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The WHO Council
on the Economics of
Health for All
The WHO Council on the
Economics of Health for All
ManifestoThe Council on the
Economics of Health
for All brings together
different areas of policy
which can no longer be
considered separately
from health: social,
economic, financial and
innovation policies.
The Council’s mission
is to bring health and
well-being into the
centre of how we think
about purpose, value
and development.
It provides a new
approach to shape
the economy with the
objective of building
healthy societies that
are just, inclusive,
equitable and
sustainable.
2Critically, we need a new narrative that transforms
financing for health from an expenditure to an
investment in a “healthy society”, grounded in
fundamental truths, namely: that health and
Health is a fundamental human right. A healthy the economy are interdependent; that health is
population is not to be seen as human and social in itself a key economic sector but also a cross-
capital, an input, or by-product, towards economic cutting lens through which to view many different
growth. Investing in health is not a means to sectors; that health is critical to the resilience and
increase GDP or economic productivity; economic stability of economies worldwide; and that we can
activity must be in service to human and planetary channel and shape public and private investments
health. Alongside a healthy and sustainable in health to achieve global cooperation towards
environment, a healthy population must be the supranational goals.
ultimate goal of economic activity.
This broadened framing of health and
Countries have come a long way in better investments in health will enable us to move
prioritizing health; however, health continues to from focusing on maximizing value for money
be viewed as a variable in the economic equation, within a given health budget through narrowly
a peripheral concern of economic policies or a cost, understood efficiency gains, towards creating
disassociated from its contribution to the social a new political economy for Health for All.
This is an ambitious agenda that foregrounds
A healthy population the investment in major social, economic,
environmental and political determinants of
must be the ultimate goal health that have cumulative impacts and shape
of economic activity. the trajectory of people’s lives.
The Council will apply a mission-oriented
fabric and dynamics of a thriving and resilient approach to rethinking economics, putting
society. This status quo view has led to where we upfront the vision of Health for All, including
are at present: a major health crisis has wiped out human and planetary health, and then working
the gains from decades of global development, backwards to see what that means for the
while exacerbating persistent inequities. economy.
It is important to understand that investing for
health is key to creating an inclusive economy, but We need a new narrative
also that – if Health for All is the overall goal –
the economy must be restructured to serve it,
that transforms financing for
calling existing framings, underlying assumptions health from an expenditure
and tools into question and finding alternatives.
This requires a fundamental rethink of how
to an investment in a
value in health and well-being is measured, “healthy society”.
produced and distributed across the economy.
The challenge is to integrate that value into all
policies in the articulation of economic growth,
productivity and wealth, pursuing Health for All as
the central focus to achieve this common good.
The WHO Council on the Economics of Health for All – Manifesto: 24 September 2021 3objective of economic activity and well-being
How do we understand Health for All as a key
Health for All
To that effect, the Council will assess, critique, challenge and
Valuing and measuring
reimagine the value of health by addressing key questions in four major
MEASUREMENT:
interrelated areas:
MEASUREMENT:
MEASUREMENT:
Valuing and measuring
Health forand
Valuing All measuring
Health for All
MEA SUREMENT:
MEASUREMENT:
How do we understand Health for All as a key
objective of economic activity and well-being
Valuing and to
How do we understand measuring Health for All as a key
that is fundamental
Valuing
Health
countries andand
for
design
the assessment of how
objective of economic activity and well-being
measuring
All. prioritize policies and
that is fundamental to the assessment of how
C APACIT Y:
Health thefor All
promote
value
How the do“human
we
common good? How do we better
countries design and prioritize policies and
security” Health
that comes from the
CAPACITY
A public sector leading towards
theunderstand fordoAll
weasbetter
a
promote
reduction
key
value
How do
of
objective
thewe
both
common good?
“human
health
of economic threats
security”
understand
How
(including
activity
that
Health comes
for
and well-
All asfrom
a keythe
CAPACITY
Health for All.
pandemic andisenvironmental risks) and financial A public sector leading towards
being
objectivethat
reductionof fundamental
ofeconomic
both health to
threats
activity the
and assessment
(including
well-being
risk
offor
how individuals,
countries households,
design companies and Health
How
for All.
A public
do wesector leading
better capture thetowards
critical role
pandemic
that is fundamental to theand
and environmental prioritize
risks) andof
assessment policies
financial
how
societies? How are the current paradigms biased, Health
of for All.
public sector leadership and capacity in
risk
and for individuals, households,
countries design and prioritize policies and we
promote the common good? companies
How do and
and what needs to be changed? How do we apply
societies? How are the current paradigms biased, generating health through action on social
better
promote
and what
value
from
value the “human
the common
needs tosecurity”
the reduction
the “human be
good?security”
How dothat
new understandings to value the workers, carers
ofchanged?
boththat How
comes
health dofrom
comes
we better
we apply
threats the
CAPACITY
How do we better capture the critical role of
determinants
public and strengthening
sector leadership and capacity the dynamic
in generat-
and other key actors in the Universal Health How do we better capture thesector
criticalto role of
new understandings
reduction
(including of both
pandemic healthto value the
threats
and How workers,
(including
environmental carers
risks) capabilities inside the public drive
Coverage (UHC) ecosystem? do we ensure ing health through action on social determinants
and other
pandemic
and financialkey actors
andrisk in
environmental
for the Universal
individuals, Health
risks)households,
and financial A public
public
progress
sector sector
leadership
towards leading
UHC, towards
and capacity
crystallizing
in generat-
newinside
that all the time spent on unpaid and voluntary and strengthening the dynamic capabilities
Coverage (UHC) ecosystem?
risk for individuals, households, How do we ensure
companies and ing health
Health through
for All. action on social determinants
companies
work and societies?
– subsistence, informal,How are the
voluntary, current
commu- knowledge to drive transformative
the public sector to drive progress towards UHC, change?
that all theHow
societies? timearespent
the on unpaid
current and voluntary
paradigms biased, and strengthening the dynamic capabilities inside
paradigms
nity, reproductive, biased,careandandwhat needs work
household to be– is How do we
crystallizing newcreate sustainable
knowledge public
to drive sector
transforma-
workwhat
and – subsistence,
needs to be informal,
changed? voluntary,
How do we commu-
apply the public sector to drive progress towards UHC,
changed?
counted and Howvalued doas we apply new
a central understandings
feature of tive change? How
structures do we create
to address evolvingsustainable
health and public
nity, reproductive, care and household
new understandings to value the workers, carers work – is crystallizing
How do we betternew knowledge
capture thetocritical
drive transforma-
role of
Health for All?
to value theHow do wecarers
workers, ensureandthatother
environ-
key sector structures
social care needs? to address
What evolving
are the health and
major strategic
counted and valued as a central
and other key actors in the Universal Health feature of tive change?
public sector How do
leadership weand
create sustainable
capacity public
in generat-
mental,
actors social and governance (ESG) metrics (UHC) social care needs?
directions for What are policies
economic the major strategic
that countries
Health in
Coverage forthe
All?Universal
(UHC) How do we
ecosystem?
Health
ensure Coverage
Howthat do weenviron-
ensure sector structures to address evolving
ing health through action on social determinants health and
include health
ecosystem? in
How a meaningful
do we way? directions
should for economic
pursue to drivepolicies
equitablethat health
countries gains
mental,
that social
all the time and onensure
governance
spent unpaid that
(ESG) all the
andmetrics
voluntary social
should
care
pursueato
needs? What are
drive equitable
the major
and strengthening the dynamic capabilities inside strategic
time
work spent
include on in
health
– subsistence,unpaid and voluntary
a meaningful
informal, way? work
voluntary, –
commu- and
the create
directions
public forframework
economic
sector for a health
to drivepolicies UHC
progress that
gains and
economy?
countries
towards UHC,
create a framework for a UHC economy? How do
subsistence, informal, voluntary,
nity, reproductive, care and household work – is community, should
How dopursue
crystallizing to drive
we structure
new equitable
and
knowledge govern health gainsinand
thetransforma-
to drive way
we structure and govern the way in which public
reproductive,
counted and valued care andas ahousehold
central featurework of– is create
which a framework
public and for
privatea UHC economy?
sectors work
tive change? How do we create sustainable public How do
together
and private sectors work together towards a
counted
Health for andAll?valued
How do aswea central feature
ensure that environ- we structure
sector structures
towards and
a sharedto govern
goal the
address way
of Health in
evolving which
health
for All? public
Thisand
shared goal of Health for All? This requires both
mental,
of Health social andHow
for All? governance (ESG) metrics
do we ensure that and private
social
requirescareboth sectors
needs?
shared work
What together
are
global the
actionstowards
major and a
strategic
ones
shared global actions and ones that are more
include health insocial a meaningful way? shared
that aregoal
directions for
more ofeconomic
Health
specificfor All? This
policies
to local requires
that both
countries
contexts.
environmental, and governance (ESG) specific to local contexts.
shared global actions and ones that
should pursue to drive equitable health gains and are more
metrics include health in a meaningful way?
specific
create ato local contexts.
framework for a UHC economy? How do
we structure and govern the way in which public
4 and private sectors work together towards a
shared goal of Health for All? This requires bothFINANCE:
FINANCE:
Investing in Health for All.
Investingfor
FINANCING in global
Health for All.
commons:
How do we redesign national and global
financial instruments and institutions to provide
FINANCING for global commons:
a proactive, stable and sustainable flow of
How do we to
investment redesign
support national and global
the creation of health,
financial instruments and institutions to
rather than simply serving the needs of capital
provide a proactive, stable and sustainable INNOVATION:
INNOVATION:
markets? This includes investing in the commons
flow of investment to support the creation of
as an expression of the collective responsibility Governing innovation towards
health, rather than simply serving the needs
and capacity needed for public health at
Governing innovation towards
of capital markets? This includes investing in Health for All.
community,
the commons national, regional and
as an expression global
of the levels
collec-
Health for All.
and building the preparedness and
tive responsibility and capacity needed for response
How can we better govern the innovation
capabilities
public health necessary not only
at community, to avoid health
national, How can we better govern the innovation
system, from intellectual property rights to
crises
regionalbutand
alsoglobal
to sustain UHC.
levels and building the system, from intellectual property rights to
digitalization to new forms of collaboration
preparedness and response capabilities digitalization to new forms of collaboration
between public and private sectors driven by
BUDGETING
necessary not only to address health
to avoid health needs:
crises but between
collectivepublic and private
intelligence (rathersectors driven
than rent-seeking),
also to
How dosustain
we alterUHC.
national budget processes by
andcollective intelligence
to financing? How can(rather thanthe
we change rent-
to focus on outcomes that have an impact seeking),
health-innovation eco-system to achievechange
and to financing? How can we popula-
people’s livesto
BUDGETING
on andaddress
move awayhealth
fromneeds:
silos the
tionhealth-innovation
health goals, building eco-system to achieve
global health com-
that
Howstill
do weexist between
alter nationaland withinprocesses
budget sectors? to mons, ensuring
population healthfairgoals,
and transparent pricing
building global and
health
How do we establish the choice
focus on outcomes that have an impact onto increase improving ensuring
commons, health outcomes? Where have innova-
fair and transparent
people’s lives
domestic and and move away
cross-border from silos that
investments in tions inand
pricing health – often perceived
improving at the time
health outcomes? as
Where
still exist between non-growth policies – spurred innovation
have innovations in health – often perceived across
health, including inand within sectors?
low-resource HowHow
settings?
do we establish societies?
the timeHow can a true understanding (and
can national andthe choice to increase
international domes-
institutions be at as non-growth policies – spurred
tic and cross-border investments narrative) of how value is created collectively in
enabled and supported to provideinthehealth,
long- innovation across societies? How can a true
including in low-resource settings? How can health innovation translate into a more collective
term finance needed for the transformation understanding (and narrative) of how value
national and international institutions be sharing of the rewards – including public health
to Health for All? Fundamentally, which is created collectively in health innovation
enabled and supported to provide the goals such as equitable access and improved
institutional arrangements must be altered to translate into a more collective sharing of
long-term finance needed for the transforma- health outcomes?
embed the intrinsic importance of Health for the rewards – including public health goals
tion to Health for All? Fundamentally, which
All for the future well-being of populations and such as equitable access and improved health
institutional arrangements must be altered to
communities? outcomes?
embed the intrinsic importance of Health for
All for the future well-being of populations
and communities?
The WHO Council on the Economics of Health for All – Manifesto: 24 September 2021 5The Council, with its global experts chaired by A key priority for the Council
Professor Mariana Mazzucato of University
College London, will focus its work on delivering
will be to engage proactively
a seminal report around the Economics of Health and directly with economic
for All, addressing the above four areas. It will be
supported by a secretariat housed in WHO. It will
and financial leaders and
also create interim outputs focused on achieving organizations.
impact, and create a strong voice in ongoing
international policy discussions.
national, regional and local levels, and weigh in
The Council will create a transformative on critical policy discussions related to building
narrative on Health for All at the centre of a back better given Covid-19. We will address the
radical redirection of economic activity, and the immediate needs related to the epidemic, and the
implications this has for investment, innovation, longer-run goals of strengthening preparedness
industrial strategies and public sector capacity to and building long-run capacity around inclusive
deliver. It will share learning from across countries innovation systems. As such, the Council will
and communities on what can be done towards seek to change the way key economic platforms,
investing in and building healthier societies. development banks, national leaders and their
finance ministries think about and value health.
A key priority for the Council will be to engage This will require engagement beyond the traditional
proactively and directly with economic and counterparts of WHO to reach Ministers of Finance,
financial leaders and organizations at international, and Science & Technology, and Heads of State – a
truly whole-of-government approach.
The Council aims to provide thought leadership and
to be practice-oriented. To do so, it will assess the
scope for piloting and scaling up activities outlined
in the report, including country-led applications
in a select number of locations with willing
stakeholders. It will also look to explore different
innovation and R&D models and their economic and
health implications. This will most likely follow from
The Council aims to provide the launch of the main report, but we will remain
open to starting some of this work in parallel. This
thought leadership and to will include building a network of collaborators,
be practice-oriented. identifying opportunities and strategies for local
implementation and stakeholder engagement, and
creating education/translation platforms, such as
with the WHO Academy.
This transformative agenda will put health
and well-being at the centre of new economic
thinking and practical models towards driving
much-needed change in our social, economic,
financial and innovation policy-making. The
time for action is now.
The time for action is now.
6The WHO Council on the Economics of Health for All was established on 13 November 2020 to
provide guidance on the economics and health agenda of WHO. It is an independent council
convened by Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, WHO Director-General
Council members and
special guests
Professor Mariana Mazzucato (Chair) Kate Raworth
Professor of the Economics of Innovation and Creator of the Doughnut of social and planetary
Public Value and Founding Director in the Institute boundaries and is a Senior Associate at Oxford
for Innovation and Public Purpose at University University’s Environmental Change Institute,
College London, United Kingdom United Kingdom
Dr Vera Songwe
Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations
Professor Senait Fisseha and Executive Secretary of the Economic
Globally recognized leader in reproductive health & Commission for Africa (ECA), headquartered
rights, Director of Global Programs at the Susan T. in Ethiopia
Buffett Foundation & adjunct faculty at the
University of Michigan, USA Dame Marilyn Waring
Former parliamentarian, an expert in gender and
Professor Jayati Ghosh economics and is now Professor of Public Policy at
Taught Economics at Jawaharlal Nehru University, AUT University, New Zealand
India, and is now Professor of Economics,
University of Massachusetts at Amherst, USA
Vanessa Huang
Special advisor to the
Specialist in healthcare and investment banking,
and is currently a General Partner at BVCF Council’s Chair:
Management, Hong Kong, China
Dr Els Torreele
Professor Stephanie Kelton International Medical Innovation & Access expert
Leading expert on Modern Monetary Theory and and Head of Health Policy, Institute for Innovation
Professor of Economics and Public Policy at Stony and Public Purpose at University College London
Brook University, USA
Professor Ilona Kickbusch The WHO Secretariat:
Founding director and chair of the Global Health
Joseph Kutzin
Centre
Acting Director, Department of Health Systems
at the Graduate Institute of International and
Governance and Finance
Development Studies, Switzerland
Zélia Maria Profeta da Luz Dr Ritu Sadana
Public health researcher and was the Director Head, WHO Secretariat for the Council
of the Instituto René Rachou- Fiocruz Minas, on the Economics of Health for All, and
Oswaldo Cruz Foundation from July 2012 to Unit Head, Ageing and Health
June 2021, Brazil
This publication contains the collective views of the Council on the Economics of Health for All and does
not necessarily represent the decisions or the policies of WHO.The WHO Council
on the Economics of
Health for All
#EconomicsHealthForAll
For further information:
https://www.who.int/groups/who-council-on-the-
economics-of-health-for-all
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