Doing Business 2018 Norway
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Doing Business 2018 Norway
Page 1
Doing Business 2018 Norway
Economy Profile of Norway
Doing Business 2018 Indicators
(in order of appearance in the document)
Starting a business Procedures, time, cost and paid-in minimum capital to start a limited liability company
Dealing with construction permits Procedures, time and cost to complete all formalities to build a warehouse and the quality
control and safety mechanisms in the construction permitting system
Getting electricity Procedures, time and cost to get connected to the electrical grid, the reliability of the
electricity supply and the transparency of tariffs
Registering property Procedures, time and cost to transfer a property and the quality of the land administration
system
Getting credit Movable collateral laws and credit information systems
Protecting minority investors Minority shareholders’ rights in related-party transactions and in corporate governance
Paying taxes Payments, time and total tax rate for a firm to comply with all tax regulations as well as post-
filing processes
Trading across borders Time and cost to export the product of comparative advantage and import auto parts
Enforcing contracts Time and cost to resolve a commercial dispute and the quality of judicial processes
Resolving insolvency Time, cost, outcome and recovery rate for a commercial insolvency and the strength of the
legal framework for insolvency
Labor market regulation Flexibility in employment regulation and aspects of job quality
Page 2Doing Business 2018 Norway
About Doing Business
The Doing Business project provides objective measures of business regulations and their enforcement across 190 economies and selected
cities at the subnational and regional level.
The Doing Business project, launched in 2002, looks at domestic small and medium-size companies and measures the regulations applying
to them through their life cycle.
Doing Business captures several important dimensions of the regulatory environment as it applies to local firms. It provides quantitative
indicators on regulation for starting a business, dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, registering property, getting credit,
protecting minority investors, paying taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contracts and resolving insolvency. Doing Business also
measures features of labor market regulation. Although Doing Business does not present rankings of economies on the labor market
regulation indicators or include the topic in the aggregate distance to frontier score or ranking on the ease of doing business, it does present
the data for these indicators.
By gathering and analyzing comprehensive quantitative data to compare business regulation environments across economies and over time,
Doing Business encourages economies to compete towards more efficient regulation; offers measurable benchmarks for reform; and serves
as a resource for academics, journalists, private sector researchers and others interested in the business climate of each economy.
In addition, Doing Business offers detailed subnational reports, which exhaustively cover business regulation and reform in different cities and
regions within a nation. These reports provide data on the ease of doing business, rank each location, and recommend reforms to improve
performance in each of the indicator areas. Selected cities can compare their business regulations with other cities in the economy or region
and with the 190 economies that Doing Business has ranked.
The first Doing Business report, published in 2003, covered 5 indicator sets and 133 economies. This year’s report covers 11 indicator sets
and 190 economies. Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of each economy, except for 11 economies that
have a population of more than 100 million as of 2013 (Bangladesh, Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, the
Russian Federation and the United States) where Doing Business, also collected data for the second largest business city. The data for these
11 economies are a population-weighted average for the 2 largest business cities. The project has benefited from feedback from
governments, academics, practitioners and reviewers. The initial goal remains: to provide an objective basis for understanding and improving
the regulatory environment for business around the world.
The distance to frontier (DTF) measure shows the distance of each economy to the “frontier,” which represents the best performance
observed on each of the indicators across all economies in the Doing Business sample since 2005. An economy’s distance to frontier is
reflected on a scale from 0 to 100, where 0 represents the lowest performance and 100 represents the frontier. The ease of doing business
ranking ranges from 1 to 190. The ranking of 190 economies is determined by sorting the aggregate distance to frontier scores, rounded to
two decimals.
More about Doing Business (PDF, 5MB)
Page 3Doing Business 2018 Norway
Ease of Doing Business in DB 2018 Rank
Region OECD high income
190 1
Norway
Income Category High income 8
DB 2018 Distance to Frontier (DTF)
Population 5,232,929
0 100
City Covered Oslo 82.16
DB 2018 Distance to Frontier (DTF)
0 100
84.06: Denmark (Rank: 3)
82.22: United Kingdom (Rank: 7)
82.16: Norway (Rank: 8)
80.37: Finland (Rank: 13)
77.46: Regional Average (OECD high income)
76.13: France (Rank: 31)
Note: The distance to frontier (DTF) measure shows the distance of each economy to the “frontier,” which represents the best performance observed on each of the
indicators across all economies in the Doing Business sample since 2005. An economy’s distance to frontier is reflected on a scale from 0 to 100, where 0 represents the
lowest performance and 100 represents the frontier. The ease of doing business ranking ranges from 1 to 190.
Rankings on Doing Business topics - Norway
1 10 8 6
14
19 21 23 22
28
28
55
77
82
Rank
109
136
163
190
Starting Dealing Getting Registering Getting Protecting Paying Trading Enforcing Resolving
a with Electricity Property Credit Minority Taxes across Contracts Insolvency
Business Construction Investors Borders
Permits
Distance to Frontier (DTF) on Doing Business topics - Norway
100 96.97
94.30
87.46 87.26 85.18 85.94
78.83
80 75.00 75.71
60 55.00
DTF
40
20
0
Starting Dealing Getting Registering Getting Protecting Paying Trading Enforcing Resolving
a with Electricity Property Credit Minority Taxes across Contracts Insolvency
Business Construction Investors Borders
Permits
Page 4Doing Business 2018 Norway
Starting a Business
This topic measures the paid-in minimum capital requirement, number of procedures, time and cost for a small- to medium-sized limited
liability company to start up and formally operate in economy’s largest business city.
To make the data comparable across 190 economies, Doing Business uses a standardized business that is 100% domestically owned, has
start-up capital equivalent to 10 times income per capita, engages in general industrial or commercial activities and employs between 10 and
50 people one month after the commencement of operations, all of whom are domestic nationals. Starting a Business considers two types of
local limited liability companies that are identical in all aspects, except that one company is owned by 5 married women and the other by 5
married men. The distance to frontier score for each indicator is the average of the scores obtained for each of the component indicators.
The most recent round of data collection for the project was completed in June 2017. See the methodology for more information.
What the indicators measure Case study assumptions
Procedures to legally build a warehouse To make the data comparable across economies, several assumptions about the
(number) business and the procedures are used. It is assumed that any required information is
readily available and that the entrepreneur will pay no bribes.
â—
Submitting all relevant documents and obtaining
all necessary clearances, licenses, permits and
The business:
certificates
â—
Submitting all required notifications and receiving - Is a limited liability company (or its legal equivalent). If there is more than one type
all necessary inspections of limited liability company in the economy, the most common among domestic firms
is chosen. Information on the most common form is obtained from incorporation
â—
Obtaining utility connections for water and
lawyers or the statistical office.
sewerage
- Operates in the economy’s largest business city and the entire office space is
â—
Registering and selling the warehouse after its approximately 929 square meters (10,000 square feet). For 11 economies the data
completion are also collected for the second largest business city.
- Is 100% domestically owned and has five owners, none of whom is a legal entity;
Time required to complete each procedure
and has a start-up capital of 10 times income per capita and has a turnover of at
(calendar days)
least 100 times income per capita.
â—
Does not include time spent gathering information - Performs general industrial or commercial activities, such as the production or sale
â—
Each procedure starts on a separate day (2 of goods or services to the public. The business does not perform foreign trade
procedures cannot start on the same day) activities and does not handle products subject to a special tax regime, for example,
liquor or tobacco. It does not use heavily polluting production processes.
â—
Procedures fully completed online are recorded
- Leases the commercial plant or offices and is not a proprietor of real estate and the
as ½ day
amount of the annual lease for the office space is equivalent to 1 times income per
â—
Procedure is considered completed once final capita.
document is received - Does not qualify for investment incentives or any special benefits.
â—
No prior contact with officials - Has at least 10 and up to 50 employees one month after the commencement of
operations, all of whom are domestic nationals.
Cost required to complete each procedure (% of - Has a company deed 10 pages long.
income per capita)
The owners:
â—
Official costs only, no bribes
â—
No professional fees unless services required by - Have reached the legal age of majority. If there is no legal age of majority, they are
law or commonly used in practice assumed to be 30 years old.
- Are sane, competent, in good health and have no criminal record.
Paid-in minimum capital (% of income per capita - Are married and the marriage is monogamous and registered with the authorities.
â—
Funds deposited in a bank or with third party - Where the answer differs according to the legal system applicable to the woman or
before registration or up to 3 months after man in question (as may be the case in economies where there is legal plurality), the
incorporation answer used will be the one that applies to the majority of the population.
Page 5Doing Business 2018 Norway
Starting a Business - Norway
Standardized Company
Legal form Aksjeselskap (AS) - Private Limited Liability Company
Paid-in minimum capital requirement NOK 30,000
City Covered Oslo
Indicator Norway OECD high Overall Best Performer
income
Procedure – Men (number) 4 4.9 1.00 (New Zealand)
Time – Men (days) 4 8.5 0.50 (New Zealand)
Cost – Men (% of income per capita) 0.9 3.1 0.00 (United Kingdom)
Procedure – Women (number) 4 4.9 1.00 (New Zealand)
Time – Women (days) 4 8.5 0.50 (New Zealand)
Cost – Women (% of income per capita) 0.9 3.1 0.00 (United Kingdom)
Paid-in min. capital (% of income per capita) 4.8 8.7 0.00 (113 Economies)
Figure – Starting a Business in Norway and comparator economies – Ranking and DTF
DB 2018 Distance to Frontier (DTF)
0 100
94.58: United Kingdom (Rank: 14)
94.30: Norway (Rank: 19)
93.28: France (Rank: 25)
93.15: Finland (Rank: 26)
92.50: Denmark (Rank: 34)
91.35: Regional Average (OECD high income)
Note: The ranking of economies on the ease of starting a business is determined by sorting their distance to frontier scores for starting a
business. These scores are the simple average of the distance to frontier scores for each of the component indicators.
Page 6Doing Business 2018 Norway
Figure – Starting a Business in Norway – Procedure, Time and Cost
Time (days) Cost (% of income per capita)
4 1
3.5
Cost (% of income per capita)
0.8
3
Time (days)
2.5
0.6
2
0.4
1.5
1
0.2
0.5
0 0
1 2 3 *4
Procedures (number)
* This symbol is shown beside procedure numbers that take place simultaneously with the previous procedure.
Note: Online procedures account for 0.5 days in the total time calculation. For economies that have a different procedure list for men and
women, the graph shows the time for women. For more information on methodology, see the Doing Business website
(http://doingbusiness.org/en/methodology ). For details on the procedures reflected here, see the summary below.
Page 7Doing Business 2018 Norway
Details – Starting a Business in Norway – Procedure, Time and Cost
No. Procedures Time to Complete Associated Costs
1 Deposit start-up capital in a bank Less than one day no charge
Agency : Bank (online procedure)
The partners need to deposit the paid-in minimum capital (at least NOK 30,000) in a
bank. The procedure is done electronically through the bank’s online platform. One of the
commonly used banks by private persons and business owners is DNB ASA. It’s website
is www.dnb.no. The account is blocked until the company has been registered.
2 Submit the application with the Register of Business Enterprises, file for Less than one day NOK 5570
VAT registration and file for employer registration (online procedure) (electronically) / NOK
Agency : Register of Business Enterprises 6797 (on paper)
The web-based filing system allows for electronic signature of the registration form and
for the possibility to upload all attachments (i.e., copies of signed versions of the
memorandum, auditor statements, and the rest) electronically.
It is still possible to file all documents manually by regular mail as well. In some cases
registration inquiries cannot be filed online (i.e., mergers, some cases of increase of share
capital, and so on) and must be filed by mail.
VAT registration is required when the company’s turnover has exceeded NOK 50,000.
VAT cannot be charged on goods and other items before VAT registration is completed.
However, in certain cases the company may register for VAT before starting business
operations. The VAT registration form can be submitted at the same time as filing for
company registration.
Also, the employer can submit an A-notification, after which the company will be
registered in the NAV AA Registry. If the company knows it will have employees
immediately after incorporation and registration with the Norwegian Registry of Business
Enterprises, the company will check the box for having employees (or intending to have
employees) and will thereafter receive information about submitting A-notifications.
Normally the monthly submitting of A-notification will be done via the company's
payroll-system, but it can also be submitted via the electronic portal Altinn (normally for
smaller companies).
3 Arrange for mandatory occupational pension plan for employees 3 days no charge
Agency : Pension Agency
The employer must arrange for a mandatory occupational pension plan for his or her
employees. The fees vary with the benefits and level of coverage in the pension plan. The
minimum requirement is 2% of each employee’s salary (within average levels of
salaries). Pension scheme must be established within 6 months of the date on which the
obligation to have an occupational pension scheme arose.
4 The employer enrolls in the mandatory workers’ injury insurance 1 day (simultaneous no charge
Agency : Social Security Office with previous
The employer must have a workers' injury insurance for the employees. The insurance procedure)
company is chosen by the employer.
The insurance must provide coverage for work-related injuries, regardless of whether the
injury is anybody's fault. The insurance must cover injury and illness caused by accidents
at work, illness covered by the same benefits as occupational injury pursuant to the
National Insurance Act, and other injury and illness caused by exposure to harmful
substances or work processes.
Takes place simultaneously with previous procedure.
Page 8Doing Business 2018 Norway
Dealing with Construction Permits
This topic tracks the procedures, time and cost to build a warehouse—including obtaining necessary the licenses and permits, submitting all
required notifications, requesting and receiving all necessary inspections and obtaining utility connections. In addition, the Dealing with
Construction Permits indicator measures the building quality control index, evaluating the quality of building regulations, the strength of
quality control and safety mechanisms, liability and insurance regimes, and professional certification requirements. The most recent round of
data collection was completed in June 2017. See the methodology for more information
What the indicators measure Case study assumptions
Procedures to legally build a warehouse To make the data comparable across economies, several assumptions about the
(number) construction company, the warehouse project and the utility connections are used.
â—
Submitting all relevant documents and obtaining
The construction company (BuildCo):
all necessary clearances, licenses, permits and
certificates - Is a limited liability company (or its legal equivalent) and operates in the economy’s
â—
Submitting all required notifications and receiving largest business city. For 11 economies the data are also collected for the second
all necessary inspections largest business city.
- Is 100% domestically and privately owned; has five owners, none of whom is a
â—
Obtaining utility connections for water and
legal entity. Has a licensed architect and a licensed engineer, both registered with
sewerage
the local association of architects or engineers. BuildCo is not assumed to have any
â—
Registering and selling the warehouse after its other employees who are technical or licensed experts, such as geological or
completion topographical experts.
- Owns the land on which the warehouse will be built and will sell the warehouse
Time required to complete each procedure
upon its completion.
(calendar days)
â—
Does not include time spent gathering information The warehouse:
â—
Each procedure starts on a separate day— - Will be used for general storage activities, such as storage of books or stationery.
though procedures that can be fully completed - Will have two stories, both above ground, with a total constructed area of
online are an exception to this rule approximately 1,300.6 square meters (14,000 square feet). Each floor will be 3
â—
Procedure is considered completed once final meters (9 feet, 10 inches) high and will be located on a land plot of approximately
document is received 929 square meters (10,000 square feet) that is 100% owned by BuildCo, and the
warehouse is valued at 50 times income per capita.
â—
No prior contact with officials
- Will have complete architectural and technical plans prepared by a licensed
Cost required to complete each procedure (% of architect. If preparation of the plans requires such steps as obtaining further
income per capita) documentation or getting prior approvals from external agencies, these are counted
as procedures.
â—
Official costs only, no bribes
- Will take 30 weeks to construct (excluding all delays due to administrative and
regulatory requirements).
Building quality control index (0-15)
â—
Sum of the scores of six component indices: The water and sewerage connections:
â—
Quality of building regulations (0-2) - Will be 150 meters (492 feet) from the existing water source and sewer tap. If there
â—
Quality control before construction (0-1) is no water delivery infrastructure in the economy, a borehole will be dug. If there is
no sewerage infrastructure, a septic tank in the smallest size available will be
â—
Quality control during construction (0-3)
installed or built.
â—
Quality control after construction (0-3) - Will have an average water use of 662 liters (175 gallons) a day and an average
â—
Liability and insurance regimes (0-2) wastewater flow of 568 liters (150 gallons) a day. Will have a peak water use of
â—
Professional certifications (0-4) 1,325 liters (350 gallons) a day and a peak wastewater flow of 1,136 liters (300
gallons) a day.
- Will have a constant level of water demand and wastewater flow throughout the
year; will be 1 inch in diameter for the water connection and 4 inches in diameter for
the sewerage connection.
Page 9Doing Business 2018 Norway
Dealing with Construction Permits - Norway
Standardized Company
Estimated value of warehouse NOK 31,353,056.50
City Covered Oslo
Indicator Norway OECD high Overall Best Performer
income
Procedures (number) 11 12.5 7.00 (Denmark)
Time (days) 110.5 154.6 27.5 (Korea, Rep.)
Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.6 1.6 0.10 (5 Economies)
Building quality control index (0-15) 10.0 11.4 15.00 (3 Economies)
Figure – Dealing with Construction Permits in Norway and comparator economies – Ranking and DTF
DB 2018 Distance to Frontier (DTF)
0 100
86.79: Denmark (Rank: 1)
80.39: United Kingdom (Rank: 14)
79.29: France (Rank: 18)
78.83: Norway (Rank: 21)
75.74: Finland (Rank: 37)
75.14: Regional Average (OECD high income)
Note: The ranking of economies on the ease of dealing with construction permits is determined by sorting their distance to frontier scores for
dealing with construction permits. These scores are the simple average of the distance to frontier scores for each of the component
indicators.
Figure – Dealing with Construction Permits in Norway – Procedure, Time and Cost
Time (days) Cost (% of income per capita)
0.35
100
0.3
Cost (% of income per capita)
80 0.25
Time (days)
0.2
60
0.15
40
0.1
20
0.05
0 0
1 2 *3 *4 *5 *6 *7 8 *9 10 11
Procedures (number)
* This symbol is shown beside procedure numbers that take place simultaneously with the previous procedure.
Note: Online procedures account for 0.5 days in the total time calculation. For economies that have a different procedure list for men and
women, the graph shows the time for women. For more information on methodology, see the Doing Business website
(http://doingbusiness.org/en/methodology ). For details on the procedures reflected here, see the summary below.
Page 10Doing Business 2018 Norway
Figure – Dealing with Construction Permits in Norway and comparator economies – Measure of Quality
15 14.0
11.0 11.4
Index score 10.0 10.0
10 9.0
5
0
Norway Denmark Finland France United Kingdom OECD high income
Details – Dealing with Construction Permits in Norway – Procedure, Time and Cost
No. Procedures Time to Complete Associated Costs
1 Obtain a site-plan map from the Municipal Building Authorities 0.5 days NOK 500
Agency : Municipal Building Authorities
A copy of the map that is 1:500 is required to be submitted with the building permit, and
is helpful for other pre-approvals. This can be done online, and a PDF can be
immediately obtained.
2 Hold advance conference with the Municipal Building Authorities 14 days no charge
Agency : Municipal Building Authorities
The advance conference is optional, but is often necessary in order to clarify the
prerequisites for the project, such as infrastructure, various laws and regulations, and
coordination and the approvals from other authorities. The time to complete this
procedure may vary. In Oslo, the normal waiting time is approximately 2 weeks. These
conferences are not binding for the final result of the approval process.
3 Notify all surrounding neighbors of the future construction 1 day no charge
Agency : Neighbors
According to the Law on Construction dated June 27, 2008 (71 § 03.21), BuildCo must
inform all neighbors adjacent and facing the property about the intended warehouse and
where it will be built. The neighbors must either agree or disagree with this construction
within 2 weeks. However, if BuildCo has obtained directly in writing from all the
surrounding neighbors that they do not object to this construction, there is no waiting
period of 2 weeks. The form to be used is available on the website at
http://www.dibk.no/no/BYGGEREGLER/Byggesoknader/Byggesaksblanketter/
A copy of this notification must be included in the application for obtaining a building
permit.
4 Obtain approval of the Health Authorities 10 days no charge
Agency : Health and Safety Authority
Generally, the building permit is not issued if BuildCo has not obtained all necessary
approvals. In such cases, the Municipal Building Authority points out the missing
approvals and orders the applicant to submit them before further progress can be made.
5 Obtain approval of the Environmental Authorities 10 days no charge
Agency : Environmental Authorities
6 Obtain approval of the Road Authorities 10 days no charge
Agency : Road Authorities
7 Obtain approval from the Water and Sewage Authorities prior to 10 days no charge
construction
Agency : Water and Sewage Authorities
Approval from the electricity company is not necessary. Only an authorization for water
and sewage is required.
8 Obtain the frame permit (first step of the building permit) 84 days NOK 54,391
Agency : Municipal Building Authorities
The frame permit is the first step toward obtaining the building permit. It grants only the
right to build the project as designed; it does not authorize construction. The permit
ensures that the project meets all relevant regulations and is valid for 3 years. The
application for a frame permit must contain all relevant information on the project,
architectural drawings, and other requirements, according to the Planning and Building
Act and other relevant regulations. The legal maximum time to complete this procedure is
84 days.
In practice, obtaining the frame permit in Oslo currently takes about 3 months. The
reasons for the delayed executive work are:
• High building activity
• A corresponding increase in building applications
• A shortage of manpower in the building authorities
Page 11Doing Business 2018 Norway
9 Obtain the start-up permit and present a control registration form 21 days NOK 33,686
Agency : Municipal Building Authorities
The start-up permit authorizes the start of construction activities. This permit contains the
authorization (construction license) of the companies responsible for the coordination,
design, construction, and monitoring of the project. BuildCo must in this respect either
present its qualifications to the Municipal Building Authorities or present a license from
the Central Register. BuildCo must also present all the consents/approvals obtained in
prior procedures.
BuildCo must ensure that a construction oversight plan is drawn up. Such a plan should
be included in the application or be submitted while the application for a start-up permit
is being reviewed at the latest. The construction may be monitored by means of
documented self-inspections or by an independent enterprise. The developer, the
applicant, the designer, and the contractor in charge must provide the information
necessary to monitor the construction. The latter is normally executed through self-
inspection. The legal maximum time to complete this stage is 84 days. Obtaining a start-
up permit in Oslo currently takes 3 weeks on average.
10 Apply and obtain a certificate of completion from the Municipal Building 10 days no charge
Authorities
Agency : Municipal Building Authorities
BuildCo must obtain an approval from the Municipality upon completion of the project.
The supervising agency/applicant must send a completion report and a request for a
certificate of completion form. This report must state that the building was built
according to the approved plans and that there are no major works to be completed or that
any reserves on any part of the building.
If the final approval is not issued within the deadline, the silence-is-consent rule is
applied and the building may be used.
Chapter 21 - Article 21--10 - Building Act
11 Obtain water and sewage connection 1 day NOK 100,481
Agency : Water and Sewage Authorities
The Water and Sewage Authorities must be present when the connection is installed, and
BuildCo must send a request form determining the time for the connection. Such a
request must be received by the authorities at 10 a.m. (at the latest) the day before the
connection is to take place. The receipt for the paid connection fee must be attached to
the request form where the connection time and place are determined.
For 2010, the City Parliament of Oslo has established that the taxes to be paid for water
and sewage connection are NOK 41.24 per sq. m. for water and NOK 61.83 per sq. m. for
sewage. The connection fee is a nonrecurring one and covers the costs of building and
maintaining the public pipelines (both water and sewage pipelines -- that is, the water
supply from purification plant to the consumer, and sewage transport from the consumer
to waste water plant). A reduction is given when the land plot is larger than 3,000 square
meters and utilization is less than 12.5% (not applicable in the Doing Business case).
Takes place simultaneously with previous procedure.
Page 12Doing Business 2018 Norway
Details – Dealing with Construction Permits in Norway – Measure of Quality
Answer Score
Building quality control index (0-15) 10.0
Quality of building regulations index (0-2) 1.0
How accessible are building laws and regulations in your economy? (0-1) Available online; 1.0
Free of charge.
Which requirements for obtaining a building permit are clearly specified in the building List of required 0.0
regulations or on any accessible website, brochure or pamphlet? (0-1) documents; Fees
to be paid.
Quality control before construction index (0-1) 1.0
Which third-party entities are required by law to verify that the building plans are in Licensed 1.0
compliance with existing building regulations? (0-1) engineer.
Quality control during construction index (0-3) 2.0
What types of inspections (if any) are required by law to be carried out during construction? Inspections by in- 1.0
(0-2) house engineer.
Do legally mandated inspections occur in practice during construction? (0-1) Mandatory 1.0
inspections are
always done in
practice.
Quality control after construction index (0-3) 3.0
Is there a final inspection required by law to verify that the building was built in accordance Yes, in-house 2.0
with the approved plans and regulations? (0-2) engineer submits
report for final
inspection.
Do legally mandated final inspections occur in practice? (0-1) Final inspection 1.0
always occurs in
practice.
Liability and insurance regimes index (0-2) 0.0
Which parties (if any) are held liable by law for structural flaws or problems in the building No party is held 0.0
once it is in use (Latent Defect Liability or Decennial Liability)? (0-1) liable under the
law.
Which parties (if any) are required by law to obtain an insurance policy to cover possible No party is 0.0
structural flaws or problems in the building once it is in use (Latent Defect Liability Insurance required by law
or Decennial Insurance)? (0-1) to obtain
insurance .
Professional certifications index (0-4) 3.0
What are the qualification requirements for the professional responsible for verifying that the Minimum number 1.0
architectural plans or drawings are in compliance with existing building regulations? (0-2) of years of
experience;
University degree
in architecture or
engineering.
What are the qualification requirements for the professional who supervises the construction Minimum number 2.0
on the ground? (0-2) of years of
experience;
University degree
in engineering,
construction or
construction
management;
Passing a
certification
exam.
Page 13Doing Business 2018 Norway
Getting Electricity
This topic measures the procedures, time and cost required for a business to obtain a permanent electricity connection for a newly
constructed warehouse. Additionally, the reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index measures reliability of supply, transparency of
tariffs and the price of electricity. The most recent round of data collection for the project was completed in June 2017. See the methodology
for more information.
What the indicators measure Case study assumptions
Procedures to obtain an electricity connection To make the data comparable across economies, several assumptions about the
(number) construction company, the warehouse project and the utility connections are used.
â—
Submitting all relevant documents and obtaining
The construction company (BuildCo):
all necessary clearances and permits
â—
Completing all required notifications and - Is a limited liability company (or its legal equivalent) and operates in the economy’s
receiving all necessary inspections largest business city. For 11 economies the data are also collected for the second
largest business city.
â—
Obtaining external installation works and possibly
- Is 100% domestically and privately owned; has five owners, none of whom is a
purchasing material for these works
legal entity. Has a licensed architect and a licensed engineer, both registered with
â—
Concluding any necessary supply contract and the local association of architects or engineers. BuildCo is not assumed to have any
obtaining final supply other employees who are technical or licensed experts, such as geological or
topographical experts.
Time required to complete each procedure
- Owns the land on which the warehouse will be built and will sell the warehouse
(calendar days)
upon its completion.
â—
Is at least 1 calendar day
The warehouse:
â—
Each procedure starts on a separate day
â—
Does not include time spent gathering information - Will be used for general storage activities, such as storage of books or stationery.
- Will have two stories, both above ground, with a total constructed area of
â—
Reflects the time spent in practice, with little
approximately 1,300.6 square meters (14,000 square feet). Each floor will be 3
follow-up and no prior contact with officials
meters (9 feet, 10 inches) high and will be located on a land plot of approximately
Cost required to complete each procedure (% of 929 square meters (10,000 square feet) that is 100% owned by BuildCo, and the
income per capita) warehouse is valued at 50 times income per capita.
- Will have complete architectural and technical plans prepared by a licensed
â—
Official costs only, no bribes architect. If preparation of the plans requires such steps as obtaining further
â—
Value added tax excluded documentation or getting prior approvals from external agencies, these are counted
as procedures.
The reliability of supply and transparency of - Will take 30 weeks to construct (excluding all delays due to administrative and
tariffs index (0-8) regulatory requirements).
â—
Duration and frequency of power outages (0–3)
The water and sewerage connections:
â—
Tools to monitor power outages (0–1)
- Will be 150 meters (492 feet) from the existing water source and sewer tap. If there
â—
Tools to restore power supply (0–1)
is no water delivery infrastructure in the economy, a borehole will be dug. If there is
â—
Regulatory monitoring of utilities’ performance no sewerage infrastructure, a septic tank in the smallest size available will be
(0–1) installed or built.
â—
Financial deterrents limiting outages (0–1) - Will have an average water use of 662 liters (175 gallons) a day and an average
wastewater flow of 568 liters (150 gallons) a day. Will have a peak water use of
â—
Transparency and accessibility of tariffs (0–1)
1,325 liters (350 gallons) a day and a peak wastewater flow of 1,136 liters (300
Price of electricity (cents per kilowatt-hour)* gallons) a day.
- Will have a constant level of water demand and wastewater flow throughout the
â—
Price based on monthly bill for commercial
year; will be 1 inch in diameter for the water connection and 4 inches in diameter for
warehouse in case study
the sewerage connection.
*Note: Doing Business measures the price of
electricity, but it is not included in the distance to
frontier score nor the ranking on the ease of getting
electricity.
Page 14Doing Business 2018 Norway
Getting Electricity - Norway
Standardized Company
Price of electricity (US cents per kWh) 10.1
Name of utility Hafslund
City Covered Oslo
Indicator Norway OECD high Overall Best Performer
income
Procedures (number) 4 4.7 2 (United Arab Emirates)
Time (days) 66 79.1 10 (United Arab Emirates)
Cost (% of income per capita) 11.4 63.0 0.00 (Japan)
Reliability of supply and transparency of tariff index (0-8) 7 7.4 8.00 (28 Economies)
Figure – Getting Electricity in Norway and comparator economies – Ranking and DTF
DB 2018 Distance to Frontier (DTF)
0 100
93.29: United Kingdom (Rank: 9)
90.21: Denmark (Rank: 16)
88.97: Finland (Rank: 20)
87.46: Norway (Rank: 23)
85.89: France (Rank: 26)
84.44: Regional Average (OECD high income)
Note: The ranking of economies on the ease of getting electricity is determined by sorting their distance to frontier scores for getting
electricity. These scores are the simple average of the distance to frontier scores for each of the component indicators.
Page 15Doing Business 2018 Norway
Figure – Getting Electricity in Norway – Procedure, Time and Cost
Time (days) Cost (% of income per capita)
12
60
Cost (% of income per capita)
10
50
8
Time (days)
40
6
30
4
20
10 2
0 0
1 2 3 4
Procedures (number)
* This symbol is shown beside procedure numbers that take place simultaneously with the previous procedure.
Note: Online procedures account for 0.5 days in the total time calculation. For economies that have a different procedure list for men and
women, the graph shows the time for women. For more information on methodology, see the Doing Business website
(http://doingbusiness.org/en/methodology ). For details on the procedures reflected here, see the summary below.
Figure – Getting Electricity in Norway and comparator economies – Measure of Quality
8 8 8
8 7.4
7 7
7
6
Index score
5
4
3
2
1
0
Norway Denmark Finland France United Kingdom OECD high income
Page 16Doing Business 2018 Norway
Details – Getting Electricity in Norway – Procedure, Time and Cost
No. Procedures Time to Complete Associated Costs
1 Sign supply contract with electricity distribution company 1 calendar day NOK 0
Agency : Hafslund
Customer has a choice of either using Hafslund’s supply company or any other supply
company
2 Submit application to utility (Hafslund) and await estimate 37 calendar days NOK 0
Agency : Hafslund
Customer has to apply through a certified electrician. When the application is submitted
to Hafslund the utility needs a signed contract with the electricity distribution company
for the delivery of power and preferably a one-line diagram of the installation. No fee is
charged. Once application is received, Hafslund contacts its various subcontractors to get
an estimate. When the estimate is accepted Hafslund place an order with the
subcontractor with the best offer. The subcontractor contacts the customer or the
customer contacts the subcontractor to agree on the further progress.
3 Receive estimate and obtain external works from Hafslund’s subcontractor 21 calendar days NOK 65,000
Agency : Hafslund
External works includes trenching, laying of cable, connection to the installation,
connection to a distribution transformer or distribution pillar. Cost of trenching calculated
for road crossing of 10 meters.
4 Report completion of internal wiring and receive meter installation and 7 calendar days NOK 6,500
electricity flow from Hafslund
Agency : Hafslund
Electrician reports online about the internal wiring and schedules with utility to install the
meter. Electrician turns on supply once utility subcontractors reports that meter has been
installed.
Takes place simultaneously with previous procedure.
Page 17Doing Business 2018 Norway
Details – Getting Electricity in Norway – Measure of Quality
Answer
Reliability of supply and transparency of tariff index (0-8) 7
Total duration and frequency of outages per customer a year (0-3) 2
System average interruption duration index (SAIDI) 0.8
System average interruption frequency index (SAIFI) 1.1
What is the minimum outage time (in minutes) that the utility considers for the calculation of SAIDI/SAIFI 3.0
Mechanisms for monitoring outages (0-1) 1
Does the distribution utility use automated tools to monitor outages? Yes
Mechanisms for restoring service (0-1) 1
Does the distribution utility use automated tools to restore service? Yes
Regulatory monitoring (0-1) 1
Does a regulator—that is, an entity separate from the utility—monitor the utility’s performance on reliability of Yes
supply?
Financial deterrents aimed at limiting outages (0-1) 1
Does the utility either pay compensation to customers or face fines by the regulator (or both) if outages Yes
exceed a certain cap?
Communication of tariffs and tariff changes (0-1) 1
Are effective tariffs available online? Yes
Link to the website, if available online https://www.hafslund.
no/fjernvarme/priser_
og_vilkaar/2069
Are customers notified of a change in tariff ahead of the billing cycle? Yes
Note:
If the duration and frequency of outages is 100 or less, the economy is eligible to score on the Reliability of supply and transparency of tariff
index.
If the duration and frequency of outages is not available, or is over 100, the economy is not eligible to score on the index.
If the minimum outage time considered for SAIDI/SAIFI is over 5 minutes, the economy is not eligible to score on the index.
Page 18Doing Business 2018 Norway
Registering Property
This topic examines the steps, time and cost involved in registering property, assuming a standardized case of an entrepreneur who wants to
purchase land and a building that is already registered and free of title dispute. In addition, the topic also measures the quality of the land
administration system in each economy. The quality of land administration index has five dimensions: reliability of infrastructure, transparency
of information, geographic coverage, land dispute resolution, and equal access to property rights. The most recent round of data collection for
the project was completed in June 2017.See the methodology for more information.
What the indicators measure Case study assumptions
Procedures to legally transfer title on To make the data comparable across economies, several assumptions about the
immovable property (number) parties to the transaction, the property and the procedures are used.
â—
Preregistration procedures (for example,
The parties (buyer and seller):
checking for liens, notarizing sales agreement,
paying property transfer taxes) - Are limited liability companies (or the legal equivalent).
â—
Registration procedures in the economy's largest - Are located in the periurban area of the economy’s largest business city. For 11
business citya. economies the data are also collected for the second largest business city.
- Are 100% domestically and privately owned.
â—
Postregistration procedures (for example, filling
- Have 50 employees each, all of whom are nationals.
title with municipality)
- Perform general commercial activities.
Time required to complete each procedure
The property (fully owned by the seller):
(calendar days)
- Has a value of 50 times income per capita, which equals the sale price.
â—
Does not include time spent gathering information
- Is fully owned by the seller.
â—
Each procedure starts on a separate day - though - Has no mortgages attached and has been under the same ownership for the past
procedures that can be fully completed online are 10 years.
an exception to this rule
- Is registered in the land registry or cadastre, or both, and is free of title disputes.
â—
Procedure is considered completed once final - Is located in a periurban commercial zone, and no rezoning is required.
document is received - Consists of land and a building. The land area is 557.4 square meters (6,000
â—
No prior contact with officials square feet). A two-story warehouse of 929 square meters (10,000 square feet) is
located on the land. The warehouse is 10 years old, is in good condition, has no
Cost required to complete each procedure (% of heating system and complies with all safety standards, building codes and legal
property value) requirements. The property, consisting of land and building, will be transferred in its
â—
Official costs only (such as administrative fees, entirety.
duties and taxes). - Will not be subject to renovations or additional construction following the purchase.
- Has no trees, natural water sources, natural reserves or historical monuments of
â—
Value Added Tax, Capital Gains Tax and illicit
any kind.
payments are excluded
- Will not be used for special purposes, and no special permits, such as for
Quality of land administration index (0-30) residential use, industrial plants, waste storage or certain types of agricultural
activities, are required.
â—
Reliability of infrastructure index (0-8) - Has no occupants, and no other party holds a legal interest in it.
â—
Transparency of information index (0–6)
â—
Geographic coverage index (0–8)
â—
Land dispute resolution index (0–8)
â—
Equal access to property rights index (-2–0)
Page 19Doing Business 2018 Norway
Registering Property - Norway
Standardized Company
Property value NOK 31,353,056.50
City Covered Oslo
Indicator Norway OECD high Overall Best Performer
income
Procedures (number) 1 4.6 1.00 (4 Economies)
Time (days) 3 22.3 1.00 (3 Economies)
Cost (% of property value) 2.5 4.2 0.00 (5 Economies)
Quality of the land administration index (0-30) 20.0 22.7 29.00 (Singapore)
Figure – Registering Property in Norway and comparator economies – Ranking and DTF
DB 2018 Distance to Frontier (DTF)
0 100
89.88: Denmark (Rank: 11)
87.26: Norway (Rank: 14)
80.73: Finland (Rank: 27)
76.81: Regional Average (OECD high income)
74.51: United Kingdom (Rank: 47)
60.69: France (Rank: 100)
Note: The ranking of economies on the ease of registering property is determined by sorting their distance to frontier scores for registering
property. These scores are the simple average of the distance to frontier scores for each of the component indicators.
Figure – Registering Property in Norway – Procedure, Time and Cost
Time (days) Cost (% of income per capita)
3 3
2.5 2.5 Cost (% of income per capita)
2 2
Time (days)
1.5 1.5
1 1
0.5 0.5
0 0
1
Procedures (number)
* This symbol is shown beside procedure numbers that take place simultaneously with the previous procedure.
Note: Online procedures account for 0.5 days in the total time calculation. For economies that have a different procedure list for men and
women, the graph shows the time for women. For more information on methodology, see the Doing Business website
(http://doingbusiness.org/en/methodology ). For details on the procedures reflected here, see the summary below.
Page 20Doing Business 2018 Norway
Figure – Registering Property in Norway and comparator economies – Measure of Quality
30
26.5
24.5 24.0 24.5
25 22.7
Index score 20.0
20
15
10
5
0
Norway Denmark Finland France United Kingdom OECD high income
Details – Registering Property in Norway – Procedure, Time and Cost
No. Procedures Time to Complete Associated Costs
1 Submit an application for registration of transfer at the Land Registry 3 days NOK 525 (registration
Agency : Land Registry and Cadastre fee) + 2.5% of the
There is no need for a lawyer or notary to be involved in the process. The application is a value of the property
standard form that may be printed out for free from the Mapping Authority's website. The (stamp duty)
fee to receive the title is NOK 525, and the stamp duty tax is 2.5% of the value of the
property. If the transaction is financed by debt, the buyer has to pay an additional fee to
register the mortgage bond. This fee is the same as for registering a title, NOK 525. Upon
refinancing an existing mortgage loan within the same loan frame, the fee to register a
new mortgage deed or transporting the old mortgage deed to the new one is NOK 200.
The registration fee and stamp duty are invoiced to the submitter after the registration,
and can be paid as normal through a bank, including internet banking.
The registration authority along with the cadastral authority is centralized within the
Norwegian Mapping Authority. The Norwegian Mapping Authority and the Land
Registry and Cadastre is located in Hønefoss, in Buskerud county, north of Oslo. All
documents for registry may be sent to the same address: Kartverket Tinglysing, 3507
Hønefoss.
Work on permitting electronic submission is underway. However, for most legal and
natural persons, documents must still be sent by post. The Mapping Authority requires
that professionals send at least one original and one confirmed copy (ideally two
originals) of documents to be registered, of which one is kept by the Mapping Authority.
There are certain pilot projects allowing banks a limited opportunity to submit certain
simple mortgage documents electronically. Title transfer is still by paper for all
applicants.
The current process is as follows: On day one, the required documents are received and
entered into the journal. On day two, the relevant data is entered into the electronic
database that constitutes the Land Registry proper. Thereafter, a second staff member
verifies that the data entered is correct. Finally, the original title deed and any other
submitted and registered documents are stamped by the Land Registry and returned to the
submitter. An invoice for registration fees and stamp duty follows shortly.
Takes place simultaneously with previous procedure.
Page 21Doing Business 2018 Norway
Details – Registering Property in Norway – Measure of Quality
Answer Score
Quality of the land administration index (0-30) 20.0
Reliability of infrastructure index (0-8) 7.0
What is the institution in charge of immovable property registration? The Norwegian
Mapping
Authority
(Kartverket)
In what format are the majority of title or deed records kept in the largest business city—in a Computer/Scann 1.0
paper format or in a computerized format (scanned or fully digital)? ed
Is there an electronic database for checking for encumbrances (liens, mortgages, restrictions Yes 1.0
and the like)?
Institution in charge of the plans showing legal boundaries in the largest business city: The Norwegian
Mapping
Authority
(Kartverket)
In what format are the majority of maps of land plots kept in the largest business city—in a Computer/Fully 2.0
paper format or in a computerized format (scanned or fully digital)? digital
Is there an electronic database for recording boundaries, checking plans and providing Yes 1.0
cadastral information (geographic information system)?
Is the information recorded by the immovable property registration agency and the cadastral Different 1.0
or mapping agency kept in a single database, in different but linked databases or in separate databases but
databases? linked
Do the immovable property registration agency and cadastral or mapping agency use the Yes 1.0
same identification number for properties?
Transparency of information index (0–6) 3.5
Who is able to obtain information on land ownership at the agency in charge of immovable Freely accessible 1.0
property registration in the largest business city? by anyone
Is the list of documents that are required to complete any type of property transaction made Yes, online 0.5
publicly available–and if so, how?
Link for online access: http://www.kartve
rket.no/eiendom
Is the applicable fee schedule for any property transaction at the agency in charge of Yes, online 0.5
immovable property registration in the largest business city made publicly available–and if
so, how?
Link for online access: http://www.kartve
rket.no/eiendom/
priser-og-gebyr/
Does the agency in charge of immovable property registration commit to delivering a legally No 0.0
binding document that proves property ownership within a specific time frame–and if so, how
does it communicate the service standard?
Link for online access:
Is there a specific and separate mechanism for filing complaints about a problem that No 0.0
occurred at the agency in charge of immovable property registration?
Contact information:
Are there publicly available official statistics tracking the number of transactions at the Yes 0.5
immovable property registration agency?
Number of property transfers in the largest business city in 2016: 16387.0
Who is able to consult maps of land plots in the largest business city? Freely accessible 0.5
by anyone
Is the applicable fee schedule for accessing maps of land plots made publicly available— No cost 0.5
and if so, how?
Page 22Doing Business 2018 Norway
Link for online access:
Does the cadastral or mapping agency commit to delivering an updated map within a No 0.0
specific time frame—and if so, how does it communicate the service standard?
Link for online access:
Is there a specific and separate mechanism for filing complaints about a problem that No 0.0
occurred at the cadastral or mapping agency?
Contact information:
Geographic coverage index (0–8) 4.0
Are all privately held land plots in the economy formally registered at the immovable property No 0.0
registry?
Are all privately held land plots in the largest business city formally registered at the Yes 2.0
immovable property registry?
Are all privately held land plots in the economy mapped? No 0.0
Are all privately held land plots in the largest business city mapped? Yes 2.0
Land dispute resolution index (0–8) 5.5
Does the law require that all property sale transactions be registered at the immovable No 0.0
property registry to make them opposable to third parties?
Is the system of immovable property registration subject to a state or private guarantee? Yes 0.5
Is there a specific compensation mechanism to cover for losses incurred by parties who No 0.0
engaged in good faith in a property transaction based on erroneous information certified by
the immovable property registry?
Does the legal system require a control of legality of the documents necessary for a property Yes 0.5
transaction (e.g., checking the compliance of contracts with requirements of the law)?
If yes, who is responsible for checking the legality of the documents? Registrar.
Does the legal system require verification of the identity of the parties to a property Yes 0.5
transaction?
If yes, who is responsible for verifying the identity of the parties? Registrar.
Is there a national database to verify the accuracy of identity documents? Yes 1.0
For a standard land dispute between two local businesses over tenure rights of a property Oslo City Court
worth 50 times gross national income (GNI) per capita and located in the largest business
city, what court would be in charge of the case in the first instance?
How long does it take on average to obtain a decision from the first-instance court for such a Less than a year 3.0
case (without appeal)?
Are there any statistics on the number of land disputes in the first instance? No 0.0
Number of land disputes in the largest business city in 2016:
Equal access to property rights index (-2–0) 0.0
Do unmarried men and unmarried women have equal ownership rights to property? Yes 0.0
Do married men and married women have equal ownership rights to property? Yes 0.0
Page 23Doing Business 2018 Norway
Getting Credit
This topic explores two sets of issues—the strength of credit reporting systems and the effectiveness of collateral and bankruptcy laws in
facilitating lending. The most recent round of data collection for the project was completed in June 2017. See the methodology for more
information.
What the indicators measure Case study assumptions
Strength of legal rights index (0–12) Doing Business assesses the sharing of credit information and the legal rights of
borrowers and lenders with respect to secured transactions through 2 sets of
â—
Rights of borrowers and lenders through
collateral laws (0-10) indicators. The depth of credit information index measures rules and practices
affecting the coverage, scope and accessibility of credit information available
â—
Protection of secured creditors’ rights through
through a credit registry or a credit bureau. The strength of legal rights index
bankruptcy laws (0-2)
measures the degree to which collateral and bankruptcy laws protect the rights of
borrowers and lenders and thus facilitate lending. For each economy it is ?rst
Depth of credit information index (0–8)
determined whether a unitary secured transactions system exists. Then two case
â—
Scope and accessibility of credit information scenarios, case A and case B, are used to determine how a nonpossessory security
distributed by credit bureaus and credit registries interest is created, publicized and enforced according to the law. Special emphasis
(0-8) is given to how the collateral registry operates (if registration of security interests is
possible). The case scenarios involve a secured borrower, company ABC, and a
Credit bureau coverage (% of adults)
secured lender, BizBank.
â—
Number of individuals and firms listed in largest
credit bureau as a percentage of adult population In some economies the legal framework for secured transactions will allow only case
A or case B (not both) to apply. Both cases examine the same set of legal provisions
Credit registry coverage (% of adults) relating to the use of movable collateral.
â—
Number of individuals and firms listed in credit
registry as a percentage of adult population Several assumptions about the secured borrower (ABC) and lender (BizBank)
are used:
- ABC is a domestic limited liability company (or its legal equivalent).
- ABC has up to 50 employees.
- ABC has its headquarters and only base of operations in the economy’s largest
business city. For 11 economies the data are also collected for the second largest
business city.
- Both ABC and BizBank are 100% domestically owned.
The case scenarios also involve assumptions. In case A, as collateral for the loan,
ABC grants BizBank a nonpossessory security interest in one category of movable
assets, for example, its machinery or its inventory. ABC wants to keep both
possession and ownership of the collateral. In economies where the law does not
allow nonpossessory security interests in movable property, ABC and BizBank use a
?duciary transfer-of-title arrangement (or a similar substitute for nonpossessory
security interests).
In case B, ABC grants BizBank a business charge, enterprise charge, ?oating
charge or any charge that gives BizBank a security interest over ABC’s combined
movable assets (or as much of ABC’s movable assets as possible). ABC keeps
ownership and possession of the assets.
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