Speech Act Analysis of Hillary Clinton's Speech: Be Resilent At Yale University 2018 Senior Class Day Ceremony
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International Journal of Education and Language Vol.1 No.1
Mei
(2021)
Speech Act Analysis of Hillary Clinton’s Speech: Be Resilent At
Yale University 2018 Senior Class Day Ceremony
Ayu Meita Puteri Siregar
Sekolah Tinggi Agama Islam Negeri Mandailing Natal, Indonesia
Email: ayumeitaputeri@stain-madina.ac.id
Abstract
Language plays an important role in social life, namely as a tool of
communication. Without language, it can be ensured that all kinds of
interacting activities in society will be paralyzed. Given the importance of
language in carrying out all daily activities, of course every member of
society is always involved in communication, either acting as a communicator
(speaker) or as a communicant (listener). In Pragmatics theory,
communication events that take place can be used as a place or media to
express ideas, ideas, thoughts, intentions, reality, and so on. Thus, language
is used as a communication tool to convey the message or the intention of the
speaker to the listener. In every communication process, several things occur,
such as speech events and speech acts in one speech situation. Speech events
and speech acts that occur will differ in each speech situation, depending on
who the speaker is, the interlocutor, the topic, the time and place the speech
takes place. Likewise, what happens when someone makes a speech at a
certain event, in this event, the speech acts used can be seen. The
classification of Speech act proposed by Yule according to the general
function namely declarations, representatives, expressive, directives and
commissive. Based on this theory, the writer is interested in examining more
deeply about speech acts in speech.
Keywords: speech act, Hillary speech
INTRODUCTION
In communicating humans use language. As a means of communication, language has
several functions. According to Geoferry Leech theory (1974). He divides the function of
language into five. They are informative, directive, expressive, aesthetic, and phatic.
Communication aims to express feelings and thoughts which can be interpreted as a
process of delivering speech. The process of delivering speech in communication is said to
be successful if the message or information to be conveyed can be received well by the
speech partner or listener. This form of communication is called speech, in which there is
an implied meaning as well as an explicit meaning depending on the context of the
sentence being conveyed. Because language is meaningful, all utterances that have no
meaning can be called non-language (Chaer, 2007: 45). Therefore, incarrying out a speech,
of course, not only say a series of words or sentences but also an action in response to the
speech. This activity is often referred to as a speech act activity.
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Speech act (speech act) is a pragmatic element that involves the speaker, listener or
reader as well as what is being discussed. In its application, speech acts are used by several
disciplines. According to Chaer and Agustina (2010: 50) speech acts are an individual
symptom, psychological in nature and their sustainability is determined by the speaker's
language ability in dealing with certain situations. In speech acts, it is more seen in the
meaning or meaning of actions in the speech.
In every communication process, several things occur, such as speech events and
speech acts in one speech situation. Speech events and speech acts that occur will vary in
each speech situation, depending on who the speaker is, the interlocutor, the topic, the time
and place the speech takes place. Likewise what happens when someone makes a speech at
a certain event, in this incident, the speech acts used can be seen.
The use of language in delivering a lecture in front of the community is an activity of
interaction that occurs between the speaker and the listener to discuss something that can
be beneficial to society. Lecturers always use language to make it easier to communicate.
The speaker in delivering his speech has a tendency to adjust the type of speech act used to
the context, so that people who listen can easily understand the speech he is conveying.
Each speaker or speaker has his own way of expressing the meaning of his speech. The
aim is to make it easier for listeners to grasp the meaning of the utterances being
expressed. This research refers to the pragmatic context. Context in pragmatics has an
important role, this is because context affects the form of language to be used by speakers
or speakers. A speech will have different meanings and forms when applied to different
contexts. For example, the speech used by a lecturer and student at a college or a teacher
and students in a school environment will be different from the speech used by a lecturer in
a lecture. The speech used by a lecturer and university student, a teacher and students in
the school environment are required to use the official language properly and correctly,
while the speech used by a lecturer in a lecture uses language with a relaxed variety
according to the listening community. This research was conducted to find the types of
speech acts, including locusive speech acts, illocutionary speech acts and perlocution
speech acts in Hillary Clinton's speech at Yale University at the 2018 Senior Class Day
Ceremony.
PRAGMATICS
Pragmatics is a part of linguistics that examined about relationship between context outside
of language and the intent of speech.Wijana (2003:2) stated that Pragmatics is a branch of
linguistics about the structure of language externally, namely how the language unit is used
in communication. So the meaning that is studied in pragmatics is the meaning that is
context-bound, or in other words, it examines the speaker's intention.
Levinson explained that Pragmatics is the study of meaning by speaker or writer and
interpreted by listener or reader. The relationship between language and context which is
the basis for a note or report on language understanding in other words to find the ability of
language users that is used language as tool of communication to connect and harmonize
sentences and contexts right.
Pragmatics has an important role in communication, because by learning and
mastering it, a person not only understands the formal structure of a language, but also the
functional structure of how those formal structures are. Yule (1996: 3-4) mentioned there
are four important areas in Pragmatic definitions, they are:
1. A field that studies the meaning of the speaker or the speaker's intent,
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2. A field that examines the meaning according to its context,
3. A fields that exceed the study of the meaning conveyed, more thanwhich is spoken,
and
4. A field that examines the form of expression according to social distance that limits
participants who are involved in a particular conversation.
Levinson in other words defined pragmatics as follows:
1. Pragmatics is the study of the relationship between language and the underlying
contextlanguage explanation. Understanding or understanding language to factsthat to
understand a language expression or utterance is also neededknowledge beyond the
meaning of words and their grammatical relationships with the context in which it is used.
2. Pragmatics is a study of the ability of language users to associate sentences with
appropriate contexts for these sentences.Pragmatics is the study of the meaning of speech
in certain situations. The characteristics of language can be used through pragmatics,
namely how language is used in communication. The relationship between pragmatics and
non-speech is very close because speech acts are the center of pragmatics. The utterance of
a sentence to state that the intent of the speaker is known to the listener. Pragmatics learns
the meaning of utterances (what utterances are for) asking what someone means by a
speech act and connecting the meaning with who speaks to whom, where and how.
Dylgjeri ( 2017:19-20) explained that Pragmatics is viewed as the study of language
use in particular communicative contexts or situations of necessity, it would take
knowledge of the message being communicated or the speech act being performed; the
participants involved; their intention, knowledge of the world and the impact of these on
their interactions; what they have taken for granted as part of the context; the deductions
they make on the basis of the context; what is implied by what is said or left unsaid; etc.
SPEECH ACT
Speech Acts is one phenomenon of pragmatics. Yule (1996:48) divides three kinds of
speech acts in practices in using language. The three types of speech acts are; Locution,
Illocution and Perlocution. Locution is the same utterance with certain meanings and
references, which again roughly equates to "meaning" in the traditional sense, in other
words, a local act is a speech act to express something. This speech act is often referred to
as the Act of Saying Something. This sentence is uttered by the speaker solely to inform
something without any tendency to do something, or to influence the other person.
Locutionary act is the action that is easiest to identify, because it is in identifying without
considering the context. Illocutionary act is an act of speech, besides functioning to say or
inform something, it is also used to do something. The act of illocution is known as The
Act of Doing Something. Illocutionary acts tend to be difficult to recognize if you don't
really pay attention, who is the speaker, who is the interlocutor, where the speech act
occurs, when the speech act occurs, and the utterances issued by the interlocutor.
Illocutionary acts can also be analyzed according to the context, situation, and place where
a speech occurs. Perlocutionary act is the result or effect caused by the expression on the
listener, in accordance with the situation and conditions of the pronunciation of the
sentence. The responses are not only in the form of words, but also in the form of actions
or deeds. This effect or influence can be intentionally or unintentionally created by the
speaker.
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Table 1. Example of Speech Act
Locution Illocution Perlocution
Your test scoreis A statement to inform, explain, and Teacher tells the
decreasingin this semester. suggesting for some communicative student to be
purpose. more active in
studying
According to Yule for more explanation, in speech act the speech event is closely
related to the setting of the event, meaning that a certain event will occur in a certain
context or situation. Based on the table above we can analyze the statement. The
conversation is between student and teacher, but if the conversation between parent and
child, the meaning of the statement may be different, the perlocution will be asking the
child not to play all the time and focus on learning. Wijana and Rohmadi (2011: 24) stated
that the context of language usage includes physical context, epistemic context, linguistic
context, and social context. Physical context is the context that produces an utterance, the
epistemic context is the background of knowledge that the speaker has, the linguistic
context is the context that describes utterances that follow certain utterances in a
communication event, and the social context is the background that complements the social
relationship between speakers and speakers. (Ubaedillah et al., 2021)The next opinion is
expressed by Tarigan (2015: 33) which states that context is the background knowledge
that is expected to be shared and agreed upon by the speaker and the listener and supports
the listener's interpretation of what the speaker means by a certain greeting. Based on some
of the definitions above, it can be concluded that context is a situation or things that
support or support the meaning of an utterance. It can also be said that if the context
changes, the meaning of an utterance will also change.
A speech can be said to be true if it is known who the speaker is, who the listeners
are when expressed, and so on. Therefore, to analyze the meaning of a speech, the context
must first be analyzed. In this research, the theory used in analyzing the context is Dell
Hymes theory which is known as speech event. Dell Hymes (in Chaer and Agustina, 2010:
48) says that 12 speech events must fulfill eight components, the eight components are
Setting and Scene, Participants, Ends, Act sequence, Key, Instrumentalities, Norm of
Interaction and Interpretation, and Genre.
The explanation of the eight components, namely:
a. Setting and Scene (Time and Place)
The setting refers to the time and place where the speech takes place, while the scene
refers to the place and time situation, or the psychological situation of the conversation.
Different times, places and situations of speech can lead to the use of different
variations of the language. Talking on the soccer field at a football match in a busy
situation is certainly different from talking in the library room when many people are
reading and in a silent environment. On the football field we can talk out loud, but in the
library room we have to be as slow as possible.
b. Participants (Speakers and Listeners)
Participants refer to the parties involved in the speech, can be speakers and listeners,
greeters, and greeters or message senders and message recipients. The form of speech in
public lectures, in casual conversation, and at parties is different. Likewise with the
content being discussed.
c. Ends (Purpose and Purpose)
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Ends refers to the purpose and purpose of narrative. These aims and objectives are
related to the interests of the participants, involving the speaker and the listener, having
a specific purpose when the speech event occurs. For example, a speech event that
occurs in a courtroom intends to resolve a case, but the participants in the said event
have a different purpose. The prosecutor wants to prove the defendant's guilt, the
defense tries to prove that the defendant is innocent, while the judge tries to give a fair
decision.
d. Act Sequences (Speech Forms)
Act Sequences refers to the form of speech and content. This form of speech deals with
the words used, how they are used, and the relationship between what is said and the
speaker's topic.
e. Key: tone or spirit of Act
Key: tone or spirit of Act refers to the manner, tone or spirit (spirit) in which a message
is conveyed. For example, between serious and relaxed, respectful and disrespectful,
simple and arrogant or arrogant, and so on. This can also be indicated by gestures and
gestures, such as winks, gestures, dress styles, etc.
f. Instrumentalities
Instrumentalities refer to the language lines used, such as the spoken, written, telegraph
or telephone lines. In terms of channels, people have to differentiate how to use them.
The oral (oral) channel, for example, is used for singing, humming, whistling, uttering
speech, and so on. The verbal mode for face to face is different from that for the
telephone.
g. Norms of interaction and interpretation
The norms of interaction and interpretation refer to the norms or rules used in
interaction. For example, relating by way of interrupting, asking questions, and so on.
Also refers to the norms of interpretation of the speech of the interlocutor.
h. Genre (Form of Delivery)
Genre refers to types of forms of delivery, such as narration, poetry, proverbs, prayers,
speeches, lectures, etc.
A speech can be used to convey several purposes and vice versa, one purpose can be
conveyed by a variety of speeches. To find out the meaning of a speech, it can not only be
seen from the side of the speech itself, but it is also necessary to pay attention to the
situation of the speech or the context. According to Wijana and Rohmadi (2013: 7),
everything that humans do in their speech will always be influenced by the situation and
conditions around them. Speech situation can be defined as a condition in which speech
participants interact with language in conventional ways to achieve a result. (Ubaedillah &
Pratiwi, 2021)
Speech Act Classification
Yule (1996:53) views that there are five types of general functions performed by speech
acts, such as representatives, expressive, directives, commissive, and declaratives.
a. Representative: is a speech act that binds the speaker to the truth of what he says, such
as Stating/ statement of act, descriptions, assertions, and conclusions.
Example:
a. Everyone is listening to the teacher now.
b. For many decades, we’ve enriched foreign industry at the expense of American
industry
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c. Finally, we must think big, dream and make it happen.
b. Expressive: is the act of speech performed with the intention that the utterance is
interpreted as an evaluation of what is mentioned in the utterance. Expressive also used to
state what the speaker feels, such as statement of pleasure, thanking, pain, likes, dislikes,
joy or sorrow, criticizing and complaining
Example:
a. I am sorry to hear that.
b. wish you all the best.
c. Oh, that is great my students!
c. Directives: is the act of speech performed by the speaker with the intention that the
other speaker perform the action mentioned in the utterance, such as orders, commands,
requests, demands, and suggestions.
Example:
a. Give me a bowl of soup.
b. My I borrow you book, please?
c. Don’t touch your nose, Adam!
d. Commissives: is a speech act that binds the speaker to carry out all the things mentioned
in his speech, commissives also mentioned to express what the speaker intends, such as
promise, pledges, swears or threatening.
Example:
a. I will fight for you with every breath in my body
b. I will never, ever let you down
c. We will build new roads
e. Declarations: is a speech made by the speaker with the intention of creating something
new (status, situation, etc.), such as declaration, deciding, canceling, prohibiting, allowing
and apologizing.
Example:
a. Mr: I give my daughter, Juli to you in marriage with the mahr
b. Jury: You are disqualified
c. I strongly expect apologies from the associated event.
Speech
Speech is the act of expressing thoughts in the form of words addressed to general public.
Public speaking (also called oratory or oration) is giving speech face to face to live
audience. However, due to the evolution of public speaking, it is modernly viewed as any
form of speaking (formally and informally) between an audience and the speaker.
According to Rahmayani (2018:276) that speech produce by the speaker must have
purpose and function, which is addressed to the listener to convey information to the
listener. Speech is researched in terms of the speech production and speech perception of
the sounds used in vocal language.
THE ANALYSIS SPEECH ACT CLASIFICATIONS IN SPEECH
Method of Data Collection
The research method in this study was descriptive qualitative because this research is
targeted to describe the classification of speech acts and its function founds in Hillary
Clinton’s speech. In this study, the data are in utterances found in Hillary Clinton’s speech
which have been transcribed. The speech consists of 74utterances. The researcher use
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documentation technique in collecting the data. The researcher browsed and downloads
Hillary Clinton’s speech video from www. Englishspeeches.channel.com, then the video
was transcribed and analyzed. In this study, there were some steps in analyzing the data.
First step was transcribing the speech by listening the speech that has been downloaded.
The second step was reading the speech transcribed and sorting them by looking for units
of clause. The third steps was identifying the data based on speech acts classification
proposed by Yule (Yule George, 1996) which consisted of representatives, directives,
commissives, expressives and declarative
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
The data collection of this research was taken from the Speech of Hillary Clinton at Yale
University 2018 Senior Class Day Ceremony- Www. Specheschannel.com.
Table 2. The List of Speech acts Classification and its functions.
No Statement Type Function
1. Being here with you brings back a flood of Expressive Expressing the
memories. Joy/ Happiness.
2. I remember the first time I arrived on campus Expressive Joy/ Happiness
as an incoming law student in the fall of 1969
wearing my bell-bottoms, driving a beat up old
car with a mattress tied to the roof.
3. I had no idea what to expect. Expressive Sorrow
4. Now to be honest; I had some trouble making Expressive Psychological
up my mind between Yale and Harvard Law State
Schools.
5. Then one day while we were still in that period Expressive Joy
of decision making, I was invited to a cocktail
party at Harvard for potentially incoming law
students where Imet a famous law professor.
6. A friend of mine, a male law student, Expressive Joy
introduced me to this famous law professor.
7. I mean truly, big three-piece suit, watch chain Representative Description
and my friend said, Professor, this is.
8. She's trying to decide whether to come here Commissive Promising
next year or sign up with our closest
competitor.
9. Now the, great man gave me a cool dismissive Representative Assertion
look and said, well first of all, we don't have
any close competitors.
10. And secondly, we don’t need any more women Commissive Refusal
at Harvard."
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11. Now I was leaning toward Yale anyway but Representative Statement of fact
that pretty much sea lied the deal, and when I
came to Yale I was one of 27 women out of
235 law students, lt was the first year women
were admitted to the college, and as that first
class of women prepared to graduate four years
later.
12. The New York Times reported on Yale's foray Representative Statement of fact
into co-education, noting the women worked
harder and got somewhat better grades than the
1940 men graduating with them.
13. A fact," they went on to say, that some of the Representative Description
men apparently found threatening."
14. Well, I was shocked. Expressive Psychological
statement
15. But over the years Yale has been a home away Expressive Joy
from home for me, a place I have returned to
time and again.
16. I spoke to class day back in 2001 on the 300th Expressive Psychological
anniversary of the university, and I hope that statement
will be the case for many of you as well.
17. This school has been responsible for some of Representative Description
my most treasured friends and
colleagues,people like Jake Sullivan and Harole
Koh, and I 've watched some of you grow up,
like Rebecca Shaw, who's graduating today and
you'll hear from shortly.
18. And I've been honored to serve over the last Expressive Joy
year or two, working with some of the Yale
Law School faculty including the new Dean,
Heather Gerkin.
19. Here today, have worked 'for me in the United Expressive Joy
States Senate, the State Department, on my
presidential campaigns, and I have been so
well-served.
20. I have a very dedicated campaign intern here Representative Conclusion
graduating, David Shimer, the class 1of 2018.
21. Now Yale grads, many of whom are also here Representative Conclusion
today, have worked 'for me in the United States
Senate, the State Department, on my
presidential campaigns, and I have been so
well-served.
22. But I have to confess, of a II the formative Expressive Psychological
experiences I had at Yale, perhaps none was statement
more significant than the day during my
second year when I was cutting through what
was then the student lounge with some friends,
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and I saw this tall handsome guy with a beard
who looked like a viking.
23. I said to my friend, WeII, who is that?" And Representative Description
she said, well I, that's Bill Clinton.
24. He's from Arkansas and that's all he ever talks Representative Description
about.
25. And then as if on cue, I hear him saying. Representative Description
26. And not only that, we grow the biggest Expressive Joy
watermelons in the world." And I was like,
who is this person?", but he kept looking at me
and I kept looking back
27. So we were in the library one night, I was Representative Description
studying but I could n 't help but see
occasionally as I lifted myhead up that he was,
again, looking at me.
28. So finally I thought, "This is ridiculous,” so I Expressive Psychological
got up, went over to him, and I said, if you 're statement
going to keep looking at me and I'm going to
keep looking back, we at least ought to be
introduced.
29. I'm Hillary Rodham. Who are you?" And that Expressive Joy
started a conversation that continues to this
day.
30. Now it was also here at Yale that I saw a flyer Expressive Like
in the Law School on a bulletin board that
changed my life.
31. Now some of your parents and grandparents Representative Conclusion
may remember flyers and bulletin boards.
32. For the rest of you, suffice it to say, that was Representative Conclusion
how we got information, it was like Facebook
but the bulletin board didn't steal your personal
information.
33. So, one day I saw a note about a woman named Representative Description
Marian 'Wright Edelman, a Yale Law School
graduate, civil rights activist who would go on
to found The Children’s Defense Fund.
34. Marian was coming back to campus to give a Representative Statement the fact
lecture.
35. Iwent, I was captivated to hear her talk about Expressive Joy
using her Yale education to create a Head Start
program in rural Mississippi.
36. And I would up be working for her that Commissive Promise
summer, and the experience opened my eyes to
the ways that the law can protect children or
come up short.
37. Because like many of you, I learned just as Expressive Like
much outside the four walls of the classroom as
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I did sitting in a lecture hall, andI discovered a
passion that has animated my life a and my
work ever since.
38. Now a lot has changed since need I was here. Expressive Like
39. In 2019 Yale will celebrate the 50th Representative Statement of the
anniversary of the matriculation of women at fact
the college, and the 150th anniversary of the
'first women graduate students at Yale.
40. And I heard that Yale officially changed the Representative Statement of the
term fresh man to first year. fact
41. I also heard amazingly, that The Duke's Men Expressive Joy
and the Whiffenpoofs have started welcoming
women.
42. Now as for my long lost Whiffs audition tape, Expressive Sorrow
Ihave buried it so deep not even Wikileaks will
be able to find it; because if you thought my
emails were scandalous you should hear my
singing voice.
43. I find it very exciting that today's graduates hail Expressive Like
from all so states, the District of Columbia,
Puerto Rico, and other countries.
44. And in your four years on campus, you have Representative Assertion
survived late nights in the Bass cubicles and
early mornings in the Sterling stacks, you've
trekked up Science Hill, maybe you've even
found love at The Last Chance Dance, and now
you're ready to take on your next adventure.
45. But maybe some of you are reluctant to leave Representative Conclusion
46. I understand that, It is possible to feel both Representative Statement of the
because the class of 2018 is graduating at one fact
of the most tumultuous times in the history of
our country, and I say that as someone who
graduated in the sixties.
47. I recently went back and looked up those Representative Description
famous lines from Charles Dickens.
48. A Tale of two Cities because I usually end after Expressive Psychological
saying, It was the best of times, it was the worst statement
of times."
49. But it goes on, It was the age of wisdom, it Representative Statement of the
was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of fact
belief, it was the epoch of incredulity it was
the season of Light, it was the season of
Darkness it was the spring of hope, it was the
winter 1af despair.
50. Now Dickens was writing about the years Representative Reporting
leading up to the French Revolution, but he
could have been describing the ricocheting
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highs and lows of this moment in America.
51. We’re living through a time when fundamental Representative Statement of the
rights, civic virtue, freedom of the press, even fact
facts and reason are under assault like never
before.
52. But we are also witnessing an era of new era I Representative Statement of the
conviction, civic engagement, and a sense of fact
devotion to our democracy and country.
53. So here's he good news, if any group were ever Representative Statement of the
prepared to rise to the occasion, it is you, the fact
class of 2018.
54. You've already demonstrated the character and Representative Conclusion
courage that I help you navigate this
tumultuous moment, and most of all, you've
demonstrated resilience.
55. Personal resilience is important but it's not the Representative Asserting
only form of resilience right now.
56. We also need community resilience. Representative Asserting
57. That's something that this class has embodied Representative Conclusion
during your time on campus.
58. Literally, at times, like in the March of Representative Statement of the
Resilience your sophomore year fact
59. It was the biggest demonstration in this history Representative Reporting
of the school, that’s 300+ years.
60. Led by women of color, supported by students Representative Asserting
and faculty determined to make Yale a more
just, equal, and safe place for everyone.
61. Many of you have said that march was a Representative Asserting
defining moment in your college experience,
and that says something about this class and
your values
62. Because the truth is, our country is more Representative Asserting
polarized than ever.
63. So, we have a long way to go, because at this Representative Asserting
moment in our history our country depends on
every citizen believing in the power of their
actions.
64. So yes, we need to pace ourselves but also Representative Asserting
learn on each other look for the good wherever
we can celebrate heroes, encourage children,
find ways to disagree respectfully.
65. We need to be ready to lose some fights, Directive Suggesting
because we will As John What matters is to
keep going no matter what keep going.
66. The Yale you are graduating from are different Representative Statement of the
from the Yale I graduated from. fact
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67. It's different even from the Yale that welcomed Representative Statement of the
you four years ago. fact
68. Today students are carrying on the legacy of a Representative Statement of the
trailblazing. fact
69. Those changes did not happen on their own, Representative Asserting
you made them possible.
70. You kept 'fighting, you kept the faith Directive Suggesting
71. And because of that; in the end, you changed Directive Suggesting
Yale as much as Yale changed you.
72. And now it's time for you to make your mark Directive Suggesting
on the world.
73. I know the best. The best for you, for Yale, and Commissive Promising
for America is yet to come, and you each I will
have a role to play and a contribution to make.
74. Thank you and congratulations to the class Expressive Pleasure
Based on the results, four types of Speech acts expressed according to Yule
classification’s theory by Hillary Cllinton that found in her speech. The data is summarized
in the table below:
Table. 3 .The Results of Speech Acts Classification in Hillary Clinton’s Speech
Speech Acts
No Sentences Total
Classification
1. Representative Statement of fact (14), Assertion (10), Description (9), 44
Conclusion (6), Like (3), Pleasure (1)
2. Expressive Joy (11), Sorrow (2), Psychological statement (5), Like 22
(2), Reporting (2)
3. Directive Suggesting (4) 4
4. Commissive Promising (4) 4
5. Declarative 0 0
There are 4 kinds of speech act produced by Hillary Clinton’s Speech. Those are
representative, directive, commissive, and expressive. From the data analysis, it showed
that there are 74 utterances and there are also four kinds of speech act which are produced
by Hillary Clinton in her speech at Senior Class Day Ceremony. As the writer explain
before that in every communication process, several things occur, such as speech events
and speech acts in one speech situation. Speech events and speech acts that occur will vary
in each speech situation, depending on who the speaker is, the interlocutor, the topic, the
time and place the speech takes place. Likewise, what happens when someone makes a
speech at a certain event, in this incident, the speech acts used can be seen. So here, Hillary
was speaking in the Inauguration moment at Senior Class Day Ceremony. According to the
results, Hillary has issued many representatives of Speech Act. Hillary also always used
the simple language to make it easier to communicate with the listeners or students at Yale
University. For more explanation, based on the findings above, the first kind of speech act
41International Journal of Education and Language Vol.1 No.1
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which produced by the speaker are representatives which consist of statement of fact (14),
Assertion (10), Description (9), conclusion (6), like (3) and pleasure (1). And thesecond
type is Expressive, there are 22 Expressive which consist of Joy (11), sorrow (2),
Psychological statement (5), like (2), and reporting (2). The third type is Directive with (4)
suggesting utterances. The last is Commissive speech act with (4) promising utterances.
The most frequent speech acts is representatives type. It showed from Hillary Clinton’s
speech who continues to try to explain the youth struggle for their nation.
CONCLUSION
From the results of data analysis, found 44 representative forms are dominated by
statements of the facts and assertions, 22 expressive forms are dominated by expressing the
joy, 4 directives forms are dominated by suggesting, 4commissive forms are dominated by
promising, and no declarative form. The representative form of speech is the dominant
form in Hillary Clinton Speech. Representative potentially represents the factual,
informative, and supportive nature of the speaker. Representative is the act that state what
the speaker believes to be the case or not. This is in accordance with the context in Hillary
Speech at Yale University 2018 Senior Class Day Ceremony. Hillary Clinton tried to
describe and explained to all students’ university that the youth’s struggles now are
different with her Era. The second dominant in Hillary Clinton Speech is expressive.
Expressive are those kinds of speech acts that state what the speaker feels. They express
psychological state and can be statements of pleasure, pain, likes, dislikes, joy or sorrow.
In using an expressive, the speaker makes words fit the world (of feeling). By expressive
form Hillary Clinton also expressed her feeling and her experiences when she was a
student of Yale University.
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