Social Exclusion of Karang Anyar Society (A Case Study of Vegetable Scavengers At The Pendopo Market Penukal Abab Lematang Ilir) - SMAN 2 Unggulan ...
←
→
Page content transcription
If your browser does not render page correctly, please read the page content below
Social Exclusion of Karang Anyar Society
(A Case Study of Vegetable Scavengers At The Pendopo Market
Penukal Abab Lematang Ilir)
Lomba Peneliti Belia Nasional 2020
Aulia Arrahma; Amanda Febe Agrelensia
SMA Negeri 2 Unggulan Talang Ubi
aulia.arrahma1@gmail.com
Research Methodology
Introduction
a. Formulation of Problems
Poverty is a complex problem facing almost every nation in Based on the background of the above problem, the
the world. Poverty in general is characterized by low levels formulation of the problem is:
of education, work productivity, income, health, nutrition 1. What is the poverty condition of Karang Anyar
and well-being of the population. This is due to the limited society?
human resources that are owned and utilized mainly from 2. How is the analysis of the condition of social
formal and non-formal education levels (Supriatna, 2000). exclusion that occurs in Karang Anyar society?
In a sociological perspective, poverty not only deals with
economic issues but is multidimensional because in reality
it also deals with non-economic (social, cultural, political) b. Research Methods
issues. Because of this multidimensional nature, poverty
The type of research that will be used is a qualitative
does not only deal with social well-being. Various
research method with the type of descriptive research that is
programs and policies that have been made by the
data in the form of words, schemes and images. The
government in tackling poverty to date have not been able
selection of descriptive methods in this study was conducted
to overcome the problem of poverty in Indonesia, including
to describe the phenomenon and society of used vegetable
the problem of poverty that occurs in the people of Karang
scavengers in Karang Anyar who experienced social
Anyar, Talang Ubi, Penukal Abab Lematang Ilir (PALI)
exclusion. In scientific tradition, qualitative research is also
South Sumatra Province. All of this is because the program
known as case study terminology. This research focuses on
focuses only on one dimension of the symptoms of poverty
one particular object that is raised as a case for deep study
such as political, economic, social that does not touch to the
so as to dismantle the reality behind the phenomenon of the
root causes of poverty, such as Cash Direct Assistance
lives of children of vegetable scavengers Pasar Pendopo
(BLT), but is less effective because many are mis-targeted,
which is the majority of the Karang Anyar society.
even opening up opportunities for misuse of funds to the
result of social conflict in some regions.
c. Location and Research Subjects
Researchers are interested in discussing the phenomenon of
poverty and social exclusion that occurs in Karang Anyar The choice of Karang Anyar village and Pasar Pendopo as
society whose majority of children work part-time as used study locations was based on the fact that the majority of
vegetable scavengers in Pendopo Market of PALI Regency. Karang Anyar people are pre-prosperous people whose
children work as scavengers of used vegetables. The
This research raises poverty in a functional structural selection of informants is adjusted to the data needs needed
perspective. Functional Structural is one that sees society as in the field. The selection of informants was carried out
a system consisting of parts that are interconnected with deliberately based on predetermined criteria, namely poor
each other and parts that one cannot function without any people, people who work as sellers of vegetable waste,
connection to the other part. This theory considers that the children who work as used vegetable scavengers, and
wider society will run normally if each element or people who do not have a place to live.
institution performs its functions properly. In this study,
researchers used the concept of social exclusion to analyze d. Data Source
the results of the study. Adam Smith in his book The Wealth
of Nations (1776) has actually described a social Primary data collection was carried out by means of
phenomenon in British society at that time which reflected observation and in-depth interviews. This in-depth
exclusion with the expression "the difficulties experienced interview was mainly conducted with the people of Karang
by a deprived person to take part in the life of his society" Anyar who work as scavengers of used vegetables at the
(Sen, 2000). Pendopo Market. Interviews were also conducted with the
people of Karang Anyar whose children participate in
scavenging used vegetables at the Pendopo Market. The
informants in this study were 8 people who work as used
vegetable scavengers. In addition to primary data collection,
this study also collects secondary data in the form of
documents, previous research results, and archives that can Result and Analysis
support the overall research results.
e. Data Collection Technique a Characteristics of Informants
1. Observation
Marshall stated that through observation, researchers learn
No. Children's Age Gender Family
about behavior and the meaning of these behaviors.
name Economic
Researchers used observations in place of the object of
Background
research to be observed using five senses. By making
observations, the researcher will get the overall data 1. Celsi 8 P Poor
context (Sugiyono: 2013). years
2. Interview 2. Novika sari 11 P Poor
Communication with sources through conversations in the years
form of verbal questions and answers between two or more old
people (Sugiyono: 2013). Interviews were conducted to 3. Gizun 9 L Poor
find out the family life of used vegetable scavengers at the years
Pendopo Market. Aspects that are the focus of the study are
the ability of informants to access health services, the 4. Juwita 13 P Poor
ability of informants to access educational services, the years
ability of informants to meet family economic needs, social old
participation, and changes in social structures that have
occurred in Karang Anyar village. 5. Love 10 P Poor
years
f. Data Collection Technique 6. Gita 9 P Poor
1. Data Reduction years
Data reduction is part of the analysis activity so that the 7. Thank you 9 P Poor
choice of the researcher about which parts of the data are Sima years
encoded, discarded, which patterns summarize the number
8. Ephrine 10 L Poor
of parts, what stories develop, are analytical choices. That
years
way, the data reduction process is intended to further
sharpen, classify, direct, remove unnecessary parts, and Table 1. Primary Informant Distribution
organize data so that it makes it easier to draw conclusions
which will then be followed by the verification process
(Muhamad Idrus: 2009).
No. Name Age Gender Income per Profession
2. Presentation of Data month
1. Husaini 51 L Rp. Head of
The next step after the data reduction process takes place is
2,500,000, - RT and
the presentation of the data, which is interpreted as a set of Rp. Private
structured information that gives the possibility of drawing 3,500,000, - Employees
conclusions and taking action. By looking at the
presentation of this data, it will be easier for researchers to 2. Siti Tri 43 P Rp. 500.00, - Farm
understand what is happening and what to do. This means Andari Rp. workers
whether the researcher continues his analysis or tries to take 1,000,000, -
an action by deepening these findings (Muhamad Idrus: 3. Siti 74 P Rp. 0, - Rp. Used
2009). Maryam 500,000, - Goods
Scavenger
3. Draw a Conclusion
4. Rika 36 P Rp. 500.00, - Farm
The final stage of the data collection process is verification Rp. workers
and drawing conclusions, which are interpreted as 1,000,000, -
withdrawing the meaning of the data that has been
displayed. Giving this meaning is of course the 5. Ahmad 37 L Rp.0- Does not
understanding of the researcher and the interpretation he work
makes. Some of the ways that can be done in this process
Table 2. Secondary Informant Distribution
are taking notes for the same patterns and themes, grouping,
and searching for negative cases (special cases, different,
From the results of interviews of researchers to the
maybe saving from existing habits in society).
society in Karang Anyar, it was found that the people there
are on average working as rubber tapping workers or
commonly called mantang in PALI Regency, South
Sumatra. The rubber garden to be tapped belongs to others,
and the distance they have to travel is about 15-20 Km.
Some have to travel for 2 hours on foot, some use motor Market. These children do work that is not appropriate to
vehicles. Not all people here have motorcycles to do their age. Many things are the cause of these scavenger
activities, which requires them to walk to do activities. The children doing the job. Researchers divided the driving
income of the people here is erratic, depending on the price factors of Karang Anyar children into scavengers in
of rubber sap and how much is produced, then because they Pendopo Market into two factors, namely internal factors
are farmers of other people's gardeners then the rubber sap and external factors. Internal factors are factors that come
taps are divided in two with the owners of rubber from within the children, including adding pocket money
plantations. In addition to being rubber sap workers, some and making the most of their free time.
people here are teachers, motorcycle taxi drivers, parking
attendants, scavengers, washing workers, pelvic, and other
rough work even many of them work as well.
Mr. Husaini as Chairman of RT in Karang Anyar explained
that in Karang Anyar there are 96 heads of families. Their
profession is on average as rubber sap tappers/ exg and
laborers, one of whom is pelvic laborer. The income of
pelvic workers is estimated at about 20 thousand per day,
but not every day they earn wages. In a month, pelvic
laborers earn the most 500 thousand. Mr. Husain also
revealed that most of his residents are migrants from other
areas, such as Benakat, Sukarami, Linggau and Magelang
villages. Most of its citizens only attend junior high school Picture 1. Vegetable Scavenger
and do not continue until high school or even college. To
meet the daily needs of the people here using groundwater / The reason children do the work of scavenging used
water wells from 96 heads of families in the government vegetables is to increase snack money and to fill their free
area by 90% have received assistance. But the assistance time. In similar to Broom and Selznick's opinion on
from the government is not maximal, because the rocks preceived role perspectives, the role is based on personal
given are uneven, and not on target. For example, Karang considerations. Researchers know that this role may not be
Anyar society has BPJS KIS which can be used for mild in line with what people expect, but it should be done
treatment for free. BPJS KIS does not cover severe diseases because according to consideration it is good. These
such as hepatitis, kidney disorders, and surgery due to work children decided to scavenge because there are certain
accidents. purposes of the action, namely the goal of getting extra
money from their work. In addition to adding to the snack
Most of the children in Karang Anyar become part-time money, the reason these kids help their parents work is
workers as vegetable scavengers at Pendopo Market, PALI. because they have a lot of free time. These scavenger
They go to the market after teaching and learning activities children go to school from 7am to 12pm, after school they
which is around 12.00-16.00 WIB. Their daily activities are go straight to the Market to scavenge for used vegetables.
looking for vegetables in the market. The results they can Usually they scavenge until 4 pm. Karang Anyar children
later be divided according to how many vegetables are make use of the time to scavenge because they have no other
successfully collected by individuals. Vegetables that have activities after school. The location of the market, schools
been obtained will be brought back to be sold to the area and neighborhoods of nearby places make it easy for them
around their residence at an uncertain price, which is to do this activity.
certainly cheaper than those sold on the market. The rest of
the unsold vegetables they usually use for daily meals. The
children of these vegetable scavengers are mostly females
ranging in age from 6-13 years old. When they are 13 years
old or older they prefer to be shopkeepers rather than
vegetable scavengers, because at that age they feel ashamed
to be vegetable scavengers.
b. Used Vegetable Scavenger
According to the Great Dictionary of Indonesian Language,
scavengers are derived from the words pe and pulung. So
scavenging means collecting used goods (waste that is Picture 2. Activity of Vegetable Scavenger
wasted as garbage) to be reused. While scavengers are
people whose work is scavenging, namely people who make Then the external factors are parents, the government and
a living by way of finding and picking up and utilizing used the environment, where parents cannot fully control their
goods to then sell them to entrepreneurs who will manage children due to the busyness to make a living and the lack
them back into new commodity goods or other (Team of support from parents for them to continue higher
Depdikbud, Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, 1993). Like a education. Parents have an important role to play in the
child, children have the right to grow up and have a good formation of the child's character and behavior. It's a good
life, all sorts of needs dependents are the responsibility of idea for parents to keep an eye on and direct all sorts of
the parents. But there is much going on that children are also actions their child is taking. While parenting is not the main
involved in family economic fulfillment. This is the same cause of these children doing scavenging work, the role of
thing that happens to used vegetable scavengers at Pendopo parents in the family greatly influences these children's
decisions to help work. This is because children are used to participate in adding to the problems in Karang Anyar.
seeing working parents then going to earn money. This is Migrants face new problems in their homes, namely the
the attraction of the child to imitate what his parents did issue of housing, housing, decent and decent housing.
because of the lure of gifts. The government has not been
able to crack down on poverty so they are forced to become
vegetable scavengers to help the economic situation of the
elderly. The limited skills have made children in Karang
Anyar choose to scavenge used vegetables in Pendopo
market. In addition to parents and the government, the
residential environment also influences these children to
become used vegetable scavengers.
c Children's View of Used Vegetable
Scavenger Work Picture 4. Karang Anyar
The lives of scavenger children in Pendopo Market are not Sociologists distinguish poverty into two: 1) Absolute
much different from other children, the difference is that poverty is the poverty that occurs when people cannot get
these scavenger children are charged the responsibility to the need to support the minimum level of physical health
meet personal needs and help meet the family's living. The and efficiency, which is often expressed in terms of calorie
results suggest they actually don't like the work they do but or nutrient adequacy. 2) Relative poverty is poverty
they have no other choice, the skill limitations they have determined by common living standards in various societies
limit the work they can do. and what is culturally defined as poor rather than absolute
poverty. When poverty is defined relatively, according to
the standard of living enjoyed by most of the population, the
poverty rate will differ between different communities and
within society over time (Abercrombie et al. 2010: 433).
In this study, researchers defined poverty based on
Sayogyo's opinion (2000). Poverty according to Sayogyo
can be measured by calculating the number of people who
have insufficient per capita income to consume goods and
services equivalent to 20 kg of rice per capita per month for
rural areas, and 30 kg of rice for urban areas. Food adequacy
standards are calculated to be equivalent to 2,100 kilos of
calories per capita per day plus expenses for non-food needs
Picture 3. Sorting Vegetables
(housing, various goods and services, clothing).
The average child who becomes a used vegetable scavenger Researchers argue that poverty in Karang Anyar includes
is in the age range of 6 – 13 Years. After going to junior relative poverty. Relative poverty is a comparative state
high school they confessed to being ashamed to work as between income groups in society, namely between groups
used vegetable scavengers. When junior high they stopped that may not be poor because they have higher income
working as used vegetable scavengers and switched to other levels than the poverty line, and relatively wealthier
jobs such as parking lot, pelvic, and keeping stalls at the communities. By using a measure of income, this state is
Market. But uniquely there is always a re-generation, we referred to as income distribution inequality. Karang Anyar
can always meet Karang Anyar children of primary school society is said to experience relative poverty due to
age doing work as used vegetable scavengers in Pendopo inequality in the distribution of income to the society as a
market. The proceeds from scavenging are resold to karang result of development policies that cannot be reached by all
anyar residents or buyers they meet, of course at a very walks of life.
cheap price. A day they can make money of Rp. 10.000,- up
Factors that cause poverty in Karang Anyar include low
to Rp. 20.000,-, sometimes can not at all because the
levels of education, low levels of health, limited
vegetables will be consumed alone with their families.
employment, and isolated conditions in accessing the
economy, socio-cultural, political and participation in
society. Poverty in Karang Anyar forces children living in
d Poverty of Karang Anyar Society in the neighborhood to find strategies to help meet their
family's living needs or simply fulfill their want to buy
Functional Structural Perspective snacks or toys.
Sociological studies on poverty are related to high In fact, various efforts to alleviate poverty have been carried
unemployment and low availability of jobs. Karang Anyar out by the government which is applied in the form of
people who are in a productive age, do not have the skills policies and programs both direct and indirect. The policy
needed to get a job, in the end they just undergo a is direct in the form of programs that are directly given to
monotonous routine in Karang Anyar or participate in odd the poor, for example; direct cash assistance (BLT), raskin,
jobs. These communities are certainly not entirely home surgery, PKH Card, KKS Card while indirect policy,
indigenous peoples, but rather migrant communities that for example BPJS, KIS, IDT program, BOS and so on.Although various efforts have been made but poverty effectively experience a rejection of the opportunity to
cannot be eliminated entirely, it means the phenomenon of improve that most people in the society have.
poverty in Karang Anyar occurs because of the assistance
that only focuses on one dimension of the symptoms of Researchers argue that it is this poverty that triggers social
poverty such as political, economic, social that does not exclusion in Karang Anyar society. The mission makes
touch until the root cause of poverty. Karang Anyar society often not involved in the
development, social, and political process in PALI district.
The functional structural view assumes that society is a The Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS) has its own
system consisting of interconnected parts, if one part is definitions and criteria about what is poor. Poverty
damaged or does not function properly, it will affect the according to BPS is to measure poverty, BPS uses the
structure as a whole. The main concepts are function, concept of basic needs approach. With this approach,
dysfunction, latent function, manifest function, and poverty is seen as the inability of the economic side to meet
equilibrium. Adherents of functional structural theory look the basic needs of food and not food measured in terms of
at all the social pranata that exist in a functional society in a spending. So the poor are the population that has the average
positive and negative sense, including poverty. Gans per capita spend per month below the poverty line.
proposes fifteen functions of poverty that can be reduced to
four criteria, namely economic, social, cultural and political According to BPS there are fourteen poor criteria, if at least
functions. 9 variables are met then a family is categorized as poor.
Most Karang Anyar people meet 10 to 14 poor criteria,
Karang Anyar poverty in a functional structural perspective among them they have no place to live, cost in slums, where
occurs due to the difficulty and scarcity of the basic needs the cost has a type of low quality wooden wall, then even
of daily life, coupled with the difficulty of getting a decent though living in their own home the walls are not in plaster.
job with an income that is able to meet the needs of life. Then it relates to jobs only as farmworkers, washing
Poverty in Karang Anyar can be likened to a closed social workers, base motorcycle taxi drivers, parking attendants,
stratification system. If a person has entered the poverty and other rough work that also makes them rarely consume
class, it will be difficult for him to get out of the poverty line high-tech healthy foods. Not to mention they have difficulty
because usually the poor can only meet his basic needs, and accessing higher education, whereas education is the only
that is also very difficult. They struggle to get out of poverty means of social mobility that allows them to get out of
because one way to get out of the poverty gap is with poverty. The social exclusion of Karang Anyar people
education/school, but the problem facing Karang Anyar relates to their inability to access economic, educational,
society is the difficulty to get an education because of the health, social, political, and involvement in the development
relatively expensive costs that are usually unaffordable. As process. Here is the results of the researcher's analysis on
a result, the poverty was passed on to his grandchildren who the state of social exclusion Karang Anyar society.
could not possibly get out of the abyss of poverty.
No. Field Information
e Analysis of Social Exclusion of 1 Economy In the economic sector, the
Karang Anyar Society people of Karang Anyar are
on average underprivileged
According to Pierson (2002:7) social exclusion is a process families. Poverty makes it
that blocks or deters individuals and families, groups and difficult for them to meet the
villages from the resources needed to participate in social, economic needs of their
economic and political activities within an intact society. families. Their inability to
This process is primarily a consequence of poverty and low access the economy is again
incomes, but it can also be the impact of other factors such due to low income levels.
as discrimination, low levels of education, and deteriorating This is related to the
environmental quality. It is through this process that difficulties of the people of
individuals or society groups for some period of time of life Karang Anyar in finding
are disconnected from the services, social networks, and decent work, salaries below
evolving opportunities that most communities actually the UMR, and cheap rubber
enjoy. prices.
There are five forces that encourage social exclusion, 2 Education The poverty of the people of
namely, poverty and low incomes, no access to the job Karang Anyar with a low
market, weak or no social support and social networking, level of education and
the effects of neighborhoods, and being cut off from education awareness causes
services. The five components exclusivity of an individual many school-age children to
or group of people (Pierson, 2002: 8). drop out of school. The
In sociological concepts, Giddens (2006:356) suggests that impact of this is that it is
the idea of social exclusion was first introduced by difficult for children of
sociological writers to refer to new sources of inequality. productive age to find decent
Social exclusion refers to the ways in which individuals can work. Personal motivation is
be disconnected from full involvement in the wider society. also very low due to the
For example, people living in dilapidated housing, with influence of the unconscious
poor schools and little chance of working in the area, can environment on the
importance of education. Not
to mention that the expensivetuition fees prevented them projects are people outside
from accessing the education Karang Anyar. Not to
sector. The government does mention the lack of
provide KIP tuition, but they government programs that
also have to prepare the touch on development in the
possibilities for meeting the Karang Anyar area.
external costs that arise from
college activities. This makes Table 3. Analysis of Social Exclusion Karang Anyar
them not dare to continue Society
their education to a higher
level.
Conclusion
3 Health The poverty experienced by In general poverty in Indonesia is very complicated,
the people of Karang Anyar including in Karang Anyar. Poverty in Karang Anyar has a
has also made it difficult for multidimensional impact including the emergence of child
the society to access health labor. Parents' limitations in fulfilling family functions,
services. Although the such as economy, education, security, and education for
government has made it easy their children make Karang Anyar children of primary
for the poor to get health school age the majority of part-time workers as used
services through the vegetable scavengers in Pendopo Market. This social reality
Indonesian Health Card has been going on for a long time and uniquely there is
program (KIS) or free health always a re-generation, we can always meet karang anyar
services at society health children of primary school age doing work as used
centers. Not all people in vegetable scavengers in Pendopo Market.
Karang Anyar use this service
Karang Anyar's social exclusion condition is already
because they are afraid to pay
structural, making it difficult for the underclass to come out
monthly fees when using the
and otherwise people will easily be mired in it. Then this
Indonesia Sehat Card. Free
poverty is characterized by the low quality of life of the
services at the society health
population, the low quality of education services, limited
centers are also only for
employment, and isolated conditions in accessing the
common diseases. Some
economy, socio-cultural, political and participation in
diseases are not covered by
society. Researchers concluded that the root of the problem
free health services. Several
of poverty in Karang Anyar is related to the low quality of
informants stated that they
human resources indicated by the low level of public
prefer to do self-medication
education. It is also related to many school-age children
by buying medicine from a
who drop out of school. The majority of Karang Anyar's
food stall or drinking
children only end their junior high school education where
traditional ingredients.
after the end of junior high most of these children start
4 Political Their inability to access working in informal sectors.
politics is caused by the
political system of the
Indonesian people which is
still not in accordance with Future Work (optional)
the prevailing law. The reality
shows that only high-class In the end, after this research is conducted, the researcher
economic people can access will create a Community Service (CS) program. We give
politics. There was a Karang this CS program the name Jadi Baik with the tagline of
Anyar society who nominated learning to care for Karang Anyar. CS Jadi Baik is a non-
himself as a legislative academic program that includes a series of activities to meet
member, but was unable to sit competitive global challenges and foster a sense of
on the board because of a lack responsibility for existing problems, especially in Karang
of economic capital. Anyar. The CS Jadi Baik program aims to improve the
welfare of the Karang Anyar society. Then this CS can also
5 Development Many Karang Anyar help researchers and CS volunteers to develop students'
communities are not involved basic abilities such as self-serve, global citizens, digital-
in the development process. learner, and communication skill.
Most of them are only
connoisseurs of development. Operationally, the implementation of the CS program in
For example, there is a road Karang Anyar is the development of society economic
construction in Karang business groups, sewing skills classes, counseling on raising
Anyar, the society is not livestock, and yard processing. Then for the children are
involved. Most of the workers inspiration classes, literacy classes, and preservation of
who carry out development traditional games.To run the program, of course we are not alone. There will be cooperation with various parties who are experts in their fields for the implementation of programs that target the Karang Anyar society in general, such as the Kab. PKK Driving Team. PALI, and related agencies. Specifically for the CS program with children, researchers will collaborate with the OSIS of SMAN 2 Unggulan Talang Ubi, Putra Putri Smandal, and carry out an open recruitment of Jadi Baik volunteers. References Abercrombie, Nicholas, Stephen Hill, dan Bryan S. Turner. (2010). Kamus Sosiologi. terj. Desi Noviyani. Yogyakarta: PustakaPelajar. Depdikbud. (1993). Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia Edisi Kedua. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka. George Ritzer. (2010). Teori Sosisologi Modern. Jakarta: Kencana. Giddens, Anthony. (2006). Sociology 5th Edition. Polity Press. UK Levitas. (2005). The inclusive society. In Liberty, equality, fraternity (Second edi). https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt9qgkg5.11 Muhammad Idrus. (2009). Metode Penelitian Ilmu Sosial Yogyakarta: PT Gelora Aksara Pratama. Nurul Zuriah. (2009). Metodologi Penelitian Sosial dan Pendidikan. Jakarta: PT. Bumi Aksara. Pierson, John. (2002). Tackling Social Exclusion. London and New York: Routledge. Rodgers, Gerry. (1995). “What is special about a "social exclusion" approach?”, dalam Gerry Rodgers, Charles Gore dan Jose Figueiredo (eds), Social Exclusion: Rhetoric, Reality, Responses. Geneve: International Labour Organisation. Sayogyo. (2000). Kemiskinan dan Indikator Kemiskinan. Jakarta: Gramedia. Sen, Amartya. (2000). “Social Exclusion: Concept, Application, and Scrutiny”. Manila: Office of Environment and Social Development, Asia Development Bank.
You can also read
