Mindfulness in the Workplace - Professor David J. Lee f University of Miami Miller School of Medicine
←
→
Page content transcription
If your browser does not render page correctly, please read the page content below
Mindfulness in the Workplace
Professor David J. Lee
University off Miami Miller School
S off Medicine
Funding provided by NIOSH R01 0H03915 and the:
Behavior Drives Health Jama: US Burden of Disease Collaborators, 2013 2
Defining Health
“Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social
well‐being and not merely the absence of disease or
infirmity”
‐Has not been amended since adoption in 1948
Perhaps we could amend by adding the goal of
maintaining well‐being even in the presence of disease
and infirmity
http://www.who.int/about/definition/en/print.html 3What is Mindfulness?
“Paying
“P i attention
tt ti iin a particular
ti l way: on purpose, iin
the present moment, and nonjudgmentally”
– Jon
J Kabot‐Zinn
K b t Zi
Mindfulness
Mi df l can be
b practiced
ti d in
i a variety
i t off settings
tti
Sitting
St di
Standing
Walking
E ti
Eating
Working
Kabat‐Zinn, 2004 4What is Mindfulness?
Key brain training activities:
focusingg attention on thoughts,
g , emotions,, and bodyy
sensations
simply observing them as they arise and pass away without
judgment
E l mindfulness
Examples i df l i
practices:
Meditation
Progressive
P i relaxation
l i
Yoga (some), Tai‐Chi
Kabat‐Zinn, 2004 5Wh t are th
What the Benefits
B fit off mindfulness?
i df l ?
Range of psychological/cognitive benefits:
•Reduced psychological symptoms (depression, anxiety)
•Reduced emotional reactivity/enhanced behavioral
regulation
•Enhanced attentional skills
•Increase in compassion and altruistic behavior
6
Bohlmeijer, 2010; Keng, 2011; Weng, 2013; Jha, 2013Wh t are th
What the Benefits
B fit off mindfulness?
i df l ?
•Some evidence for
enhanced coping
p g in
response to stressors
•Supportive of
“Broaden and Build”
theory of positive
emotions
•May lead to enhanced
Resiliency
Garland, 2010
7Wh t are th
What the Benefits
B fit off mindfulness?
i df l ?
Mindfulness may extend life in groups living with disease
• Practiced 8.5x/ week
(
(recommendedd d
session= 20 minutes)
8
Schneider, 2012Wh t are th
What the Benefits
B fit off mindfulness?
i df l ?
Mindfulness may extend life in the general population
Those who report practicing
yoga in previous 12 months
h d a lower
had l risk
i k off mortality
t lit
Hazard Ratio
Ratio=0
0.57
57
(95% CI= 0.36‐0.92)
(Kachen, unpublished data) 9H
How d
does mindfulness
i df l work?
k?
10
Holzel, 2011H
How d
does mindfulness
i df l work?
k?
•Mindfulness changes brain structure (and function)
8 weeks of sustained
practice (27 min/day)
/
increases grey matter
density in several
regions of the brain
11
Holzel, 2011Assessed rapid time-dependent genomic
changes during one 15 minute meditation
session of among experienced practitioners
(n=26) and also in novices before and after
8 weeks of relaxation response training
(
(n=26).
)
12
Bhasin, 2013Mindfulness changes short‐term gene functioning
Energy metabolism,
mitochondrial function,,
insulin secretion,
telomere maintenance
Inflammatoryy
response, stress‐
related p
pathways
y
13
Bhasin, 2013Prevalence of worker mindfulness
practices in the US
Mindfulness practices growing rapidly among workers
i the
in h US
B t nott allll workers
But k are equally
ll exposed.
d
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business‐21244171 14US Workers: Meditation
Service Workers
Laborers and Helpers
Operatives
Craft Workers
pp Workers
Administrative Support
2002
Sales Workers 2007
Technicians
Professionals
Officials & Managers
0 5 10 15 20 25
PercentUS Workers: Yoga
Service Workers
Laborers and Helpers
Operatives
Craft Workers
Administrative Support Workers
2002
Sales Workers 2007
Technicians
Professionals
Officials & Managers
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
PercentPrevalence of worker mindfulness
practices: the NHISPrevalence of worker mindfulness
practices: the NHISPrevalence of worker mindfulness
practices in the US
Mindfulness practitioners already embedded in many workplaces!
Reaching out to these employees to inform the
design of a more mindful workplace
train the trainer
Potential pool for train‐the‐trainer
intervention models.
US‐based questionnaire available online:
Download file: qalthealt.pdf at:
ftp://ftp cdc gov/pub/Health Statistics/NCHS/Survey Questionnaires/NHIS/2012/English
ftp://ftp.cdc.gov/pub/Health_Statistics/NCHS/Survey_Questionnaires/NHIS/2012/English
19P
Proven ( id
(evidence‐based)
b d) Mindfulness
Mi df l
Interventions
Mindfulness based Stress Reduction (MBSR)
Mindfulness‐based
Strongestt evidence
St id base
b for
f iimproving
i psychological
h l i l
health/reducing stress reactivity
8‐week program effective in clinical & non‐clinical
populations
l ti
Fjorback, 2011; Grossman, 2004; Bohlmeijer, 2010 20P
Proven ( id
(evidence‐based)
b d) mindfulness
i df l
Interventions
Mindfulness based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT)
Mindfulness‐based
UK/US intervention drawing from MBSR specifically
designed to prevent relapse in those with a history of
depression
NHS‐ approved intervention
Probably not a viable option for workplace delivery
Fjorback, 2011; Piet, 2011; Kuyken, 2012
21B
Benefits
fit off Worker
W k Mindfulness
Mi df l P
Practices
ti
Most of the available studies in literature limited:
– number of subjects evaluated
– quality of the research designs
MBSR‐‐‐ effective in diverse workplace settings?
? Dose– promising but mixed results so far
? Deliveryy format
22
Wolever, 2012; Malarkey, 2013; Mackenzie, 2006; Klatt, 2009O G
One Good
d Workplace
W k l Example
E l
Brings together
scientists, the
private sector,
andd employer.
l
Real challenges to
make the science
sound and ethical
Perfect storm of opportunity?
pp y Aetna exec claims 11:1 ROI
Wolever, 2012; http://www2.macleans.ca/2013/04/21/the‐battle‐for‐buddha/ 23O G
One Good
d Workplace
W k l Example
E l
Sophisticated
research design
comparing
workplace‐
k l
feasible
mindfulness
offerings +
examination of
delivery
approaches
( 297)
(n=297)
24
Wolever, 2012B
Benefits
fit off W
Worker
k Mindfulness
Mi df l P
Practices
ti
Most examined components not significantly different from the control
group
Each point on the PSS scale associated with nearly $100 increase in medical
costs in this workforce
25
Wolever, 2012UK Resources for Bringing
g g Mindfulness
into the Workplace
Brings together:
Teacher trainingg opportunities
pp
Review of emerging
mindfulness research
Listings for mindfulness courses
offered to the ppublic
http://www exeter mindfulness network org/
http://www.exeter‐mindfulness‐network.org/
26UK Resources for Bringing
g g Mindfulness
into the Workplace
Website sponsored by the
Mental Health Foundation
Search feature allowing users
to locate local mindfulness
offerings
g
Online PSS test and
Access to online
l mindfulness
df l
course with preliminary
htt //b i df l
http://bemindful.co.uk/
k/ evidence of efficacy
27
(Krusche, 2012)UK Resources for Bringing
g g Mindfulness
into the Workplace
Brings MBSR into
the workplace
http://www mindfulness works com/index php
http://www.mindfulness‐works.com/index.php
28UK Resources for Bringing
g g Mindfulness
into the Workplace
http://www.mindfulnessworks.co.uk/index.html
29UK Resources for Bringing
g g Mindfulness
into the Workplace
http://workwithmindfulness.com/index.htm
30
lA Tentative Mindful Workplace Agenda
Well established mindfulness interventions alreadyy in UK
workplaces
Research on these interventions makingg it to peer‐
p
reviewed literature?
Are research ppartnerships
p viable?
The collision of priorities?
Practical limitations with respect to research design and
funding
Process evaluation focus?
31A Tentative Mindful Workplace Agenda (van Berkel, 2013) 32
A Tentative Mindful Workplace Agenda (van Berkel, 2013) 33
Perceived organization and supervisor support for
participating in the
h intervention was positively
l correlated
l d
with compliance.
Trainer/coach
/ h relationship
l h associated
d with
hhhigher
h
satisfaction and compliance
Gi
Given the
h association
i i b between compliance
li andd
satisfaction:
Organizational
O i ti l context
t t should
h ld nott b
be iignored
d and
d th
thatt program
development should include the involvement of employer and
employee.
employee
(van Berkel, 2013) 34A Tentative Mindful Workplace Agenda
Need for a focus on employer needs:
Are workplace mindfulness interventions cost‐effective?
Can they accelerate return‐to‐work (long term sick
absence)?
Can they prevent cases of long term absence?
Can they improve productivity?
35A Tentative Mindful Workplace Agenda
Eyes on the prize: reach and sustainability
Optimizing effectiveness by matching person to
practice
No easy task
Continuous qualitative research to address
sustainability
36“Take-Away”
Take Away
Research on the beneficial health effects of mindfulness
practices well established
Research on the benefits of establishing workplace
mindfulness offerings more limited, but suggestive of
benefits to the employee and possibly, employer
Resources for establishing mindful workplaces
particularly strong in the UK
Just beginning the journey!
37Thank you
38References
39References
40References
41References
42References
43You can also read
