus in refined, and although components of the
Indonesian waters, which are exported legally or Vietnamese approach were applied such as the
illegally because they are considered profitable. use of lights to attract puerulus, the puerulus
The purpose of writing this review is to provide capture method in Lombok developed a unique
information about lobster cultivation in Vietnam character such as “Krendet” that made from net
and in Indonesia. or “Pocong” that made from net and cement
13Utama et al.; AJFAR, 13(1): 12-20,
20, 2021;
2021 Article no.AJFAR.69732
paper [16].. By 2015, the capture of puerulus by managed through good grow grow-out cultivation
methods developed in Lombok had extended to technology, so that it can provide much greater
great
the entire southern coast of Java and Sumbawa. added value to the economy of coastal
communities than only selling the caught seeds.
According to Erlania et al.; [6],, the availability of
abundant lobster seeds in nature can be
Lobster Sales In A
Consumption Size
The Importance Of
Maintaining The
Lobster Cultivation
Availability Of Lobster
Seeds Restock
estock The Lobster's
Broodstock From
Cultivation
Fig. 1. Flowchart of the importance of lobster cultivation
Fig. 2. Sand lobster (Panulirus homarus) [17]
14Utama et al.; AJFAR, 13(1): 12-20, 2021; Article no.AJFAR.69732
Cathing Juvenile Lobster
Puelurus Lobster Production Cultivation
Fig. 3. Flowchart of the process of lobster cultivation
Fig. 4. Illustration of lobster net cage style in vietnam [10]
2.1 Lobster Species The most abundant species are sand lobster and
pearl lobster. The first capture of puerulus was
Lobster (Panulirus sp.) is a marine animal carried out in the southeastern part of Lombok
belonging to the crustaceans with hard skin and Island where the natural conditions were
incuded in arthropod group. It has five life stages sufficient to support fisheries. Stocks of adult
starting from the egg sperm production process, lobsters in Lombok are rare because there are
then the puelurus or larval stage, postlarvae, very few reef areas suitable for lobster habitats.
juvenile, and adult. Lobsters are nocturnal In Lombok, more than 99% of puerulus caught
animals that are active at night, during the day are sand lobster and pearl lobster species with
preferring to stay in coral holes, and later at night the proportion of catches of these two species
come out of hiding to find food around shallower changes every year [18]. Overall, sand lobster
corals at high tide. Sea lobsters live in rocky and puerulus catches were the most abundant
sandy areas of water. There are at least seven (between 65 and 85%), and pearl lobster
species of lobster in Indonesia, namely the Sand between 15% and 35%. Recently, the catch of
Lobster (Panulirus homarus), Batik Lobster puelurus lobster has spread to the southern
(Panulirus longipes), Rock Lobster (Panulirus coast of Java and Sumbawa, where the
penicillatus), Pakistani Lobster (Panulirus existence of lobster species is same as Lombok.
polyphagus), Pearl Lobster (Panulirus ornatus),
Bamboo Lobster (Panulirus versicolor), and Red Just like in Indonesia, Vietnam does not yet have
Batik Lobster (Panulirus femoristriga). lobster hatchery technology that can support
For more details, here is the taxonomic order of lobster cultivation activities commercially, thus
lobsters according to the ministry of marine and relying on the availability of lobster seeds in
fisheries (KKP) [1] nature for their cultivation activities [19]. The
types of lobster species in Vietnam are almost
Kingdom : Animalia the same as in Indonesia as well as the
Phylum : Arthropoda percentage of their existence so that only sand
Subphylum : Crustacea lobster and pearl lobster are used for cultivation
Class : Malacostraca [20]. However, both in Indonesia and in Vietnam,
Order : Decapoda when lobster hatchery technology can support
Family : Palinuridae commercial aquaculture activities, it is not
Genus : Panulirus impossible that lobster cultivation activities no
Species : Panulirus sp. longer rely on their availability in nature and can
15Utama et al.; AJFAR, 13(1): 12-20, 2021; Article no.AJFAR.69732
cultivate lobsters with species other than sand as to produce the most effective puerulus fishing
lobster and pearl lobster. method currently used [22]. Methods Indonesia
shares with Vietnam is the practice of
3. LOBSTER CULTIVATION ACTIVITIES intercepting puerulus as they swim; However,
instead of using trawl nets, artificial habitats are
Cultivation activities that rely on natural seed placed through the water column, where
supplies do not only occur in lobsters. In the case puerulus settle. The development of the
of spiny lobster farming, Vietnam has shown that Indonesian method is well described by Bahrawi
aquaculture relying on wild seed supplies can be et al. [23,24], and the effectiveness of various
successful and sustainable. Likewise in habitat materials and their positions for
Indonesia, significant seed resources have been maximizing catch are detailed in the report of
identified that can be used to build a lobster Priyambodo et al. [16,22,25].
rearing industry.
In contrast to Vietnam where nets are actively
Lobster Cultivation activities consist of catching deployed and released daily, the hatchery in
lobster puelurus, juvenile production, and lobster Indonesia is anchored in place and only moved
rearing. or released when the conditions are less
favorable to be placed. One of the most
3.1 Catching Puerulus Lobster significant methods borrowed from the
Vietnamese was the application of lights to seed
In the early years, methods were developed to fishing gear, which was first implemented in 2013
catch juvenile lobsters, usually by creating a [26,27]. A fluorescent or incandescent lamp
habitat where juvenile lobsters would settle. mounted above the frame resulted in significantly
Small diameter holes are drilled into the rock and increased capture rates, possibly due to positive
wooden posts, and this material is placed in phototaxis of the swimming puerulus. Indonesian
shallow water along the shoreline. Fishermen will seed fishermen visit their fishing frames every
periodically dive into this habitat and manually morning to remove each habitat panel and
retrieve the juvenile lobsters that settle. This manually remove any deposited seeds hiding in
method is gradually being replaced by catching habitat crevices.
puerulus using various nets while actively
swimming through coastal waters in search of Both in Vietnam and Indonesia, captured seeds
suitable habitats. Catching the puerulus quickly are immediately placed into containers filled with
proved to be more effective than catching fresh seawater, sometimes aerated. These
juvenile lobsters, as puerulus numbers were containers are returned to the beach and are
often much higher. Methods evolved and catch often sold to seed traders (middlemen) who then
rates increased as shrewd fishermen began to move the seeds to shelters where they can be
understand the oceanographic conditions that packaged for transport to farmers [28,29].
had the highest abundance. These conditions Storage facilities are usually tanks, with imperfect
are characterized by coastal areas protected filter conditions. Seeds are most often graded by
from large waves, in reservoirs often with fringing species and quality, and placed in a plastic sieve
islands, moderate currents, where puerulus will that floats in the tank. Once sold, they are
swim, and often near river mouths where turbidity counted and put in plastic bags with a capacity of
increases. Nets set across currents will about 4-5 L, almost always by aeration and
effectively intercept puerulus as they swim sometimes by oxygen injection. The plastic bag
through the dark hours [15,21]. is then placed in a styrofoam box to be
transported by road to the destination. In
Although the Vietnamese lobster farming industry Vietnam, transport may be up to 1000 km from
is well established today, the coastal the more northern fishing grounds to the central
communities of Lombok are not aware of the and southern coasts where most aquaculture
methods used by the Vietnamese. As a result, occurs. In Indonesia, seeds can be transported
Indonesians developed their unique method of over short distances to adjacent farms, or more
capturing seeds and continuing to grow them. It commonly to airports for export to Vietnam.
was only in 2013, after a comparative study in
Vietnam by a group of Indonesian cultivators, 3.2 Juvenile Production
there were several methods resulting from the
application of methods obtained from Vietnam Cultivation of lobster seeds to market size is
and adapted to water conditions in Indonesia so carried out in two different stages, the juvenile
16Utama et al.; AJFAR, 13(1): 12-20, 2021; Article no.AJFAR.69732
production stage from puerulus to about 3 grams seabed. Cages placed on the seabed have a
or larger, and then the cultivation stage to a layer of sand across the floor, while those
suitable size for marketing to consumers. In installed at the bottom have a gap of about 0.5 m
Vietnam, this phased approach is very different, from the seabed.
and, in many cases, there are nursery growers
who do only the nursery stage, selling seeds to Although factory-made feeds have been
nursery growers who grow to market size. In formulated for lobsters, to date little has been
Indonesia, where currently there is only farming available, and the diet for lobsters consists of
for minimal market size, the difference between fresh seafood including shrimp, crab, fish, and
the nursery and grow-out phases is less mollusks. Smaller lobsters tend to be fed twice a
noticeable. As the lobster farming industry in day while larger lobsters are fed once a day.
Indonesia develops and matures, it is hoped that There is daily cage cleaning of excessive bio-
the same phased approach will emerge, fouling, uneaten food, and loose lobster shells.
reflecting the different systems and methods Periodically, the cage nets are removed and
used for each to achieve high survival and replaced with clean nets, and the used nets are
growth rates. cleaned with a high-pressure hose. Lobster
grading is applied to minimize size variation
Because the seed lobsters are very small, about within the cage, and therefore rearing is often
12 mm long andUtama et al.; AJFAR, 13(1): 12-20, 2021; Article no.AJFAR.69732
5. INNOVATION OF THE VIETNAM'S Some things that certainly still have to be
LOBSTER CAGE-STYLE METHOD developed together are from the lobster hatchery
sector regarding how to produce puelurus so as
A more recently developed method consists of a not to have to rely on seeds from nature so that
cage suspended in deeper water, usually more the sustainability of lobster can be maintained.
than 10 m deep in water with the cage
suspended about 5 m below the surface. These COMPETING INTERESTS
cages are usually spherical in shape with a
diameter of 1 m and a height of 0.8 m, the shape Authors have declared that no competing
is maintained through a circle of steel bars interests exist.
measuring 10–15 mm at the top and bottom for
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