Sierra Burgers Park Hotel, City of Tshwane, South Africa 25 - 27 November 2019 Governance of Africa's Social Policy: Subverting Development and ...
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Governance of Africa’s Social Policy: Subverting Development and Democracy?
25 - 27 November 2019
Sierra Burgers Park Hotel, City of Tshwane, South Africa
2 2019 Social Policy in Africa Conference
Welcome Address
2019 Social Policy in Africa Conference 01
Sanibonani
On behalf of the Organising Committee The paradox of liberal democracy in much of Africa since
the 1990s has been, on the one hand, the narrowing of
and our partners, I welcome you to the the policy space in development and modes of securing
2019 edition of the Social Policy in Africa the wellbeing of citizens, and on the other hand, the
Conference. This year’s edition is the second stabilization of electoral modes of governance. If the
mass protests that in many countries saw the end of
in what we expect to be a regular biennial authoritarian single-party state and military rule were
scholarly gathering with a focus on issues triggered by the mass entitlement failures imposed by
that concern social policy in the African the orthodox stabilizations policies of the 1980s, the
electoral polity that emerged in the aftermath has not
context. The conference itself is a flagship ensured the flourishing of wellbeing, significant reduction
activity of the South African Research Chair in poverty, reduced wealth inequality, and employment.
in Social Policy, funded by the national Much of this is linked to the politics of neoliberal orthodoxy
which locked out many policy instruments necessary for
Department of Science and Innovation and enhanced human wellbeing. The ‘good policies’ that are
the National Research Foundation, and locked in are those that are framed by market-centric logic.
located at the University of South Africa. The space for wellbeing enhancing policy instruments is
further constrained by restraints and blockages imposed
The Chair partners with the Council for the by extra-territorial forces, not the least in forms of ‘donor’
Development of Social Science Research in conditionalities.
Africa (CODESRIA) and the United Nations
If in the early phases of liberal democracy in Africa, the
Research Institute for Social Development challenge was one of absence of policy choices (alternative
(UNRISD) in organising the conference. I to neoliberal orthodoxy)—what Mkandawire refers to
would like to thank colleagues at CODESRIA as “choiceless democracy”¬—the challenge in the 21st
century is the hegemony of market transactional logic and
and UNRISD for their intellectual and aversion for encompassing public provisioning among
material support for the conference. most African public authorities. The gap between choice
over which politicians rule your state and which economic
As I indicated at the 2017 conference, the partnership is policy prevails is reflected in the dissonance between
not fortuitous. The efforts to rethink social policy in the ‘constitutionalism’ and ‘popular sovereignty’; a gap between
context of development was initiated at CODESRIA in the democracy as formal equality as distinct from substantive
late 1990s and reach its maturation at UNRISD in the first equality. The dominance of the conception and articulation
decade of the 21st century. Emerging from the global of democracy, as ‘universal suffrage, regular elections
efforts at rethinking social policy, especially in the context of and basic civil rights’ (Rudebeck), is held separate from
the neoliberal diminution of its reach and intent has been ‘equality in actual practice’ in which popular pressure
the concept of Transformative Social Policy. The concept secures socio-economic rights and human flourishing. The
underpins our research and graduate training activities at modality of social policymaking in which the key drivers
the Research Chair in Social Policy. are external ‘donor’ agencies, engaging in aggressive policy
merchandising, and where the manufacture of NGOs,
The theme of the 2019 conference is concerned with the funded by the same ‘donor,’ become a substitute for
governance of social policy in the African context. In the endogenous social forces in shaping public policy portends
context of the domination of the social policymaking by enormous danger for democracy as ‘popular sovereignty.’
external ‘donor’ agencies and the international financial
institutions, we seek to explore whether the version of
social policy being offered, especially in Middle Africa, may
be degrading development and undermining the building
of democratic culture on the continent.
02 2019 Social Policy in Africa Conference
Similarly, from the idea of a state that ‘thinks’ in terms An accurate diagnosis of a condition is an initial step in the
of a comprehensive obligation for securing long-term road to securing the appropriate cure for the ailment. The
national wellbeing and development and politics organised three legs of the conference—the Keynote Address, the
around securing such wellbeing and development, what plenary sessions, and the parallel session—are intended
emerged is a ‘night-watchman’ state, more recently to create the space for critical thinking around the theme
recast in the language of the ‘capable state’—one more of the conference and a range of social policy concerns.
focused on securing the space for private investors than In this, I would like to thank our Keynote Speaker, Dr
the wellbeing of its citizens. Economic policy became Andrew Fischer, for obliging us. His 2018 award-winning
increasingly disconnected from social policy, with a public book, Poverty as Ideology: Rescuing Social Justice from
policy orientation that is averse to socialised provisioning, Global Development Agendas, is a remarkable piece of
solidaristic risk pooling, (inter-class) redistribution, and rigorous and critical scholarship that offers a new mode
universalism. Social policy became largely residual. of thinking through the current morass of the ostensibly
‘poor-centric’ narratives of the so-called ‘international
Over the last forty years, in response to Africa’s development community.’ The plenary sessions offer the
development challenges and diswelfares that its citizens space to explore different dimensions of the theme of the
face, a more residual take on social policy has become conference, while the parallel sessions offer the space for a
largely hegemonic, with powerful external and local actors variety of critical engagements with different dimensions of
using the continent as a site for social experiments. social policy.
Much of this has been driven by an anti-development
thinking that imagines the solution to poverty as largely This conference has been made possible because of
a matter of “just give money to the poor”—even as the the continuing generous support of the Department of
‘poor’ are defined in highly restrictive fashion to cover a Science and Innovation, the National Research Foundation,
smaller proportion of the population experiencing severe and the leadership of the University of South Africa and
entitlement failure—or a direct distribution of earnings the College of Graduate Studies. We acknowledge the
from mineral wealth to citizens (a question of ‘oil to cash’). support of CODESRIA in funding some of the participants
Development is conceptualised more as the relief of at this conference. We, at the Chair, would like to express
chronic poverty and less as the structural transformation of our immense appreciation to the DSI, NRF, UNISA, and
the economy, society, and social institutions. Quantitative CODESRIA for their support.
measures of the multiplier effects of cash transfers on
the local economy become an indicator of economic I would like to acknowledge the efforts of Ipeleng Chauke,
growth. Social assistance instruments are deemed Dr Ashley Sarimana, Newman Tekwa, Dr Kehinde Omotoso,
transformative when households can afford to pay school and Kimberley Usher at the Chair; Dr Busani Mpofu at
fees or healthcare, increase household assets in livestock. the Archie Mafeje Research Institute; and Hanli Wolhuter
Claims of the ending of intergenerational poverty are and Doctor Mlambo at the College of Graduate Studies in
made on, at best, very thin evidence. Increasingly, what organising the conference.
we have is a public policy regime sustained by an alliance
of domestic and external actors—the NGO format of the A conference is as much a space for the exchange of
former sometimes created at the behest of the latter. If ideas as it is a ‘watering hole’—a place to relax, recharge
we understand the relations between state and citizens one’s batteries, and network. We have sought to organise
as a web of rights and obligations, the retreat of the things—accommodation, conference activities, and the
state from socialised and universal social provisioning socials—to be as convenient for the participants as
undermines the legitimacy of the state, weakens citizen- possible.
state social compact, reinforces the more coercive face of
the state in its engagements with citizens, and undermines We trust that you will find your time with us a very
social cohesion. Leaving citizens to fend for themselves rewarding one.
in the marketplace subjects them to the vagaries of the
market. Neither is there evidence that reducing social Ngiyanemukela. Le amogestwe. Karibu.
policy to social assistance, which is narrowly focused on
the deserving poor, in increasingly dualistic social policy Jimi O. Adesina
regimes, eliminates poverty or ensures quality services for Chair, Local Organising Committee.
the poor.
2019 Social Policy in Africa Conference 0304 2019 Social Policy in Africa Conference
Programme 2019 Social Policy in Africa Conference 05
DAY 1: Monday, 25 November 2019
07h00 - 07h55 Registration
Venue :
Foyer of Mandela 1 and 2
08h00 - 11h00 OPENING CEREMONY
Venue:
Mandela 1 and 2
Chair:
Professor Lindiwe Zungu (Executive Dean, College of Graduate Studies, University of South Africa)
Welcome Addresses:
• Prof Mandla Makhanya: Vice Chancellor, University of South Africa
• Prof Jimi Adesina: SARChI Chair in Social Policy
• Prof Les Labuschagne: Executive Director, Research and Innovation, University of South Africa
• Dr Katja Hujo: UNRISD Director (Rep)
Keynote Address
Prof Andrew Fischer (Institute of Social Studies, Eramus University, The Hague, Netherlands): The Political
Economy of External Financing of Social Policy in Developing Countries.
Discussion (30 minutes)
11h00 - 11h30 COFFEE BREAK
11h30 - 13h00 1ST PLENARY SESSION: Governance of Africa’s Social Policy
Venue :
Mandela 1 and 2
Chair:
Michael Noble (SASPRI, South Africa)
Speakers:
• Jimi Adesina (University of South Africa, South Africa). Don’t Call Dog Monkey for Me: Policy
Merchandising and Social Assistance in Africa.
• Marion Atieno Ouma (University of South Africa, South Africa). (Un)democratic social policymaking:
Examining the dynamics of social protection adoption in Kenya.
• Neo Simutanyi (Centre for Policy Dialogue, Zambia). Populism and the politics of inclusive social welfare
provision: Interrogating the efficacy of the Social Cash Transfer Programme as a poverty reduction strategy
in Zambia.
13h00 - 14h00 LUNCH
06 2019 Social Policy in Africa Conference14h00 - 15h30 1ST BREAK-AWAY SESSIONS
Venue A:
Mandela 1 and 2: Dynamics of Social Policymaking
Chair:
Theresa Moyo (University of Limpopo, South Africa)
Speakers:
• Roeland Hemsteede (University of Dundee, UK): Power dynamics in governing social protection.
• Samuel Kapingidza (University of Johannesburg, South Africa): Political ideology and social cash transfer
adoption in Zambia and Zimbabwe.
• Augusto Chinjamba (Higher Technical Institute of Angola, Angola): Democracy and the Governance of
Africa’s Social Policy.
• Benedict Yiyugash (Institute of Social Studies, The Hague, Netherlands): Transnational Actors and Social
Protection Expansion in Africa: Actors and Mechanisms of Cash Transfer Rise and Internalisation in Ghana.
Venue B:
Mandela 3: Healthcare and Health Policy
Chair:
Marion Ouma (University of South Africa, South Africa)
Speakers:
• Heba AlSawahli (American University in Cairo, Egypt): Physicians’ motivation in the Ministry of Health and
Population in Egypt: Challenges and opportunities.
• Julia Ngozi Chukuma (University of London, UK): The Political Economy of Universal Health Coverage in
Nigeria: A National Health Act for UHC in Nigeria?
• Kimberley Usher (University of South Africa, South Africa): The politics of inequality in South African
health reform: does democracy actually matter?
• Mackenzie Rice (UNICEF Eastern and Southern Africa, Kenya): Estimating the Health Workforce Gap in
Eastern and Southern Africa: A Financial Modelling Approach in 18 Countries.
Venue C:
Ambassador: Social Assistance and Social Protection
Chair:
Sandra Bhatasara (University of Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe)
Speakers:
• Callistus Agbaam (Ruhr University Bochum, Germany): Explaining public support for universal non-
contributory pension programs. Cross sectional evidence from Ghana.
• Tapiwa Chilakalaka (WFP-Malawi, Malawi): Socio Economic impacts of a social protection programme- A
case study of the Malawi Social cash transfer programme.
• José Katito (Universidade Óscar Ribas, Angola): Can Brazilian Family Allowance be a Blueprint for
Angola’s anti-poverty social policy?
• Daniel Kumitz (UNICEF-Zambia, Zambia): Social Protection in Zambia between Transformative Ambition
and Multi-Dimensional Poverty.
15h30 - 16h00 COFFEE BREAK
2019 Social Policy in Africa Conference 0716h00 - 17h30 2ND BREAK-AWAY SESSIONS
Venue A:
Mandela 1 and 2: Land Reform and Agrarian Reform
Chair:
Chair: Mandisa Magwaza (The Presidency, South Africa)
Speakers:
• Clement Chipenda (University of South Africa, South Africa): Social Reproduction by the “New”
Generation in Post Land Reform Zimbabwe: A Transformative Social Policy Perspective.
• Rejoice M. Chipuriro (University of Johannesburg, South Africa): An African perspective on land reform:
The case of resettled Zimbabwean women.
• Newman Tekwa (University of South Africa, South Africa): ‘Social Policy By Other Means’: Land Reforms,
Gender and Welfare in Zimbabwe.
• Tom Tom (Zimbabwe Open University, Zimbabwe): Social Policy Pathways: Investment in Agriculture as
an Alternative Social Policy ‘Instrument’ in Zimbabwe.
Venue B:
Mandela 3: Ideas and Social Policy Design
Chair:
Nini Hoffman (Rhodes University, South Africa)
Speakers:
• Kafui Tsekpo (University of South Africa, South Africa): Social policy framing and design in Ghana:
lacking transformation?
• Kola Omomowo (University of Namibia, Namibia): A review of social policy in Namibia: clearing the
conceptual fuzziness for transformative social policy regime.
• Isaac Chinyoka (University of Johannesburg, South Africa): The limits of transnational influence: the
persistence of a conservative welfare ideology in Botswana.
• Sandra Bhatasara (University of Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe): The role of transformative social policy in
climate change adaptation in Zimbabwe.
Venue C:
Ambassador: Income Security in Old Age
Chair:
Gemma Wright (SASPRI, South Africa)
Speakers:
• Gabriel Tati (University of the Western Cape, South Africa): The sustainability of contributory pension
schemes in Africa: In quest of a redistributive model of social security in old age.
• Bobuin Gemandze (University of Buea, Cameroon): Pensions and Old Age Income Support: The
Experience of Pensioners in Cameroon.
• Sizwe Khanyile (University of KwaZulu Natal, South Africa): Implementation of monitoring and evaluation
policies in the government Pension Administration Agency of the South African Public Service.
• Manase Chiweshe (University of Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe): Analysis of the post retirement social protection
for football players in Zimbabwe.
08 2019 Social Policy in Africa ConferenceDAY 2: Tuesday, 26 November 2019
09h00 - 10h30 2ND PLENARY SESSION: The Politics of Domestic Resource Mobilization
Venue :
Mandela 1 and 2
Chair:
Chair: Charles Hongoro (HSRC, South Africa)
Speakers:
• Katja Hujo (UNRISD, Geneva): The Politics of Domestic Resource Mobilization for Social Development:
Overview and Lessons from an UNRISD Research Project.
• Andrés Mejia-Acosta (London School of Economics, UK): Sharing the Wealth: The Politics of Subnational
Distribution of Natural Resource Revenues.
• Richard Saunders (York University, Canada): A Political Economy of Contestation and Resource
Bargaining in Zimbabwe.
10h30 - 11h00 COFFEE BREAK
11h00 - 12h30 3RD BREAK-AWAY SESSIONS
Venue A:
Mandela 1 and 2: Access to Healthcare Services
Chair:
Ilcheong Yi (UNRISD, Geneva)
Speakers:
• Doreen Anyamesem Odame (University of Ghana, Ghana): Assessing the determinants of quality of care
under the free maternal health care policy.
• Afeez Folorunsho Lawal (University of South Africa, South Africa): Ability to pay for healthcare in rural
Nigeria: Insights from a community-based health insurance study.
• Thea de Gruchy (University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa): Sustainability & the state in South Africa:
Towards an improved understanding of policy making, a case study of migration and health.
• Sivuyisiwe Wonci (University of South Africa, South Africa): ‘We don’t need health services; we need
jobs, so that we can put food on the table’: the experiences of Community Health Workers in the NHI pilot
program in Tshwane District.
• Masauso Chirwa (University of Zambia, Zambia): Universal Health Coverage in Zambia: Implications to
Access Health Care.
Venue B:
Mandela 3: Security through the Lifecycle
Chair:
Tekalign Sakketa (University of Bonn, Germany)
Speakers:
• Faith Kurete (Bulawayo Polytechnic, Zimbabwe): Socio-Economic Deprivation and Well Being of
Pensioners of the National Social Security Scheme. A Case of Bulawayo.
• Mandisa Magwaza (The Presidency, South Africa): Retirement reforms, income (in)security and non-
preservation: A South African case.
• Thabile Samboma (Botswana Institute for Development Policy Analysis, Botswana): Social policy
making in Africa: The Case of implementing Children’s Act in Botswana.
• Hein Marais (Independent Researcher, South Africa): The crisis of waged work in South Africa and the
option of a Universal Basic Income.
2019 Social Policy in Africa Conference 0911h00 - 12h30 Venue C:
Ambassador: Synergy of Economic and Social Policy
Chair:
Nini Hoffman (Rhodes University, South Africa)
Speakers:
• Ruth Gumede (University of Zululand, South Africa): The Nexus Between Social Spending and Economic
Growth in South Africa: A Cointegration Approach.
• Mayada Hussanain (Impact Hub, Sudan): Social and Macroeconomic Policy: uncovering the connections.
• Eyob Balcha Gebremariam (London School of Economics, UK): The Rise and Fall of Developmentalism in
Ethiopia: an historical review.
• Alex Nadège Ouedraogo (University of Bremen, Germany): Figuration: the interplay between social
policy actors in Senegal.
12h30 - 13h30 LUNCH
13h30 - 15h00 4TH BREAK-AWAY SESSIONS
Venue A:
Mandela 1 and 2: Politics of Social Policy
Chair:
Neo Simutanyi (Centre for Policy Dialogue, Zambia)
Speakers:
• Edward Fokuoh Ampratwum (University of Manchester, UK): The politics of Social Protection
implementation in Ghana: Tracing pathways to uneven effectiveness.
• Walid Merouani (CREAD Algiers, Algeria): Willingness to Pay for Social Insurance in Algeria: A Field
Experiment.
• Mikail Moosa (IDS, Sussex, UK/South Africa): The politics of social assistance in South Africa: Rights,
claims, and negotiated statehood.
• Jonathan Tumwebaze (Uganda Christian University, Uganda): The Politics of Social Protection Financing:
Critical Policy-Sustainability Insights into Financing the Scaling-up of the Senior Citizens’ Grant (SCG) in
Uganda.
Venue B:
Mandela 3: Poverty and Inequality
Chair:
Eyob Balcha Gebremariam (London School of Economics, UK)
Speakers:
• Amoudath Adebomi Mazu (Gaston Berger University, Senegal): Assessing Income Poverty in Sub-
Saharan Africa: What Active Social Protection Policies Matters for Pro Poor Economic Growth?
• Thekiso Molokwane (University of Botswana, Botswana): The context of poverty alleviation in Sub
Saharan Africa: A comparative analysis of Botswana and Zimbabwe.
• Theresa Moyo (University of Limpopo, South Africa): Poverty and Inequality in Southern Africa: a quest
for solutions.
• Annalena Oppel (IDS, Sussex, UK): The tall poppy syndrome– relational inequality in urban support
networks in Namibia.
10 2019 Social Policy in Africa ConferenceVenue C:
Ambassador: Dynamics of Social Protection
Chair:
Kolawole Omomowo (University of Namibia, Namibia)
Speakers:
• Adolf Makauki (Mzumbe University, Tanzania): The role of social protection programmes in improving
household food access: A case of TASAF III cash transfer programme.
• Benedict Yiyugsah (Institute of Social Studies, The Hague, Netherlands): Social Protection and
Governance of Social Policy in Africa: The Influence of the LEAP in (Re)Structuring Social Provisioning in
Ghana.
• Andrew Mushi (Mzumbe University, Tanzania): Prospects for Provision of Universal Social Security to
Elderly People in Tanzania.
• Shamiso Chigorimbo (University of KwaZulu Natal, South Africa): Stokvels as an indigenous economic
practice pave the way for economic security.
15h00 - 15h30 COFFEE BREAK
15h30 - 17h00 3RD PLENARY SESSION: Global Governance of Social Policy
Venue:
Mandela 1 and 2
Chair:
Katja Hujo (UNRISD, Geneva)
Speakers:
• Ilcheong Yi (UNRISD, Geneva): New Directions in Social Policy: Global Governance and Social Policy.
• Hearth Prince (University of Texas, Austin, USA): Economic growth, youth unemployment, and political and
social instability: A study of policies and outcomes in post-Arab Spring: Egypt, Morocco, Jordan and Tunisia.
• Naren Prasad (ILO, Switzerland): Measuring social policy: towards a social policy index.
• Stephen Devereaux (IDS, Sussex, UK): Whose social policy? External actors and social protection in Africa.
2019 Social Policy in Africa Conference 11DAY 3: Wednesday, 27 November 2019
09h00 - 11h00 5TH BREAK-AWAY SESSIONS
Venue A:
Mandela 1 and 2: Gender and Social Policy
Chair:
Andrew Mushi (Mzumbe University, Tanzania)
Speakers:
• Nogget Matope (Midlands State University): Women in informal economy and the financialization of
micro- credit: a gendered perspective in Zimbabwe.
• Jennifer Obado-Joel (University of Central Florida, USA): Design Errors and Gender Differentials in
Program Outcomes in the National Social Safety Nets Projects in Nigeria.
• Aurelia Ngirwa Kamuzora (Mzumbe University, Tanzania): Women economic empowerment through
gender roles as a policy instrument to reduce inequalities.
• Linnet Hamasi (Kenyatta University, Kenya): Poverty and gender-based inequality in northern Kenya and
implications for Development: Special Reference to Turkana County.
Venue B:
Mandela 3: Varieties of Social Policy Instruments
Chair:
Daniel Kumitz (UNICEF-Zambia, Zambia)
Speakers:
• Yusuf Sayed (Cape Peninsula University of Technology, South Africa): Inequity, social policy and teacher
education in South Africa.
• Nini Hoffman (Rhodes University, South Africa): Teacher education and the forging of segregated publics
in South Africa.
• Tekalign Sakketa (University of Bonn, Germany): Labour-intensive public works programs in sub-Saharan
Africa: Experiences and implications for employment policies.
• Oscar Mateos-Martin (Ramon Llull University, España): Building Peace without Social Policy in Africa:
Assessing Socioeconomic Dynamics in Post-conflict Sierra Leone (2002-2016).
Venue C:
Ambassador: Dynamics of Social Policy
Chair:
Adolf Makauki (Mzumbe University, Tanzania)
Speakers:
• Keitseope Nthomang (University of Botswana): The dynamics of Social Policy making: Critical
perspectives from Botswana.
• Getahun Kebede (Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia): Social Protection and the Promise of Inclusive
Development in Ethiopia.
• Amal Jmaii (University of Tunis el Manar, Tunisia): Exploring the determinants of welfare distribution in
Tunisia and Egypt: Two revolutions, two patterns, two schemes.
• Juliet Drolet (University of Calgary, Canada): Critical Perspectives on Social Protection: Lessons Learned in
Eswatini.
11h00 - 11h30 COFFEE BREAK
12 2019 Social Policy in Africa Conference11h30 - 13h00 4TH PLENARY SESSION
Chair:
Jimi Adesina (University of South Africa, South Africa)
Speakers:
• Gemma Wright (SASPRI, South Africa/University of South Africa): Keeping it real – monitoring progress
towards a decent standard of living in South Africa.
• Wanga Zembe-Mkabile (SASPRI/MRC, South Africa): The lived experience of inequality in urban South
Africa – findings from fifteen focus groups in Cape Town.
• Kehinde Omotoso (University of South Africa, South Africa): Estimating the Precariousness of the Middle
Class in South Africa: Getting the Policy Right.
Discussion
13h00 - 13h15 CLOSING CEREMONY
13h15 - 16h15 LUNCH
19h00 - 22h00 GALA DINNER
Venue:
Serengeti Banquet Hall, Sierra Burgers Park Hotel
18h30 -19h00: Arrival
19h00 - 22h00: Dinner
2019 Social Policy in Africa Conference 13Keynote Speaker 14 2019 Social Policy in Africa Conference
Andrew Martin Fischer
Associate Professor of Social Policy and Development Studies: Institute of Social Studies,
Erasmus University Rotterdam
Andrew Martin Fischer is Associate Professor of Social Policy and Development Studies at
the Institute of Social Studies in The Hague, part of Erasmus University Rotterdam. He is also
the Scientific Director of CERES, The Dutch Research School for International Development;
founding editor of the book series of the UK Development Studies Association published by
Oxford University Press, entitled Critical Frontiers of International Development Studies; and editor
at the journal Development and Change. His latest book, Poverty as Ideology (Zed, 2018), was
awarded the International Studies in Poverty Prize by the Comparative Research Programme
on Poverty (CROP) and Zed Books and, as part of the award, is now fully open access.
He earned his PhD from the London School of Economics (LSE) and has been involved in development studies for over 30
years, including time spent living and working in Central America, India, Nepal and Western China. Fischer’s current research is
focused on the role of redistribution in development at local, regional and global scales and its interaction with
finance and production. Since 2015, he has been leading a European Research Council Starting Grant on the political economy
of externally financing social policy in developing countries.
Keynote Lecture
Prof Andrew Fischer (ISS, Hague, Netherlands)
E-mail: fischer@iss.nl.
Title of Paper: The Political Economy of External Financing of Social Policy in Developing Countries
2019 Social Policy in Africa Conference 1516 2019 Social Policy in Africa Conference
Abstracts 2019 Social Policy in Africa Conference 17
Professor Jimi Adesina Abstract
In recent times, non-contributory/ social pensions
(University of South Africa, South Africa) programs have increasingly gained global credence and
acceptance as a key tool for fighting old age poverty,
Email: adesij@unisa.ac.za
promoting inclusive growth and enhancing social cohesion
Title of Paper: Don’t Call Dog Monkey for Me: Policy
(ILO, 2018). However, despite the recent proliferation
Merchandising and Social Assistance in Africa
of social pension reforms especially in the developing
world, not much has yet been done to explain key issues
Abstract affecting the reform processes themselves. Within the
The title of the paper draws on a Yorùbá aphorism that African context in particular, issues pertaining to public
literally means do not see a dog and tell me it is a monkey. support for social pensions have been rarely examined.
The transformation of the African public policy landscape The existing evidence largely stem from studies on Latin
is shaped by what Toye called the ‘counter-revolution’ in America and the European welfare states. Thus, drawing
Development. While the neoliberal project has mutated, on data from an empirical survey conducted in Ghana, this
its stranglehold on social policymaking in Africa persists. paper analyzes and explains the factors that determine
The dissolution of the mutually-supporting link between public support for universal non-contributory pensions in a
economic and social policy, which shaped an early phase of developing country context. Specifically, using multivariate
public policymaking, is underpinned by a redefinition of the logistic regression models the paper examines the effect
development agenda. The latter has shift-ed from growth of social trust and institutional quality on public support
with the structural transformation to poverty alleviation and for pension reforms. Furthermore, it explores how and in
individual empowerment, even as poverty is redefined as what ways public support may contribute to the political
chronic and extreme poverty. Harris-White refers to it as feasibility and sustainability of universal social pension
impoverishing development. reforms in developing countries. Undoubtedly, the paper
is of high policy relevance for national governments, policy
We explore the excessive policy merchandising that makers and international donor agencies since its findings
defines contemporary social policy advice, the social forces present direct policy implications for the design and
mobilised to sustain the project, and locate these within the implementation of both new and existing universal non-
neoliberal global dynamics. We explore the myth-making contributory social pension programs in low amd midle
that underpins the idea that cash transfer represents a countries across the globe.
‘silent revolution’ in development thinking, and innovation
from the global South. Further, we explore the wilful Co-Author(s): Single Author
amnesia that characterises the championing of residual
cash transfer schemes. The stratified and segregated
social policy offer contrasts with the historical experience
of those engaging in the policy merchandising. Similarly,
Dr Olayinka Akanle
we explore the adverse implications for consolidating (University of Ibadan, Nigeria)
democratic culture and deliberative governance that the
policy merchandising efforts portend. The instrument on E-mail: yakanle@yahoo.com
offer involves a case of calling a dog a monkey. Title of Paper: Conditional Cash Transfer in Nigeria: Contexts
of Understanding, Interpretations and Delivery
Co-Author(s): Single Author
Abstract
Nigeria faces one of the worst poverty, vulnerability,
Mr Callistus Agbaam inequality and social exclusion in the world. Even though
the country claims to be making economic gains through
(Ruhr University Bochum, Germany) growths, these have not translated to substantial poverty
and vulnerabilities reduction (International Monetary Fund
Email: callistus.agbaam@rub.de
[IMF], 2019). Poverty rate has doubled in Nigeria in the past
Title of Paper: Explaining public support for universal non-
20 years with rates oscillating between 55 and 70 percent
contributory pension programs. Cross sectional evidence from
with slow progress towards equality and social inclusion
Ghana
(Onu, Bax, Adamu, and Ibukun, Y, 2019, IMF, 2019, NDlink,
2018).
18 2019 Social Policy in Africa ConferenceWhile countries like India and China are moving people and Abstract
communities out of poverty, more Nigerians are falling into Amidst the different problems encountered at the
poverty with more than 87 million people living in poverty Egyptian Ministry of Health (MOHP) and Population, the
and an average of six Nigerians falling into poverty every issue of physicians’ retention is on the rise. The Egyptian
minute, according to the Nigerian Bureau of Statistics public health system reportedly lost more than five
(Onu, E., Bax, P, Adamu, M and Ibukun, Y 2019). Given percent of its workforce of physicians in less than three
the trajectories and dynamics of Nigeria’s poverty, if the years (2016-2018), as documented by CAPMAS and the
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) targeting end of Egyptian Medical Syndicate in 2016. Clinicians are not only
extreme poverty by 2030 and vulnerability will be achieved, skipping the practice from the MOHP, but even a number
more attention should be paid to Nigeria, especially as of academic institutions report a decreasing number of
the country is most likely to become the world’s third candidates interested in pursuing such a previously known
largest country by 2050. With an average population attractive career path as faculty in the school of medicine.
growth of 2.34%, per annum, Nigeria is projected to have Figures about the increased migration rates of Egyptian
263 million people with about 150 million below the age doctors are also striking, partly attributable to the various
of 25 by 2030 (University of Denver, 2019). It is against hurdles they face within the MOHP.
this background that the Federal Government of Nigeria
launched the Social Protection Policy, 2017 which include Adopting a qualitative research approach, the motives of
conditional cash transfer In Care of the People (COPE) as clinicians to practice in the public sector are investigated in
a mechanism targeted at households with specific social this study. Reported constraints included the challenging
categories -those with children of school-going age that career development opportunities, the inadequate
are female-headed or contain members who are elderly, infrastructure, besides inefficient management, and
physically challenged, or are fistula or HIV/ AIDS patients. inadequate legislative environment.
These are poor and usually rural people. This paper raises
the following research questions: how do the beneficiaries Physicians’ shortage is an issue in both developing
understand this programme? Is there congruence between and developed countries. Securing the needed human
implementers and beneficiaries understanding of the resources for the health care services is vital. There are
programme? How is the programme interpreted in real several policies to mitigate, including performance-based
terms? How is the programme being delivered? To what financing and training complementary personnel. In
extent will this programme reduce poverty and vulnerability Egypt, some measures were adopted such as obliging
and improve social protection ultimately? What lessons fresh graduates to fill in the gaps. However, additional
can be learnt for Nigeria based on experiences of other expenditure on health is the real step that the health
countries where the programme appears to have been system should implement to ensure healthier living
successful? This paper is empirical with survey cross- conditions for the most underprivileged citizens. Reforms in
sectional research design relying on both primary and governance and administration should follow, with changes
secondary data. Secondary data is from unclassified to medical education and training entities.
documents, policy briefs, databases and scholarly materials.
Primary data is from 20 key informant interviews (KIIs) Co-Author(s): Single Author
with project implementers (government officials and
development partners) and 20 In-depth Interviews with 20
households beneficiaries. Very relevant findings are made
and will be shared at the conference.
Dr Akwasi Kwarteng Amoako-
Gyampah
Co-Author(s): Single Author Department of History, University of Education,
Winneba & Department of History University of
Dr Heba AlSawahli Johannesburg, Ghana)
(The American University in Cairo, Egypt) E-mail: akwasikwarteng_amoakogyampah@yahoo.com
Title of Paper: A Review of Public Health Reforms in Ghana: A
E-mail: halsawahli@aucegypt.edu Transformative Perspective
Title of Paper: Physicians’ motivation in the Ministry of Health
and Population - Egypt: Challenges and Opportunities
2019 Social Policy in Africa Conference 19Abstract Results indicate that there is no association between
Ghana’s health system has undergone significant policy poverty change and the social protection indicators (cash
changes and investment in physical infrastructure since transfers, subsidies, non-contributory pensions and social
independence. The public health system in Ghana is welfare coverage) and also inequality change and the social
currently aimed at institutionalizing a more equitable, protection indicators for the full group. However correlation
efficient, accessible and responsive health care system. is identified when we take separately the low income, lower
Nonetheless, the country still faces significant health middle income and upper middle income sample. While the
challenges especially, in providing for the health needs of indicators of social protection negatively impact poverty in
the urban poor, rural dwellers, and the aged. Th result is low income, lower middle income and upper middle income
that the country is challenged with what De-graft Aikins countries group, we find mixed results when differentiation
and Koram (2017) have observed as the “double burden is made between the social protection indicators and
of infectious and chronic diseases.” This is regardless inequality change in upper middle income countries.
of the significant investment that has been made in the
sector by governments in past several decades. In this Co-Author(s): Doc Diallo Malick Thierno
paper I adopt a socio-historical approach to review existing
government policies on health care provision in relation to
the overall goals of public health in Ghana as articulated by Mr Edward Fokuoh Ampratwum
various governments since independence. I then draw on
(Global Development Institute, University of
transformative social policy perspectives to analyse in what
ways health reforms can be made to address the prevailing Manchester, UK, United Kingdom)
challenges in progressive ways that will help meet the
development goals of the country E-mail: edward.ampratwum@manchester.ac.uk
Title of Paper: The politics of Social Protection
Co-Author(s): Single Author implementation in Ghana: Tracing pathways to uneven
effectiveness
Dr Mazu Amoudath Adebomi Olaitan Abstract
(Gaston Berger, Senegal) This paper examines politics underpinning Ghana‘s
Livelihood Empowerment against Poverty (LEAP) program
E-mail: boumi2009@yahoo.fr implementation. LEAP is a centrally driven social transfer
Title of Paper: Assessing Income Poverty in Sub-Saharan program, but implemented through decentralised
Africa: What Active Social Protection Policies Matters For Pro government sub-units with variant capacities and
Poor Economic Growth? political conditions. Evaluations have highlighted LEAP’s
transformative outcomes on beneficiary households.
Nonetheless, considerable unevenness exist in LEAP
Abstract implementation at sub-national levels. The puzzle the paper
Although sub-Saharan Africa has recently experienced
addresses relates to why LEAP is implemented better in
strong growth, inequality and poverty remain the main
some sub-national than others? What role do political
challenges to be addressed. Social protection policies
contexts play in this unevenness? How do variations in
are believed to play an important role in this context.
sub-national capacities underscore the implementation
However, few studies have been conducted to identify the
differences? This paper, based on comparative case studies
factors that could stimulate the social protection reforms
in four sub-national units (districts) in Ghana, two in the far
required to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals.
northwestern (Upper West) and two in the south central
This paper attempts to fill this gap. To do so we adopt-two
(Central) region in 2018, draws on 240 in-depth interviews
step plan. First we identify the effect of social protection
with sub-national elites, bureaucrats and beneficiaries.
program on poverty change. Second we determine how
The paper finds significant variation in community and
social protection programs impact inequality change. We
beneficiary targeting approaches from processes outlined
make use of spatial econometrics techniques to account
in LEAP documentation.
for spatial dependence between three income group
countries of sub-Saharan following the (World Bank 2019)
classification.
20 2019 Social Policy in Africa ConferenceWhile in some districts, targeting of communities
and households largely departed from the LEAP
Ms Adebimpe Ayodele
documentation and resulted from intra- and inter-party (Ekiti State University, Nigeria)
political considerations; in others, the targeting was more
closely aligned with the model, as political and social E-mail: ayodeleadebimpe20@gmail.com
elite coalitions’ protected targeting process from political Title of Paper: Politics of Social Policy Implementation in
influences. The paper also finds that payment effectiveness Nigeria: An Assessment of YESSO program in Ekiti State (2014-
in different districts were shaped largely by legacies of state 2019)
formation and depth of penetration of state infrastructure.
Abstract
Co-Author(s): Single Author This paper examines the political issues and challenges that
characterize social policy process in Nigeria with core focus
on implementation of the Youth Employment and Social
Ms Doreen Anyamesem Odame Support Operation (YESSO) in Ekiti State, Nigeria between
2014-2019. The paper investigates the roles of individual
(University of Ghana, Ghana) actors and agencies within the policy space with specific
assessment of their impact on implementation of social
E-mail: danyamesem@yahoo.com
policy programmes.
Title of Paper: Assessing the determinants of quality of care
under the free maternal health care policy
Most research works seek to review the impact of policies
by analysing the extent to which the policies have bridged
Abstract gaps between the existential and the essential. However,
To be able to meet the target for the third Sustainable the argument this paper posits is that the true and most
Development Goal, every country must ensure universal ‘underdiscussed’ influence of any policy lies not within its
health coverage for all pregnant women. The government stipulations but rather in the actions and inactions of its
of Ghana initiated the Free Maternal Health Care key formulators and implementers. In other words, this
Policy (FMHCP) under the National Health Insurance paper argues that an actor-specific insight into the YESSO
Scheme (NHIS) in 2008, purposefully to increase access programme in Ekiti State is appropriate and necessary for
and utilisation of maternal health services in Ghana an in-depth evaluation.
by eliminating the premium required to enrol onto
the insurance scheme, and to allow pregnant women To this effect, policy-tracing is employed as the tool for
immediate utilisation of the policy upon registration. To investigating the roles of major actors within the policy
achieve the objectives of the policy, focus needs to be space. This method will aid understanding on the specific
shifted from number of contacts to the quality of care a political issues and challenges caused by or facing
woman receives during antenatal visits. This is because policymakers and implementers in the discharge of their
antenatal attendance cannot guarantee improved specific duties. It will likewise expose, where necessary,
outcomes without ensuring quality. Using data from two loopholes in the formulation and implementation process
waves of the Ghana Demographic Health Survey, the and provide a map for better strategies aimed at improving
difference in difference technique was used to examine social policy programmes specifically in Ekiti State and
the effect of the FMHCP on quality of maternal health care Nigeria at large
services in Ghana. The indicators of quality of care was
based on WHO recommendations of quality antenatal care Co-Author(s): Prof. F Ogundana, Mr. OT Ayodele,
services. Quality of care was therefore determined by the Mr. AO Oso
woman’s access to these services during antenatal visits.
The study finds large effects of the FMHCP on the quality of
care received by women during antenatal visits. The effects
are particularly large for women in the poorest quintiles
Dr Benjamin Banda
and in the rural areas. In spite of the positive effects on (United Nations Conference on Trade and
the policy on the quality of maternal health care, there Development, Switzerland)
exist gaps that must be addressed to ensure equity in
maximising the gains. E-mail: mattondo@gmail.com
Title of Paper: Framing of social policies in developing
Co-Author(s): Prof. FA Asante, Dr. C Ackah, Dr. A P Fenny countries: Is inclusive development feasible?
2019 Social Policy in Africa Conference 21Abstract Based on primary and triangulated data collected from
Deacon’s global social policy concept is deeply embedded bureaucrats, donors and beneficiaries, this paper argues
in the Sustainable Development Goals , particularly the that social policy governance in Malawi is in ‘institutional
assumption that “free floating global capital” can be chaotic mode’ due to ideological contradictions and policy
shepherded for a social or public purpose. The purpose inconsistences in what donors and local policymakers
of this paper is to assess the progress of least developed would want to implement and what is actually
countries in meeting social policy targets of the SDGs. implemented. It establishes that as social protection
The implementation of nationally appropriate social projects in Malawi are largely funded by donors, the
protection systems and measures for all by 2030 is voice of local public officials is marginalized, resulting
expected to “achieve substantial coverage of the poor in social policy models that are technically correct but
and the vulnerable” and therefore play a significant role politically unpopular. It also establishes that social policy
in eradicating poverty (Sustainable Development Goal 1, interventions have changed state-society dynamics, and
target 1.3). The framing of social policies at national level that social protection has neutralized and delayed demand
matters for the pace at which countries are implementing for governance reforms since citizens are disenfranchised
and achieving the global agenda. Using headline social from public affairs as far as holding the state accountable.
indicators from 232 global SDG indicator framework,
the paper estimates how the 33 African LDCs have been The paper thus argues that social policy interventions have
performing between 1999 and 2018. The paper argues the potential of creating a passive and blind loyal citizenry
that social policies cannot be delegated to development to the detriment of good governance. Thereby it makes a
partners if developing countries wish to achieve substantial contribution to debates on social policy governance and
gains in eradicating poverty and ending hunger. A implications of social policy on state-society relations in
delicate balance needs to be achieved in the framing and donor dependent countries such as Malawi.
implementation of social policies if countries are to achieve
universal social protection that meets the strong goals of Co-Author(s): Prof. Happy Kayuni
equity and inclusiveness.
Co-Author(s): Ms. G Gondwe Dr Sandra Bhatasara
(University of Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe)
Professor Dan Banik E-mail: sandrabhatasara@gmail.com
(University of Oslo, Norway) Title of Paper: The role of transformative social policy in
climate change adaptation in Zimbabwe
E-mail: dan.banik@sum.uio.no
Title of Paper: When Interests and Narratives Collide: Social Abstract
Policy and Governance in Malawi The paper is grounded in theoretical perspectives and
empirical case studies exploring the robustness of current
Zimbabwean social policy trajectory to enhance social
Abstract functioning and livelihoods security for Zimbabwean urban
Social policies have become a major policy activity of
and rural communities in the context of climate change.
African countries in their effort to improve citizen welfare.
The ultimate aim is to build a robust case for strengthening
The oscillations in poverty and development experiences
the linkages between social policy and climate change
in Africa have consolidated the case for social policy, which
responses for sustainable development. The paper is
has attained a dominant position in development discourse
timely and relevant, coming in the aftermath of Cyclone
at local and national levels. The social policy interventions
Idai which ravaged the eastern parts of Zimbabwe. It is
have taken several forms, including conditional and
therefore, important that the paper identifies the current
unconditional social cash transfers and subsidies in the
social policy gaps and whether these suffice in the midst of
education, agriculture and health sectors. Similar to many
such climate disasters. A review of documents related to
other African countries, various social protection policies
social protection and climate change so far indicates that
have also been implemented in Malawi.
different Zimbabwean state and non-state stakeholders’
approach notions of social protection and climate change
development differently.
22 2019 Social Policy in Africa ConferenceThough climate change is acknowledged at official That notwithstanding, global approach to sustainable
policy level, the paper contends that it is not holistically residential housing has been limited to some extent by the
embedded in various state and non-state social protection various historical, socio-cultural, political and economic
and disaster interventions. Preliminary assessment exposes identity factors across individual countries.
that weaknesses in enforcing social protection and climate
change adaptation mechanisms, lack of political will and Co-Author(s): Single Author
adequate resources for monitoring are just but some of the
gaps identified that need attention in order to ensure that
social policy can galvanise transformative climate change
adaptation.
Ms Shamiso Chigorimbo
(University College Dublin, South Africa)
Co-Author(s): Single Author
E-mail: shamisofv@gmail.com
Title of Paper: Stokvels as an indigenous economic practice
pave the way for economic security
Ms Ama Kissiwah Boateng
(National University of Public Service, Hungary) Abstract
Traditional approaches of rotational money loaning have
E-mail: boatengamakissiwah@gmail.com proved to be a sustainable economic development tool
Title of Paper: Just and sustainable interventions to social used by women in Johannesburg, South Africa. “The
housing delivery in urban neighborhoods in Ghana Stokvel” phenomenon has allowed women in Johannesburg
informal economy to overcome challenges of income
Abstract insecurity and lack of social protection. “Stokvel” is an
Despite the importance of housing to mankind, many informal financial loaning traditional system that many
people in the world do not have adequate shelter and bank have even began to adopt and formalise. The concept
those who are privileged to have one, may not enjoy is one used by women whom initially stated off loaning
safe and healthy living conditions. Across the globe, new each other household groceries worth an agreed amount
social intervention programs are implemented on yearly in a consortium of friends or family members. Several
basis and housing provision accounts for several such informal small businesses have leverage finances to start
programs implemented with the aim of achieving the goal and grow businesses this way. Realising the market for a
of sustainable development in many developing countries. banking system that would bring in the monies loaned to
This is because housing generally has profound influence one person from say 11 other individuals, the fiscal system
on the socio-economic wellbeing of the human society has taken time to define stokvel as a savings or investment
and sustainability of the physical and cultural environment society to which members monthly contribute an agreed
during its production and consumption. amount to one member per month in a payment cycle that
see each member receive and give in a loaning manner.
In developing countries like Ghana where there is difficulty There are many approaches to sustainable development
in providing social housing, the end-users’ awareness, and women have found themselves as practitioners
perceptions and priority needs and relevance of of economic models that have worked for decades as
sustainability issues in housing delivery should however grassroots unconventional financial systems are practiced.
be integrated in the planning process. As a result, the This paper is a case study presentation of successful
purpose of this paper is to determine innovative, just stokvel groups that has seen these women buy cars and
and sustainable interventions to social housing delivery lift themselves economically as informal entrepreneurs in
in urban neighborhoods in Ghana. The study reviews the Johannesburg South Africa. Stokvel is one such indigenous
policy interventions related to sustainable social housing approach that has seen women in informal employment
delivery in general and the level of compliance by service as well as in formal employment advance their social
providers in reducing urban poverty. The findings of the protection and economic security guarantees.
paper contribute to the development of a comprehensive
environmental policy direction and recognizing the Co-Author(s): Single Author
involvement of stakeholders as essential components for
sustainable housing delivery in urban neighborhoods.
2019 Social Policy in Africa Conference 23Ms Tapiwa Chilakalaka Abstract
The reflection of my thematic area in this conference
(WFP Malawi, Malawi) focuses specifically on the issues of Democracy and the
Governance of Africa’s Social Policy. Thus I will make a foray
E-mail: tzimba20@gmail.com
into democracy as a starting point and center of influence
Title of Paper: Socio Economic impacts of a social protection
and confluence of social policy governance in Africa. In
programme- A case study of the Malawi Social cash transfer
this perspective I will develop my essay by paralleling the
programme
pessimistic sense expressed by philosophers, for example:
Rousseau, Duverger, Lord Russell, Churchil) regarding the
Abstract limits and perfection of democracy, since decolonization
Malawi is ranked by the World Bank as the poorest country and its stages of democratization. And believing that
in the world, Malawi has a population of more than democracy is the best form of power organization that
17,882,202 people reported by the Integrated Household the history of civilizations has ever known, I will question
Survey (IHS) conducted in 2012(IHS3, 2012). Those at high what the lesson will be for governance in Africa, with
risk of poverty are the elderly, the chronically sick, orphans Clémenceau’s statement. For a better analysis of social
and other vulnerable children, persons with disabilities, and policies, I confronted the influence of the parties, the
destitute families (National Social Support Policy, 2012). elections, to strengthen democratic processes in Africa,
taking into account the statements of former President
The study therefore discussed the importance of social of Congo, Pascoal Lissouba of Angola, José Eduardo dos
protection measures in combating poverty over the Santos. I also made the point of crossing the appeals
world and specific to Malawi. This study used theories by of African philosophers and scholars (Achile Mbembe,
Garland and others scholars to explain the theories of Lourenço do Rosário, etc.) on the subject, as well as the
the importance of the welfare state and how capitalism impact of the commitments of world, international and
cannot survive with a functional welfare state. Social regional organizations on the formation of democratic
protection was discussed in broad terms and urged the states on the continent. From another point of view I
current sustainable developments goals to adopt the will present what are the obstacles of democracy and a
comprehensive social protection system if the achievement proposal for the remedies of democracy in Africa and their
of the goals is to be a success. Social Cash Transfers as the influence on economic development. At the end, I will give
flagship of most social protection intervention currently an overview of democracy in Angola, my country.
in Sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America and that their
success tends to put their main focus is on material Co-Author(s): Single Author
well-being and not non-material impacts. Considering
that SCTPs main focus is to eradicate poverty, the focus
is largely directed to material impacts because of their
short-term visible impacts. To assess the impacts of
Dr Isaac Chinyoka
SCTP on social-economic wellbeing, the study used (University of Johannesburg, South Africa)
Copestake (2008) analytical framework which argues that
if development projects are to a success they have to E-mail: isaacc@uj.ac.za
evaluate the impacts of both well-being. SCTP therefore Title of Paper: The limits of transnational influence: the
does not combact all forms of poverty. persistence of a conservative welfare ideology in Botswana
Co-Author(s): Single Author Abstract
While the social protection reform processes have been
incremental and the expansion of coverage slow (even if
Professor Augusto Chinjamba the number of programmes has increased substantially),
most African governments have gone along with the
(Higher Technical Institute of Angola - ISTA, global social protection agenda although there is also
Angola) a perception that the global agenda is dominated by a
Western preoccupation with the rights of individuals. Not
E-mail: chinjambaaugusto77@yahoo.com.br so in Botswana.
Title of Paper: Democracy and the Governance of Africa’s
Social Policy
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