SUPPLEMENT HIGHBUSH BLUEBERRY from pesticides - Pollinator Partnership Canada
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SUPPLEMENT
to Protecting pollinators
from pesticides
HIGHBUSH BLUEBERRY
Supplement To Protecting Pollinators From Pesticides Highbush Blueberry 1
This document was authored by Lora Morandin, Ph.D., and Kathleen Law, M.A.,
Pollinator Partnership Canada.
Funding provided by the Pest Management Regulatory Agency (PMRA),
an agency of Health Canada.
The views herein do not necessarily reflect those of the PMRA or of other contributors.
Design and layout by Claudia Yuen.
claudiayuen.com
Cite as follows:
Morandin, L.A. and K. Law. 2021. Supplement To Protecting Pollinators From Pesticides
Highbush Blueberry. Pollinator Partnership Canada
© 2021 Pollinator Partnership Canada All Rights Reserved
Supplement To Protecting Pollinators From Pesticides Highbush Blueberry 2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
HOW TO USE THIS DOCUMENT 4
UNDERSTANDING POLLINATOR 5
TOXICITY, EXPOSURE, AND RISK
PMRA RISK CHARACTERIZATION 6
FOR POLLINATORS
TABLE 1. 7
Pesticide products and
their active ingredients
TABLE 2. 13
Active ingredient pollinator
precaution levels
TABLE 3: 19
Pollinator precaution levels
REFERENCES 21
Supplement To Protecting Pollinators From Pesticides Highbush Blueberry 3HOW TO USE THIS
DOCUMENT
This supplement to Protecting Pollinators From Pesticides
Highbush Blueberry contains information on the pesticide
regulatory process of the Pest Management Regulatory Agency
(PMRA) and precautionary levels for pesticide products used in
highbush blueberry in Canada. It is meant to help stakeholders
make more informed decisions when using pesticide products
that may impact pollinators.
Use Table 1: Formulated products and their active ingredients to
identify the active ingredient(s) in a given product.
Use Table 2: Active ingredient pollinator precaution levels to
see the PMRA restriction levels (most, moderately, and least
restrictive) for active ingredients.
Use Table 3: Pollinator precaution levels to learn how the PMRA
determines precaution levels used in Table 2.
Supplement To Protecting Pollinators From Pesticides Highbush Blueberry 4UNDERSTANDING POLLINATOR
TOXICITY, EXPOSURE, AND RISK
Toxicity + Exposure = Risk
While the terms, risk and toxicity, are sometimes used interchangeably, they
mean different things and should not be confused. Toxicity (sometimes
referred to as ‘hazard’) of an active ingredient to bees refers to how much
it will harm a bee if there is exposure. Toxicity can occur orally (ingestion)
or from topical exposure, and is tested in both these ways, at different life
stages, and with both single and repeated exposure on bees. Exposure refers
to the likelihood of a pesticide coming into contact with a pollinator and the
levels at which exposure may occur. Exposure considerations incorporate
crop-specific information such as the attractiveness of the flowers to
pollinators, time of bloom, whether managed pollinators are brought to the
crop, and whether the crop is harvested before bloom. Exposure levels are
estimated for different pesticide application types and rates, and may use
models or actual residue levels in pollen and nectar if they are available.
It is the combination of toxicity and exposure that determine risk of a
pesticide on a particular crop or crop group. Risk considers whether
exposure is likely to occur at levels that will result in toxicity to pollinators.
Risk also considers the residual toxicity, meaning how long the residues
present may pose a risk to pollinators.
Supplement To Protecting Pollinators From Pesticides Highbush Blueberry 5PMRA RISK CHARACTERIZATION FOR
POLLINATORS
The Pest Management Regulatory Agency most restrictive, moderately restrictive, and
(PMRA), a part of Health Canada, is the branch least restrictive.
of the Canadian federal government responsible
for regulating pest control products under the When used according to the label, the PMRA
authority of the Pest Control Products Act, considers the risk to bees and other pollinators
including insecticides, herbicides, fungicides, and acceptable for pesticides registered for use in
other products. The PMRA’s primary mandate is Canada. The PMRA reassesses risk as new scientific
to prevent unacceptable risks to Canadians and information becomes available and label precautions
the environment from the use of these products. and registrations can change. It is critical that users
PMRA applies modern, evidence-based scientific read and understand the current registrations and
approaches to assess whether the health and product label prior to use to minimize exposure and
environmental risks of pesticides are acceptable. risk to pollinators.
When there is potential exposure of bees to
a crop protection product, the PMRA requires
information to assess the risk to bees. ASSESSING RISKS TO WILD BEES
The PMRA characterizes the risk of a product Currently, PMRA pesticide toxicity testing
(specific to formulation and application method) requires testing only on honey bees, however
by using a tiered approach that assesses the studies on bumble bees, mason bees, and other
information on toxicity and exposure. This tiered species are increasingly received, reviewed, and
approach first establishes toxicity and exposure incorporated into pollinator risk assessments
risks for honey bees at various life stages, and for pesticides. Wild bees may be exposed to
progresses to colony, semi-field, and field studies pesticides in ways different from honey bees
depending on the level of risk found in the first tier. (such as through nesting in the ground), and
The risk characterization also considers the risk to the toxicity effect of a pesticide can vary from
other bee species such as solitary bees and bumble one bee species to another (depending on life
bees. Honey bee information may be used as a cycles, body size, nesting habits, etc.)2 . The
surrogate for considering risk to other bee species, PMRA takes into account new information on
with information on toxicity and exposure for other pesticide toxicity and exposure to pollinators
bee species considered as available. Additionally, the other than honey bees as it emerges, however,
attractiveness of crops to honey bees and other bees, it is important to note that at this time there are
and other agronomic considerations such as whether many unknowns around exposure and toxicity
the crop is harvested before bloom, are considered. beyond honey bees.
For more information, see Guidance for Assessing
Pesticides Risks to Bees1.
1
USEPA, PMRA. 2014. Guidance for assessing pesticide risks to bees. Office of Chemical Safety
and Pollution Prevention Office of Pesticide Programs Environmental Fate and Effects Division,
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC; Environmental Assessment Directorate, Pest
The risk characterization is used by the PMRA to Management Regulatory Agency, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON; California Department of Pesticide
Regulation.
determine precaution levels and the mitigation 2
Boyle, N. K., T. L. Pitts-Singer, J. Abbott, A. Alix, D. L. Cox-Foster, S. Hinarejos, D. M. Lehmann, L.
measures required to reduce harm to bees. Moradin, B. O’Neill, N. E. Raine, R. Singh, H. M. Thompson, N. M. Williams, and T. Steeger. 2019.
Workshop on Pesticide Exposure Assessment Paradigm for Non-Apis Bees: Foundation and
Summaries. Environmental Entomology. 48(1):4–11.
Precaution levels in this document are categorized as
Supplement To Protecting Pollinators From Pesticides Highbush Blueberry 6TABLE 1.
PESTICIDE PRODUCTS AND THEIR
ACTIVE INGREDIENTS
Use Table 1 to look up specific products registered for use on highbush blueberry and determine their
active ingredient(s). Then go to Table 2 to check the precaution level for that active ingredient. These
products were registered for use in Canada in Highbush blueberry in January 2021. For the most
current product registration, use the PMRA’s label search.
Product Name Active Name
Insecticide
ACETA 70 WP ACETAMIPRID
ACTARA 25WG INSECTICIDE THIAMETHOXAM
ADMIRE 240 FLOWABLE SYSTEMIC INSECTICIDE IMIDACLOPRID
ALIAS 240 SC SYSTEMIC INSECTICIDE IMIDACLOPRID
ALTACOR INSECTICIDE CHLORANTRANILIPROLE
AMBUSH 500EC INSECTICIDE PERMETHRIN
ASSAIL 70 WP INSECTICIDE ACETAMIPRID
BARTLETT SUPERIOR 70 OIL EMULSIFIABLE INSECTICIDE MINERAL OIL
BIOPROTEC 3P DRY FLOWABLE BIOLOGICAL BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS SUBSPECIES KURSTAKI
INSECTICIDE (ALL STRAINS)
BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS SUBSPECIES KURSTAKI
BIOPROTEC CAF
(ALL STRAINS)
BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS SUBSPECIES KURSTAKI
BIOPROTEC ECO
(ALL STRAINS)
BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS SUBSPECIES KURSTAKI
BIOPROTEC PLUS
(ALL STRAINS)
CAPTURE 240 EC BIFENTHRIN
CONCEPT LIQUID INSECTICIDE DELTAMETHRIN; IMIDACLOPRID
CONFIRM 240F AGRICULTURAL INSECTICIDE TEBUFENOZIDE
CORMORAN NOVALURON; ACETAMIPRID
CYCLANILIPROLE 50SL INSECTICIDE CYCLANILIPROLE
CYGON 480 SYSTEMIC INSECTICIDE DIMETHOATE
CYGON 480-AG SYSTEMIC INSECTICIDE DIMETHOATE
DECIS 5 EC INSECTICIDE (EASTERN CANADA & BRITISH
DELTAMETHRIN
COLUMBIA)
DECIS FLOWABLE INSECTICIDE (EASTERN CANADA AND
DELTAMETHRIN
B.C.)
DELEGATE INSECTICIDE SPINETORAM
BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS SUBSPECIES KURSTAKI
DIPEL 2X DF BIOLOGICAL INSECTICIDE DRY FLOWABLE
ALL STRAINS)
Supplement To Protecting Pollinators From Pesticides Highbush Blueberry 7Product Name Active Name
DOKTOR DOOM FORMULA 420 3-IN-1 CROP & PLANT
CANOLA OIL
RESCUE CONCENTRATE
DOKTOR DOOM FORMULA 420 3-IN-1 CROP & PLANT
CANOLA OIL
RESCUE READY-TO-SPRAY
DOKTOR DOOM FORMULA 420 PROFESSIONAL USE 3-IN-
CANOLA OIL
1 CROP & PLANT RESCUE CONCENTRATE
DOKTOR DOOM PREMIUM 3 IN 1 CROP & PLANT RESCUE
CANOLA OIL
CONCENTRATE
DOUBLE DOWN SPRAY OIL MINERAL OIL
ENTRUST 80 INSECTICIDE SPINOSAD
ENTRUST INSECTICIDE SPINOSAD
ENVIDOR 240SC MITICIDE SPIRODICLOFEN
EXIREL INSECTICIDE CYANTRANILIPROLE
FORAY 48BA BIOLOGICAL INSECTICIDE AQUEOUS BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS SUBSPECIES KURSTAKI
SUSPENSION (ALL STRAINS)
FULFILL 50WG INSECTICIDE PYMETROZINE
GENERAL HYDROPONICS EXILE POTASSIUM SALTS OF FATTY ACIDS
GENERAL HYDROPONICS SUFFOCOAT CANOLA OIL
GF-120 FRUIT FLY BAIT SPINOSAD
GUARDSMAN DORMANT SPRAY OIL MINERAL OIL
HARVANTA 50SL INSECTICIDE CYCLANILIPROLE
IMIDAN 50-WP INSTAPAK PHOSMET
IMIDAN WP INSECTICIDE PHOSMET
INTREPID 240F INSECTICIDE METHOXYFENOZIDE
(E,Z)-2,13-OCTADECADIEN-1-YL ACETATE; (E,Z)-2,13-OC-
ISOMATE DWB TADECADIEN-1-OL; (Z,Z)-3,13-OCTADECADIEN-1-YL
ACETATE; (Z,Z)-3,13-OCTADECADIEN-1-OL
KOPA INSECTICIDAL SOAP POTASSIUM SALTS OF FATTY ACIDS
LAGON 480 E INSECTICIDE DIMETHOATE
LIME SULPHUR INSECTICIDE MITICIDE FUNGICIDE LIME SULPHUR OR CALCIUM POLYSULPHIDE
MAKO INSECTICIDE CYPERMETHRIN
MALATHION 85E MALATHION
MALATHION LIQUID INSECTICIDE-MITICIDE
MALATHION
CONCENTRATE
MOVENTO 240 SC INSECTICIDE SPIROTETRAMAT
NEUDORFF ANT AND INSECT BAIT SPINOSAD
NEUDOSAN COMMERCIAL POTASSIUM SALTS OF FATTY ACIDS
OPAL INSECTICIDAL SOAP POTASSIUM SALTS OF FATTY ACIDS
PERM-UP EMULSIFIABLE CONCENTRATE
PERMETHRIN
INSECTICIDE
POLECI 2.5 EC EASTERN INSECTICIDE DELTAMETHRIN
Supplement To Protecting Pollinators From Pesticides Highbush Blueberry 8Product Name / Insecticide Products Active Name
POUNCE 384 EC INSECTICIDE PERMETHRIN
PURESPRAY GREEN CONCENTRATE MINERAL OIL
PURESPRAY GREEN SPRAY OIL 13E MINERAL OIL
PYGANIC CROP PROTECTION EC 1.4 II PYRETHRINS
RADIANT SC INSECTICIDE SPINETORAM
RIMON 10 EC NOVALURON
RIMON 10 EC INSECTICIDE NOVALURON
RIPCORD 400EC AGRICULTURAL INSECTICIDE CYPERMETHRIN
SCORPIO ANT AND INSECT BAIT SPINOSAD
SEVIN XLR CARBARYL INSECTICIDE LIQUID
CARBARYL
SUSPENSION
SIVANTO PRIME INSECTICIDE FLUPYRADIFURONE
SUCCESS INSECTICIDE SPINOSAD
SUFFOIL-X MINERAL OIL
SUPERIOR 70 OIL MINERAL OIL
VEGOL CROP OIL CANOLA OIL
VEGOL INSECTICIDAL OIL CANOLA OIL
VEGOL READY-TO-SPRAY CANOLA OIL
VEGOL SINGLE DOSE INSECTICIDAL OIL CANOLA OIL
Fungicidies
ACTINOVATE SP STREPTOMYCES LYDICUS STRAIN WYEC108
ALIETTE SYSTEMIC FUNGICIDE WATER
FOSETYL-AL
DISPERSIBLE GRANULE
ALIETTE WDG SYSTEMIC FUNGICIDE FOSETYL-AL
ALLEGRO 500F AGRICULTURAL FUNGICIDE FLUAZINAM
AUREOBASIDIUM PULLULANS DSM 14940 AND DSM
BOTECTOR
14941
BRAVO 500 AGRICULTURAL FUNGICIDE CHLOROTHALONIL
BRAVO 720 CHLOROTHALONIL
BRAVO ULTREX CHLOROTHALONIL
BRAVO WEATHERSTIK FUNGICIDE CHLOROTHALONIL
BRAVO ZN AGRICULTURAL FUNGICIDE CHLOROTHALONIL
BRAVO ZNC FUNGICIDE CHLOROTHALONIL
BUMPER 418 EC PROPICONAZOLE
BUMPER 432 EC PROPICONAZOLE
CABRIO EG FUNGICIDE PYRACLOSTROBIN
CANTUS WDG FUNGICIDE BOSCALID
CAPTAN 50-WP FUNGICIDE CAPTAN
CAPTAN 50-WP WETTABLE POWDER AGRICULTURAL
CAPTAN
FUNGICIDE
Supplement To Protecting Pollinators From Pesticides Highbush Blueberry 9Product Name Active Name
CAPTAN 80 DF FUNGICIDE CAPTAN
CAPTAN 80 WDG WATER DISPERSIBLE GRANULE CAPTAN
CAPTAN 80 WSP FUNGICIDE CAPTAN
CAPTAN 80-WP WETTABLE POWDER FUNGICIDE CAPTAN
MONO- AND DI-POTASSIUM SALT OF PHOSPHOROUS
CONFINE EXTRA FUNGICIDE
ACID
CO-OP PIVOT PROPICONAZOLE
COPPER SPRAY FUNGICIDE COPPER (PRESENT AS COPPER OXYCHLORIDE)
CUEVA COMMERCIAL COPPER (PRESENT AS COPPER OCTANOATE)
CUEVA READY-TO-SPRAY COPPER (PRESENT AS COPPER OCTANOATE)
CUEVA RTU COPPER (PRESENT AS COPPER OCTANOATE)
CUEVA RTU WITH PULL'N SPRAY APPLICATOR COPPER (PRESENT AS COPPER OCTANOATE)
CUEVA RTU WITH QUICK CONNECT SPRAYER COPPER (PRESENT AS COPPER OCTANOATE)
CUEVA RTU WITH QUICKPUMP APPLICATOR COPPER (PRESENT AS COPPER OCTANOATE)
CUEVA RTU WITH WAND APPLICATOR COPPER (PRESENT AS COPPER OCTANOATE)
CYPROFLU FUNGICIDE CYPRODINIL; FLUDIOXONIL
DIPLOMAT 5SC FUNGICIDE POLYOXIN D ZINC SALT
DOKTOR DOOM FORMULA 420 3-IN-1 CROP & PLANT
CANOLA OIL
RESCUE CONCENTRATE
DOKTOR DOOM FORMULA 420 3-IN-1 CROP & PLANT
CANOLA OIL
RESCUE READY-TO-SPRAY
DOKTOR DOOM FORMULA 420 FUNGICIDE CONCEN-
COPPER (PRESENT AS COPPER OCTANOATE)
TRATE
DOKTOR DOOM FORMULA 420 FUNGICIDE READY-TO-USE
COPPER (PRESENT AS COPPER OCTANOATE)
(RTU)
DOKTOR DOOM FORMULA 420 PROFESSIONAL USE 3-IN-
CANOLA OIL
1 CROP & PLANT RESCUE CONCENTRATE
DOKTOR DOOM PREMIUM 3 IN 1 CROP & PLANT RESCUE
CANOLA OIL
CONCENTRATE
DOUBLE DOWN SPRAY OIL MINERAL OIL
ECHO 720 AGRICULTURAL FUNGICIDE CHLOROTHALONIL
ECHO 90DF AGRICULTURAL FUNGICIDE CHLOROTHALONIL
ECHO 90WSP AGRICULTURAL FUNGICIDE CHLOROTHALONIL
ECHO NP FUNGICIDE CHLOROTHALONIL
FERBAM 76WDG AGRICULTURAL FUNGICIDE FERBAM
FERBAM 76WDG FUNGICIDE FERBAM
FITNESS FUNGICIDE PROPICONAZOLE
FONTELIS FUNGICIDE PENTHIOPYRAD
FUNGINEX DC FUNGICIDE TRIFORINE
GENERAL HYDROPONICS SUFFOCOAT CANOLA OIL
Supplement To Protecting Pollinators From Pesticides Highbush Blueberry 10Product Name Active Name
GUARDSMAN COPPER OXYCHLORIDE 50 COPPER (PRESENT AS COPPER OXYCHLORIDE)
HYDROWORXX DISEASE CONTROL CONCENTRATE COPPER (PRESENT AS COPPER OCTANOATE)
INDAR FUNGICIDE FENBUCONAZOLE
INSPIRE SUPER FUNGICIDE CYPRODINIL; DIFENOCONAZOLE
IPCO PIVOT 418 EC PROPICONAZOLE
JADE FUNGICIDE PROPICONAZOLE
KENJA 400SC FUNGICIDE ISOFETAMID
LIME SULPHUR INSECTICIDE MITICIDE FUNGICIDE LIME SULPHUR OR CALCIUM POLYSULPHIDE
LUNA PRIVILEGE FLUOPYRAM
LUNA TRANQUILITY FUNGICIDE FLUOPYRAM; PYRIMETHANIL
MAESTRO 80 DF FUNGICIDE CAPTAN
MAESTRO 80 WSP CAPTAN
METCONAZOLE 50 WDG FUNGICIDE METCONAZOLE
MIRACLE-GRO® GARDEN DEFENSE GARDEN DISEASE
COPPER (PRESENT AS COPPER OCTANOATE)
CONROL READY-TO-USE WITH WAND APPLICATOR
MIRACLE-GRO® GARDEN DEFENSE GARDEN DISEASE
COPPER (PRESENT AS COPPER OCTANOATE)
CONTROL CONCENTRATE
MIRACLE-GRO® GARDEN DEFENSE GARDEN DISEASE
COPPER (PRESENT AS COPPER OCTANOATE)
CONTROL READY-TO-SPRAY
MIRACLE-GRO® GARDEN DEFENSE GARDEN DISEASE
COPPER (PRESENT AS COPPER OCTANOATE)
COTNROL READY-TO-USE
MISSION 418 EC PROPICONAZOLE
MUSTGROW CROP BIOFUMIGANT ORIENTAL MUSTARD SEED MEAL
NOVA FUNGICIDE MYCLOBUTANIL
OXIDATE HYDROGEN PEROXIDE; PEROXYACETIC ACID
OXIDATE 2.0 HYDROGEN PEROXIDE; PEROXYACETIC ACID
OXIDATE FC HYDROGEN PEROXIDE; PEROXYACETIC ACID
MONO- AND DIBASIC SODIUM, POTASSIUM, AND
PHOSTROL FUNGICIDE
AMMONIUM PHOSPHITES
POLYOXIN D ZINC SALT 5SC FUNGICIDE POLYOXIN D ZINC SALT
PRISTINE WG FUNGICIDE BOSCALID; PYRACLOSTROBIN
PROLINE 480 SC FOLIAR FUNGICIDE PROTHIOCONAZOLE
PROPI EXPRESS FUNGICIDE PROPICONAZOLE
PROPI SPEED FUNGICIDE PROPICONAZOLE
PROPI SUPER 25 EC PROPICONAZOLE
PROPICONAZOLE 250E FUNGICIDE PROPICONAZOLE
PROPULSE FUNGICIDE FLUOPYRAM; PROTHIOCONAZOLE
PROZOL FUNGICIDE PROPICONAZOLE
Supplement To Protecting Pollinators From Pesticides Highbush Blueberry 11Product Name Active Name
PURESPRAY GREEN SPRAY OIL 13E MINERAL OIL
QST713 LIQUID BACILLUS SUBTILIS (STRAIN QST 713)
QUASH FUNGICIDE METCONAZOLE
QUASH SC FUNGICIDE METCONAZOLE
QUILT FUNGICIDE AZOXYSTROBIN; PROPICONAZOLE
REGALIA LIQUID FUNGICIDE CONCENTRATE EXTRACT OF REYNOUTRIA SACHALINENSIS
REGALIA LIQUID FUNGICIDE READY-TO-SPRAY EXTRACT OF REYNOUTRIA SACHALINENSIS
REGALIA MAXX BIOFUNGICIDE LIQUID CONCENTRATE EXTRACT OF REYNOUTRIA SACHALINENSIS
RIDOMIL GOLD 480EC FUNGICIDE METALAXYL-M AND S-ISOMER
RIDOMIL GOLD 480SL FUNGICIDE METALAXYL-M AND S-ISOMER
SCALA SC FUNGICIDE PYRIMETHANIL
SERCADIS FUNGICIDE FLUXAPYROXAD
SERENADE MAX BACILLUS SUBTILIS (STRAIN QST 713)
SERENADE OPTI BACILLUS SUBTILIS (STRAIN QST 713)
SHARDA CAPTAN 80 WDG CAPTAN
SHARDA FUNGTION SC AZOXYSTROBIN; PROPICONAZOLE
SUFFOIL-X MINERAL OIL
SUPRA CAPTAN 80 WDG CAPTAN
SUPRA CAPTAN 80 WSP CAPTAN
SWITCH 62.5 WG FUNGICIDE CYPRODINIL; FLUDIOXONIL
BACILLUS SUBTILIS VAR. AMYLOLIQUEFACIENS STRAIN
TAEGRO 2
FZB24
TILT 250E FUNGICIDE PROPICONAZOLE
TIMOREX GOLD TEA TREE OIL
TOPAS FUNGICIDE PROPICONAZOLE
VEGOL CROP OIL CANOLA OIL
VEGOL INSECTICIDAL OIL CANOLA OIL
VEGOL READY-TO-SPRAY CANOLA OIL
VEGOL SINGLE DOSE INSECTICIDAL OIL CANOLA OIL
WEEDAWAY PIVOT 418 EC PROPICONAZOLE
MONO- AND DI-POTASSIUM SALT OF
WINFIELD PHOSPHITE EXTRA
PHOSPHOROUS ACID
XEMIUM SC FOLIAR FUNGICIDE FLUXAPYROXAD
Supplement To Protecting Pollinators From Pesticides Highbush Blueberry 12TABLE 2.
ACTIVE INGREDIENT POLLINATOR
PRECAUTION LEVELS
Table 2 lists active ingredients registered for use in In addition to formulation and application method,
highbush blueberry (as of January 2021) in Canada rate and timing, the actual risk to bees may be
and their corresponding pollinator precaution levels affected by other factors, as discussed in this guide.
based on the PMRA risk characterization framework: Further information, including special precautions
‘Most restrictive pollinator precaution’, ‘Moderately for wild and native bee species, and pertinent
restrictive pollinator precaution’, and ‘Least restrictive research are included in the column titled “Additional
pollinator precaution’ (see Table 3). Pesticide active Information (where available)”. Also note that
ingredients are listed alphabetically under the the pesticide mode of action (MoA) needs to be
insecticide and fungicide sections of the table. considered as part of an overall crop protection plan
in order to avoid products becoming ineffective due to
Active ingredient registrations frequently change and pest resistance. Information for MoA can be found at:
new information may change their precaution level. http://www.irac-online.org/modes-of-action/
Disclaimer
LABEL SEARCH The Pest Management Regulatory Agency and
Pollinator Partnership Canada neither endorse these
In addition to using this table to look up products nor intend to discriminate against products
pollinator precaution levels, the PMRA has a tool not mentioned. Some of the pesticides listed may
called the ‘Pesticide Label Search’ which allows not be registered for use in your province. It is
the user to either download an app to access the user’s responsibility to check the registration
product labels from their mobile device or to use status of any material and any provincial restrictions
the online label search tool. before use.
PRE-MIXES KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS USED IN TABLE 2
Many pre-mixed products have entered the RT Residual Time. The length of time the
market containing multiple active ingredients. residues of the product remain toxic to bees
Refer to the pesticide label for pollinator after application.
precautions or use Table 1 to look up each
active ingredient separately. ERT Extended Residual Toxicity. Residues are
expected to cause at least 25% mortality for
longer than 8 hours after application.
Supplement To Protecting Pollinators From Pesticides Highbush Blueberry 13Active Most Moderately Least Additional Information
Ingredient Restrictive Restrictive Restrictive (Where Available)
Insecticides/Miticides
Acetamiprid 2 day ERT to bumble bees1. Cyano
Neonicotinoid insecticide group neonicotinoids exhibit lower
X
toxicity to bees than nitro group
neonicotinoids2.
Bacillus thuringiensis, var.
kurstaki X
Bt microbials, bio-insecticide
Bifenthrin
X
Pyrethroid insecticide
Canola oil Harmful effects are caused by
Horticultural oil smothering and suffocation making
X risks greatest for small arthropods.
Larger size of some bees is thought
to mitigate negative impacts3.
Carbaryl
X
Carbamate insecticide
Chlorantraniliprole
X
Diamide insecticide
Cyantraniliprole
X
Diamide insecticide
Cypermethrin
X
Pyrethroid insecticide
Cyclaniliprole X
DeltamethrinActive Most Moderately Least Additional Information
Ingredient Restrictive Restrictive Restrictive (Where Available)
Malathion Up to 7 days ERT for alfalfa
X
Organophosphate insecticide leafcutting bees4.
Methoxyfenozide
X
Diacylhydrazine insecticide
Mineral oil Harmful effects are caused by
X
Horticultural oil smothering and suffocation.
Novaluron Effects on egg hatch and
Benzoylurea insecticide; larval development in alfalfa
insect growth regulator leafcutting bees8. Effects on brood
X
development and colony strength
in honey bees9. Three days ERT for
bumble bees1.
Permethrin Up to 3 days ERT for alfalfa
Pyrethroid insecticide X leafcutting bees. May be repellent in
arid conditions4.
Phosmet Up to 5 days ERT for alfalfa
Organophosphate insecticide X leafcutting bees4. 2-3 days ERT for
bumble bees1.
Pymetrozine
Pyridine azomethine deriva- X
tive insecticide
Pyrethrins Commonly mixed with piperonyl
Naturally ocurring chemicals X butoxide (PBO) which acts as a
from chrysanthemums synergist4.
Potassium salts of fatty Non-target insects in flightless stage
acids X are vulnerable10.
Soap salt
Spinetoram
Spinosyn insecticide, affects X
nerve action
Spinosad >1 day ERT for alfalfa leafcutting
X
Spinosyn insecticide bees4.
Spirodiclofen Toxic to bee brood11.
Tetronic and Tetramic acid
X
derivative; insect growth
regulator
Spirotetramat 1 day ERT for bumble bees1. Toxic to
Tetronic and Tetramic acid bee brood11.
X
derivative; insect growth
regulator
Tebufenozide Honey bee learning and behavior
X
Insect growth regulator can be affected12.
Thiamethoxam Thiamethoxam is often used as
Neonicotinoid insecticide a systemic insecticide, and has
(nitro group) been found in pollen and nectar of
plants 2, 13. Documented incidents
X
have demonstrated some degree of
hazard with these treatments 13, 14.
Bumble bees may be more sensitive
to neonicotinoids than honey bees6.
Supplement To Protecting Pollinators From Pesticides Highbush Blueberry 15Active Most Moderately Least Additional Information
Ingredient Restrictive Restrictive Restrictive (Where Available)
Fungicides
Aureobasidium pullulans
X
Bio-fungicide
Azoxystrobin
X
ß-methoxyacrylate fungicide
Bacillus subtilis (Strain QST Laboratory tests suggest potential
713) effects on bumble bees15.
Microbial disruptor bio-fun- X
gicide derived from naturally
occurring soil bacterium
Boscalid Boscalid will also increase the
Pyrazole-4-carboxamide X toxicity of insecticide seed
fungicide treatments to honey bees16.
Captan ERT lasting up to 7 days for mason
Dicarboximide fungicide bees4. Negative effects on honey
X
bee brood observed in lab but not in
field17.
Canola oil Harmful effects are caused by
Vegetable oil/natural smothering and suffocation making
pesticide/horticultural oil X risks greatest for small arthropods.
Larger size of some bees is thought
to mitigate negative impacts3.
Chlorothalonil Common contaminant of
X
Chloronitrile fungicide beeswax18.
Chloronitrile fungicide
Copper octanoate
X
Inorganic fungicide/
bactericide
Copper oxychloride
Inorganic fungicide/ X
bactericide
Cyprodinil
X
Anilino-pyrimidine fungicide
Difenoconazole Can synergize with cyprodinil to
Triazole fungicide X cause learning difficulties in honey
bees4.
Extract of reynoutria
sachalinensis X
Plant extract, biofungicide
Fenbuconazole
X
Triazole fungicide
Ferbam
X
Dithio-carbamate fungicide
Fluazinam
X
2,6-dinitro-aniline fungicide
Fludioxonil
X
phenylpyrrole
Fluopyram
Pyridinyl-ethyl-benzamide X
fungicide
Supplement To Protecting Pollinators From Pesticides Highbush Blueberry 16Active Most Moderately Least Additional Information
Ingredient Restrictive Restrictive Restrictive (Where Available)
Fluxapyroxad
Pyrazole-4- carboxamide X
fungicide
Fosetyl-al
X
Ethyl phosphonate fungicide
Hydrogen peroxide
Part of a broad-spectrum X
fungicide
Isofetamid
Phenyl-oxo-ethyl thiophene X
amide fungicide
Lime sulphur or calcium Can repel bees if applied during
polysulphide X bloom season7.
Sulphur fungicide
Metalaxyl-m and s-isomer
X
Acylalanine fungicide
Metconazole
X
Triazole fungicide
Mineral oil Harmful effects are caused by
X
Horticultural oil smothering and suffocation.
Myclobutanil
X
Triazole fungicide
Oriental mustard seed meal
(Brassica juncea) X
Bio-fumigant
Penthiopyrad
Pyrazole-4-carboxamide X
fungicide
Peroxyacetic acid No information for bees. Very toxic
Part of a broad-spectrum X to aquatic life. Low bioaccumulation
fungicide potential19.
Phosphites; mono- and
dibasic ammonium, sodium
X
and potassium
Inorganic fungicide
Phosphorous acid, mono and
di-potassium salts X
Inorganic fungicide
Polyoxin D zinc salt
Peptidyl pyrimidine
X
nucleoside broad spectrum
fungicide
Propiconazole Mason bees more sensitive than
Triazole fungicide X honey bees20. If mixed with lambda-
cyhalothrin, may increase toxicity21.
Supplement To Protecting Pollinators From Pesticides Highbush Blueberry 17Active Most Moderately Least Additional Information
Ingredient Restrictive Restrictive Restrictive (Where Available)
Prothioconazole
X
Triazolinthione fungicide
Pyraclostrobin
X
Methoxy-carbamate fungicide
Pyrimethanil
X
Anilino-pyrimidine fungicide
Streptomyces lydicus strain Applied directly to soil, low risk for
WYEC108 X exposure22.
Bacteria
Tea tree oil
X
Melaleuca alternifolia
Triforine
X
Piperazine fungicide
Supplement To Protecting Pollinators From Pesticides Highbush Blueberry 18TABLE 3.
POLLINATOR PRECAUTION LEVELS
Table 3 provides some of the considerations used by the PMRA to define the pollinator
precaution levels.
This table is not specific to highbush blueberry but rather shows how pesticide risk to
pollinators is characterized for any active ingredient.
Three pollinator precaution levels are described here and correspond to the categories in Table
2 of this document. Always refer to label directions when applying pesticides as restrictions
are specific to products and crops and are essential for minimizing harm to bees.
MOST MODERATELY LEAST
RESTRICTIVE RESTRICTIVE RESTRICTIVE
Typically requires Typically requires Typically requires
the most restrictive some restrictions on minimal or no restrictions
precautions, with application to bee-
greater restrictions for attractive crops
applications to highly
bee-attractive crops
Acute adult contact/oral Typically highly toxic with Typically moderately toxic Typically practically
toxicity an acute toxicity LD50 with an acute toxicity non-toxic with an acute
of < 2 µg/bee. Some LD50 of > 2 µg/bee to < toxicity LD50 of ≥ 11 µg/
pesticides may be highly 10.9 µg/bee. Note that bee.
toxic but have moderately some pesticides may
restrictive labels due to be highly toxic but have
short residual toxicity. moderately restrictive
labels due to short
residual toxicity.
Larval toxicity May have larval toxicity. May have larval toxicity. Typically none.
Chronic toxicity May have chronic toxicity. May have chronic toxicity. Typically none.
Residual toxicity Typically greater than 8 Typically 2 to 8 hours. Typically no residual
hours. toxicity.
Supplement To Protecting Pollinators From Pesticides Highbush Blueberry 19Higher tier studies Available higher tier Available higher tier Higher tier studies are
studies may indicate studies may indicate not typically required for
longer residual toxicity shorter residual toxicity low toxicity compounds;
and a potential for effects and a potential for effects however, in some cases
even when exposure to only when exposure to information may be
residues occurs well after residues occurs shortly available. Available
application (typically after application. higher tier studies would
one to several days after indicate a negligible
application). potential for effects.
Crop pollinator Highly attractive crops Restrictions are similar No/minimal restrictions
attractiveness require the most for crops with high, for crops with high,
restrictive precautions, moderate, and low crop moderate, and low crop
whereas crops with attractiveness, and attractiveness.
low or moderate greater restrictions for
attractiveness may highly attractive crops are
require less restrictive not typically required.
statements.
Bloom in relation to Crops harvested after Crops harvested after Minimal or no restrictions
harvest bloom would have bloom may have whether crops harvested
restrictive statements. restrictive statements. before or after bloom.
Examples of restrictions For highly bee-attractive For highly and Typically requires minimal
crops, may not allow moderately/low bee- or no restrictions.
application during bloom. attractive crops, avoid
application during bloom
For moderately/low bee- but if necessary evening
attractive crops, avoid application may be
application during bloom allowed.
but if necessary evening
application may be Minimize spray drift.
allowed.
May restrict pre-bloom
application timing
(i.e., certain systemic
products; foliar or soil
application methods).
May be required to
remove flowering weeds
or groundcover prior to
application (for example
in orchards, or in turf
lawns).
Minimize spray drift.
Supplement To Protecting Pollinators From Pesticides Highbush Blueberry 20REFERENCES
1. Koppert Biological Systems, Koppert Side Effects Database: http://side-effects.koppert.nl/
2. Blacquière, T., G. Smagghe, C. A. M. Van Gestel, and V. Mommaerts. 2012. Neonicotinoids in bees: A review on concentrations, side-ef-
fects and risk assessment. Ecotoxicology 21:973–992.
3. Pest Management Regulatory Agency. 2016. Registration Decision RD2016-35, Canola Oil. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/
services/consumer-product-safety/reports-publications/pesticides-pest-management/decisions-updates/registration-decision/2016/
canola-oil-rd2016-35.html.
4. Riedl, H., E. Johansen, L. Brewer, and J. Barbour. 2006. How to Reduce Bee Poisoning from Pesticides, PNW 591. Oregon State University
Agricultural Experiment Station. 24p.
5. National Pesticide Information Centre. 2010. Deltamethrin General Fact Sheet. http://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/DeltaGen.pdf. 3p.
6. Cresswell, J. E., C. J. Page, M. B. Uygun, M. Holmbergh, Y. Li, J. G. Wheeler, I. Laycock, C. J. Pook, N. H. de Ibarra, N. Smirnoff, and C. R.
Tyler. 2012. Differential sensitivity of honey bees and bumble bees to a dietary insecticide (imidacloprid). Zoology 115:365–371.
7. Biddinger, D. J., J. L. Robertson, C. Mullin, J. Frazier, S. A. Ashcraft, E. G. Rajotte, N. K. Joshi, and M. Vaughn. 2013. Comparative Toxicities
and Synergism of Apple Orchard Pesticides to Apis mellifera (L.) and Osmia cornifrons (Radoszkowski). PLoS ONE 8.
8. Hodgson, E. W., T. L. Pitts-Singer, and J. Barbour. 2011. Effects of the insect growth regulator, novaluron on immature alfalfa leafcutting
bees, Megachile rotundata. Journal of Insect Science 11:43.
9. Cutler, G. C., and C. D. Scott-Dupree. 2007. Novaluron: prospects and limitations in insect pest management. Pest Technology 1:38–46.
10. National Pesticide Information Center. 2001. Potassium Salts of Fatty Acids (Technical Fact Sheet). http://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/ar-
chive/psfatech.pdf.
11. Bayer Crop Science. 2013. Spirotetramat Technical Insecticide (pesticide label). https://pr-rp.hc-sc.gc.ca/1_1/view_label?p_
ukid=189692886
12. Dyke, M. Van, E. Mullen, D. Wixted, and S. McArt. 2018. A Pesticide Decision-Making Guide to Protect Pollinators in Tree Fruit Orchards.
College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Cornell.
13. Stoner, K.A., and B.D. Eitzer, 2012. Movement of Soil-Applied Imidacloprid and Thiamethoxam into Nectar and Pollen of Squash (Cucurbi-
ta pepo). Plos One, 7(6).
14. Sagili, R., unpublished work: Oregon State University
15. Mommaerts, V., G. Sterk, and G. Smagghe. 2009. A laboratory evaluation to determine the compatibility of microbiological control agents
with the pollinator Bombus terrestris. Pest Management Science 65:949–955.
16. Tsvetkov, N., O. Samson-Robert, K. Sood, H. S. Patel, D. A. Malena, P. H. Gajiwala, and P. Maciukiewicz. 2017. Chronic exposure to neonico-
tinoids reduces honey bee health near corn crops. Science 356.
17. Everich, R., C. Schiller, J. Whitehead, M. Beavers, and K. Barrett. 2009. Effects of Captan on Apis mellifera brood development under field
conditions in California almond orchards. Journal of Economic Entomology 102:20–29.
18. Mullin, C. A., M. Frazier, J. L. Frazier, S. Ashcraft, R. Simonds, D. VanEngelsdorp, and J. S. Pettis. 2010. High levels of miticides and agro-
chemicals in North American apiaries: implications for honey bee health. Plos One 5:9754.
19. The European Parliament and Council of the European Union. 2014. Regulation (EU) No 528/2012 concerning the making available on the
market and use of biocidal products. https://www.echa.europa.eu/documents/10162/17158507/consolidated_bpr_en.pdf
20. Ladurner, E., J. Bosch, W. P. Kemp, and S. Maini. 2005. Assessing delayed and acute toxicity of five formulated fungicides to Osmia lignar-
ia Say and Apis mellifera. Apidologie.
21. Pilling, E.D., and P.C. Jepson, 1993. Synergism between EBI fungicides and a pyrethroid insecticide in the honeybee (Apis mellifera). Pesti-
cide Science, 39(4): p. 293-297.
22. European Food Safety Authority. 2013. Conclusion on the peer review of the pesticide risk assessment of the active substance Strepto-
myces lydicus WYEC 108. EFSA Journal 11.
Supplement To Protecting Pollinators From Pesticides Highbush Blueberry 21WWW.POLLINATORPARTNERSHIP.CA
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