Testimony from Migrants and Refugees in the Otay Mesa Detention Center
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Testimony from Migrants and Refugees in the Otay Mesa Detention Center
About Detainee Allies and this report
Detainee Allies began in the Del Cerro neighborhood of San Diego in June 2018 as a house-meeting of
friends and neighbors concerned about family separation and refugee detention. Since then, we have
grown into a 200-member volunteer network including human rights researchers at San Diego State
University and student interns. Contributors to this report include Professors Kate Swanson, Rebecca
Bartel, Erika Larkins, Jennifer Gonzalez, Angel Nieves, Anne-Marie Debbane, and Joanna Brooks, student
interns Juliana Huaroc, Sam Orndorff, Ivette Lorona, Tori Mullenix, Martin Ibarra, and Aliona Galkina, and
neighborhood volunteers.
Visit our website DetaineeAllies.org
Contact us at: DetaineeAllies@gmail.com
This report will be under embargo until February 1. After February 1 this report will be released to Senators Elizabeth
Warren (D-Mass.), Ron Wyden (D-Ore.), Kamala Harris (D-Calif.), Kirsten Gillibrand (D-N.Y.), Richard Blumenthal
(D-Conn.), Bernie Sanders (I-Vt.), Cory Booker (D-N.J.), Edward J. Markey (D-Mass.), Mazie Hirono (D-Hawaii), Tom Udall
(D-N.M.), and Jeff Merkley (D-Ore.), our San Diego Congressional Delegation, California Governor Gavin Newsom,
Attorney General Xavier Becerra, members of the California Assembly and Legislature - especially Toni Atkins, Lorena
Gonzalez Fletcher, Todd Gloria, and Shirley Weber, the American Civil Liberties Union, AFSC, Freedom for Immigrants,
SOLACE, Alliance San Diego, the San Diego Immigrant Rights Coalition, the Department of Homeland Security Office
of the Inspector General, ICE’s San Diego Field Director, ICE’s Office of Professional Responsibility, and members of the
media.
January 2019 DetaineeAllies.org
Report Summary
San Diego is a destination for Record numbers of these refugees are being sent
refugees fleeing extreme to privately-run prisons like Otay Mesa Detention
violence - violence the U.S. Center in San Diego, California.
helped create.
California’s Attorney General is required by law to
investigate conditions at Otay Mesa by March
2019.
Detainee Allies, a grassroots group of concerned
citizens and researchers in San Diego, has obtained
written testimony from refugees at Otay Mesa
documenting inhumane conditions.
Contaminated or insufficient food, 49
Lack of access to legal representation, 25
Medical neglect, 22
Unsafe working conditions for employees, 12
Forced labor and wage theft, 16
Denial of access to mail and phone, 12
Prolonged or indefinite detention (>12 months), 18
Lack of access to basic hygiene necessities, 4
Medical-neglect related deaths, 2
(n= number of reported cases, based on the letters received
between July and November 2018)
The time for action is now, and we are speaking up.
January 2019 DetaineeAllies.org 1
1. Historical
Context
Thousands of Central American The United States has a direct role in creating
refugees seeking asylum in San these conditions. In the 1980s, the U.S. aggres-
Diego are fleeing: sively backed U.S.-based corporations seeking
inexpensive labor abroad. Economic policies sup-
porting these corporations weakened the infra-
death threats, structure and standards of living for working
assault, people in Central America. In this same decade,
torture, the U.S. also supported Central American military
extortion, leaders who plunged their countries into deadly
rape, and civil wars that killed hundreds of thousands of
other atrocities which have people - including, in Guatemala, indigenous
become a daily reality in Mayans.
their home countries.
Central American refugees traveling to the U.S. in
the 1980s and 1990s settled in large cities like Los
Angeles, where poverty, inequality, and police
misconduct towards refugees contributed to the
rise and growth of street gangs like MS-13 and
Barrio 18. When President Clinton ordered mass
deportations of Central Americans with criminal
records, the gangs went back too, creating a dan-
gerous environment in countries that did not have
the resources to respond to the influx of mass
deportations.
2 January 2019 DetaineeAllies.org
Today, these gangs have grown These countries are effectively in a state of civil war:
to a scale that makes normal in El Salvador, for example, there were 60 people
daily life impossible. killed per 100,000 residents in 2017, making it the
most murderous nation in the world. When mea-
sured by homicide rate, Honduras is the fourth
most dangerous country in the world1.
(By comparison, 5.3 people per 100,000 are killed
each year in the U.S.)
Many citizens cannot send their children to school.
Violence against LGBTQ+ citizens is especially
intense. The 2017 election of Honduran President
Juan Orlando Hernandez, backed by the Trump
administration, was broadly perceived as fraudulent
and marked a turning point for many Hondurans,
who have now fled to our border city, Tijuana.
It is not only Central Americans who have fled
violence and desperation in their home countries.
Today, political asylum seekers fleeing persecution
and violence in Eritrea, the Democratic Republic of
Congo, Cameroon, China, Afghanistan, Pakistan,
Venezuela, and Brazil have crossed oceans and
continents, taking enormous risks, to seek refuge at
our southern border.
January 2019 DetaineeAllies.org 3
A girl in an immigration detention center A letter to Detainee Allies (formerly Otay Allies)
mapping her journey to the U.S. from an asylum-seeking refugee detained
(Sourse: Swanson et al., 2015) in the Otay Mesa Detention Center, 2018
Map depicting the routes that six unaccompanied migrant youth took through Central America and Mexico.
Their journeys took between 3 to 60 days. The dashed line represents a flight, whereas the hashed line represents a train
journey. This collaborative map was made with youth in an immigrant detention center in Southern California.
(Source: Swanson and Torres, 2016)
4 January 2019 DetaineeAllies.org
2. The U.S. is sending record numbers of refugees
to prisons like Otay Mesa Detention Center.
Instead of offering refugees shelter and assistance, the U.S. has made getting asylum all but
impossible2. Due to two laws passed in 1996 under President Clinton, people who are seeking
asylum in the United States at a port of entry, such as a border checkpoint or an airport, must be
detained. These refugees are being sent to immigrant prison, along with non-citizens who have
worked and raised families in the US for decades.
(Source: Southern Poverty Law Center, 2018)
January 2019 DetaineeAllies.org 5
Why imprison people fleeing violence or
seeking to make an honest living?
Private corporations operate The federal government has established a policy of
and make money from refugee contracting with for-profit corporations to hold
migrants and refugees in prison while they await
detention.
court hearings3. This policy has turned detention
into a growing, lucrative, nationwide industry.
In the 1980s and 1990s, the U.S. detained about
5,000 migrants a day. Today, the U.S. detains
40,000 - 50,000 migrants a day, holding some in
“indefinite detention” for 18 months or more.
Federal budgets for immigrant detention have
tripled since 2005 and now cost $7 billion per
year4, including $2 billion for private jails5.
These enormous federal expenditures enrich
shareholders in private prison corporations like
CCA/CoreCivic, which are publicly traded on the
New York Stock Exchange. CCA/CoreCivic’s
market value has grown substantially since the
election of President Trump.
There are detention centers not just here in San
Diego and other border communities, but virtually
everywhere in the United States6. Many politicians
- Democrat and Republican7 - take contributions
from CCA/CoreCivic and other detention industry
corporations.
(Source: Torn Apart/ Separados, 2018)
6 January 2019 DetaineeAllies.org
Zero tolerance policies hurt After the election of President Trump, the federal
refugees. government enacted a set of “zero tolerance”
policies that have ended protections for refugees,
including pregnant refugees and women fleeing
domestic violence or trafficking. It has also
reduced the total number of refugees the U.S. will
admit in 2019 to 30,000 - the lowest in our nation’s
history8. Remember that there are an estimated
10,000 refugees seeking asylum encamped in
Tijuana right now.
Operation Streamline Under the Bush-era program called “Operation
compromises due process. Streamline,” federal immigration courts hold mass
trials, charging as many as 70 asylum-seekers at a
time with criminal entry or reentry so they are
criminally prosecuted before being sent to an
immigrant prison as they fight their immigration
case.
Under the Trump administration, this program has
been expanded to the San Diego-Mexico border
region. Most have no legal counsel. Traditional pro
bono legal organizations in San Diego cannot
meet the increased demand that comes with so
many asylum seekers.
January 2019 DetaineeAllies.org 7
3. California’s Attorney General is required by
law to investigate conditions at Otay Mesa.
Otay Mesa Detention Center is a federally-owned prison run by CoreCivic (formerly Corrections
Corporation of America), a publicly traded company with published Securities and Exchange
Commission (SEC) filings9. CoreCivic’s annual revenue for 2017 was $1.77 billion10. CoreCivic
holds federal contracts with U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) through 202311.
CoreCivic purchased the land at Otay Mesa Detention Center12 from the County of San Diego in
2010 for $10.3 million. As of 2018, the land is valued at $123 million. Because it purchased this
land, Otay Mesa is the only immigrant detention center in California with the ability to expand13.
The Otay Mesa Detention Center now houses up to 1,482 ICE detainees14, and it plans to
increase its capacity by 1,000 beds by 2020.
Even though Otay Mesa is federally-
owned and privately-operated, the
State of California has assumed
responsibility for monitoring condi-
tions inside.
In 2017, the state of California passed
a bill (AB 103), promoted by Freedom
for Immigrants and the Immigrant
Legal Resource Center, requiring the
California Attorney General to review
migrant detention centers and provi-
sioning the Attorney General $10
million to develop a report to the
(Source: Southern Poverty Law Center, 2018)
legislature on his findings.
8 January 2019 DetaineeAllies.orgThis comprehensive report
must be posted on the
Attorney General’s website and
otherwise made available to
the public upon its release to
the Legislature and the
Governor.
It is due March 2019.
4. Despite CoreCivic’s efforts to hide conditions
inside, written testimony from refugees at
Otay Mesa documents inhumane conditions.
As the Attorney General undertakes his investigation, CoreCivic is trying to hide what’s happen-
ing inside Otay Mesa Detention Center.
In August 2018, ICE & CoreCivic suspended San Diego’s longest running visitation program,
SOLACE (a program of the First Unitarian Universalist Church), because volunteers would not
promise that they would stay silent about conditions inside.
In October 2018, CoreCivic shut down a Freedom for Immigrants-operated hotline, preventing
detainees at Otay from reporting human rights violations. It has also suspended stakeholder
tours, citing lack of resources. Effectively, there is no community access or channels of account-
ability for a detention center with a known record of abuses and negligence.
January 2019 DetaineeAllies.org 9Why is CoreCivic shutting out
public oversight?
Eleven United States senators15 called for an inquiry into CoreCivic-owned detention facilities
in November 2018, citing press reports and court filings indicating serious issues:
CoreCivic engages in forced CoreCivic is the subject of a class-action suit by
labor. detained refugees over its “Dollar a Day” program
which drives profits by forcing inmates to perform
janitorial and other work for $1/a day. In a class-
action lawsuit filed in 201816, the Southern Poverty
Law Center17 reports that “detained immigrants at
Stewart Detention Center in Lumpkin, Georgia who
refuse to work are threatened with solitary confine-
ment and the loss of access to basic necessities,
like food, clothing, products for personal hygiene,
and phone calls to loved ones, in violation of fed-
eral anti-trafficking laws, according to the lawsuit.”
CoreCivic provides CoreCivic’s food contractor Trinity Group has been
contaminated and insufficient fired by the state of Michigan18 and the subject of
food to detainees. press inquiry in Utah and Mississippi for unsanitary
food, including food contaminated with maggots,
dirt, and hair19.
CoreCivic violates civil rights A CoreCivic-operated jail in Leavenworth, Kansas is
and liberties of people in its accused of systematically denying prisoners await-
prisons. ing trial their constitutional right to vote20. This
same Leavenworth facility has a track record of
abuses and violations21, including secretly recording
privileged conversations between prisoners and
their attorneys, then sharing the recordings with
federal prosecutors.
10 January 2019 DetaineeAllies.orgCoreCivic denies medical CoreCivic Otay Mesa Detention Center in San
care to detainees. Diego has a history of allegations of negligent
medical care22, including for detainees who are
pregnant or are diabetic.
CoreCivic endangers staff Lawsuits filed by families of people killed23 inside
and detainees by failing to CoreCivic facilities allege that CoreCivic prison
maintain worker protections officials have turned a blind eye when prisoners
fashioned weapons for use against one another.
and safety.
In addition, other monitoring groups have docu-
mented abuse at Otay:
Sexual assault. In April 2017, Freedom for Immigrants (formerly
CIVIC) filed a complaint with the Office for Civil
Rights & Civil Liberties within DHS detailing the
prevalence of reports of sexual abuse, assault, and
harassment in U.S. immigration detention facilities
nationwide. For its complaint, Freedom for Immi-
grants analyzed data regarding calls made to the
ICE ERO Detention Reporting and Information
Line (DRIL) between October 1, 2012 and March
14, 2016. According to this data, Otay was among
the top five detention facilities nationwide with the
highest number of DRIL calls related to sexual
and/or physical abuse incidents.
Abuse motivated by hate or In June 2018, Freedom for Immigrants released
bias. the first national study focusing on abuse moti-
vated by hate and bias toward people in immigra-
tion detention. The report detailed complaints
denouncing incidents of hate or bias motivated by
xenophobia at Otay, such as when an individual
was denied pain medication and an X-ray as a
result of the prison’s medical staff stated dislike of
“illegals [that] only come to the U.S. to steal jobs
from White people.”
January 2019 DetaineeAllies.org 115.
Since June 2018, a grassroots group of neighbors and colleagues,
including human rights researchers based at San Diego State University,
has been corresponding with hundreds of refugees detained at Otay Mesa.
Although this report is not meant to be comprehensive in nature, what we hear from the people
inside is consistent with reports of abuses at other CCA/CoreCivic facilities. According to people
inside Otay Mesa:
"All of us detainees work in the CoreCivic engages in forced labor.
janitorial department, yet we Detained refugees and migrants work for
never receive our $1/day salary. $1/day to clean the prison, cook in the kitchen,
They just make us do the clean- and work in the barber shop and have no ability
ing." to purchase phone time with family, personal
--Bryan, July 30, 2018
hygiene items, and supplemental food if they
do not. Some report wage delay or wage theft.
“Here, I work cleaning, but they The staffing ratio in the prison kitchen is report-
never pay me the $1/day wage.” edly four paid employees to 40 detainees.
--Jose, August 20, 2018
“Since I’ve been here for more CoreCivic denies medical care.
than a year, by law I need a dental Detained refugees and migrants are denied
visit, and still they haven’t adequate medical care. Two individuals have
arranged this even though I have reportedly died in custody at Otay Mesa in the
asked” last few months; detainees report that CoreCivic
--Reynaldo, November 20, 2018
delays medical treatment until death is immi-
nent and takes individuals off-site to die.
Detainees report having been advised by doc-
tors to “drink water” as a remedy for ailments
ranging from acute injury to bronchitis. Some
report being denied access to psychiatric medi-
cation and dental care.
12 January 2019 DetaineeAllies.org“Sometimes they give us rotten CoreCivic provides contaminated and
food. . . . They treat us as if we insufficient food to detainees.
were criminals, and yet our only
Food provided by CoreCivic under contract with
crime is to flee from our home
Trinity Services Group is of poor quality
countries because of the crime
(sometimes spoiled), insufficient to satiate
and lack of safety there."
hunger, and unhealthful for people with diabe-
--Ana, August 13, 2018
tes and other health conditions. Many detained
refugees and migrants report going to bed
“We suffer a lot seeing how diffi-
hungry every night.
cult they’ve made it for us to
communicate with our families,
and the food they give us often
isn’t enough."
--Jose, July 20, 2018
CoreCivic fails to provide assistive de-
vices to detainees with disabilities.
Detained migrants and refugees have been
denied access to assistive devices including
corrective lenses.
“There are many officers who are CoreCivic endangers staff and detain-
very aggressive with us. We don’t ees by failing to maintain worker pro-
deserve this.” tections and safety.
--Luis, July 30, 2018
Guards and CoreCivic employees are treated
“I can’t communicate with my poorly and consequently direct anger and agita-
family and at times I go to bed tion at detainees, including denying them the
hungry.” right to use the phone to call their families.
--Vicente, November 20, 2018
January 2019 DetaineeAllies.org 13Detainees also report a number of issues outside
the scope of CoreCivic’s facilities administration,
but of serious concern, including:
bonds set as high as $50,000 for political
asylum-seeking refugees,
pervasive lack of access to legal representation,
and
prolonged or indefinite detentions of more than
12 months.
Reports of inhumane treatment at Otay Mesa Detention Center
Contaminated or insufficient food
Lack of access to legal representation
Medical neglect
Unsafe working conditions for employees
Forced labor and wage theft
Denial of access to mail and phone
Prolonged or indefinite detention (>12 months)
Lack of access to basic hygiene necessities
Medical-neglect related deaths
(Based on the letters received between July and November 2018)
14 January 2019 DetaineeAllies.org“I have been [in detention] more than 1 year . . . if I go back to Eritrea, what is my
chance. Eritrean Government & Military they will send me to prison, how long they
will arrest me I don’t know, then they will ask me about my mother, then they will
hurt me. After that they will send me to military service. Then they will teach me how
to be a killer & how to use a gun. . . . Then at last they will kill me.”
--A, October 3, 2018
“I ran away from my country because I was publishing what was going on in Camer-
oon and the malpractices of the Cameroon soldiers on social media and because I
am a member of an activist group call SCNC. I have been in detention here in CCA
since April 2016. I was given a $50,000 bond which I am unable to pay even through
a bond company because I have no family in the United States. The only way I can
get out of detention now is to pay the $50,000 bond.”
--C, September 23, 2018
Artwork from asylum-seeking refugees
in the Otay Mesa Detention Center sent to
Detainee Allies (formerly Otay Allies), 2018
January 2019 DetaineeAllies.org 15A letter from a detainee in Otay Mesa Detenton Center, 2018
“ I would like the world to know that
Migrants are the hope of our families
The hope of our countries
The hope for a better society
The hope for a better world
We are the hope that won’t stop shining
We are the light that won’t go out
We are strong in our journey and strong in our lives
And we are not what President Trump believes we are.”
-- Luis, July 30, 2018
16 January 2019 DetaineeAllies.org6. The time for action is now.
Detainee Allies - a grassroots group of neighbors, volunteers, and researchers based
at San Diego State University - seeks to amplify the voices of detained refugees and
migrants and uphold standards of human rights and human decency.
We have written to hundreds of individuals detained at Otay Mesa since June 2018,
and have held in our hands letters communicating the extreme violence refugees
have fled, their inhumane treatment at Otay Mesa, and their courage, dignity, and
hopes for freedom.
We have donated the letters to the San Diego State University Archive so that these
testimonies may be preserved and justice done.
January 2019 DetaineeAllies.org 17We call on California Attorney General Xavier Becerra to read this report,
visit San Diego State University to read letters from detainees at Otay
Mesa, and personally visit Otay Mesa as he prepares his report to the leg-
islature under AB 103.
We call on our state legislators to read this report and convene a public
hearing so that the voices of detainees at Otay Mesa can be heard.
We call on state legislators to enact legislation requiring that detention
centers located in California be held accountable to state detention
standards , which are more humane than federal detention standards.
24
We call on federal officials and our elected representatives to end the
government’s policy of detention for asylum-seeking refugees.
We call on CoreCivic to immediately restore public access and oversight,
including stakeholder tours and visitation programs without non-
disclosure agreements.
We call for appropriate legal education and representation for asylum-
seeking refugees at Otay Mesa.
We call on the State of California to follow the examples of the states of
Michigan and Mississippi25 in discontinuing contracts with Trinity Group,
which provides contaminated food to detained refugees and migrants.
We call on California state employees with pensions managed by CalP-
ERS to demand that CalPERS follow the example of CalSTRS26 and divest
immediately from CoreCivic.
18 January 2019 DetaineeAllies.orgReferences
1
Homicide Monitor. 2018. Igarape Institute. https://homicide.igarape.org.br/.
2
Torchlight Legal Communications. 2018. Video Briefing: The Asylum Process, Part 1. https://www.torchlightlegal.com/briefs/video-briefing-asylum-
process-1.
3
Juarez, Melina, Barbara Gomez-Aguinaga, and Sonia Bettez. 2018. Twenty Years after IIRIRA: The Rise of Immigrant Detention and the Effects on
Latinx Communities Across the Nation. Journal on Migration and Human Security 6.1 (2018): 74-96.
4
Reyes, Rachel. 2018. Immigration Detention: Recent Trends and Scholarship. Center for Migrant Studies. http://cmsny.org/publications/virtualbrief-
detention/.
5
Burnett, John. 2017. Big Money as Private Immigrant Jails Boom. National Public Radio. https://www.npr.org/2017/11/21/565318778/big-money-as-
private-immigrant-jails-boom.
6
Torn Apart / Separados. 2018. Volume 1. http://xpmethod.plaintext.in/torn-apart/volume/1/.
7
Torn Apart / Separados. 2018. Volume 2. Cumulative ICE awards since 2014 to contractors by congressional district.
http://xpmethod.plaintext.in/torn-apart/volume/2/.
8
Cohen, Zachary and Elise Labott. 2018. Refugee levels are surging worldwide. Trump is slashing the number the US will let in. CNN.
https://www.cnn.com/2018/09/17/politics/pompeo-trump-refugee-asylum-levels/index.html.
9
United States Securities and Exchange Commission. 2017. Form 10-K. ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES
EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934. https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1070985/000119312517053982/d310578d10k.htm.
10
Market Watch. n.d. Annual Financials for CoreCivic Inc. https://www.marketwatch.com/investing/stock/cxw/financials.
11
N.a. 2014. CDF Contract- San Diego Contract Detention Facility CA (CCA). Document Cloud.
https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/2065257-san-diego-contract-detention-facility-cca-ca-cdf.html#document/p228/a227765.
12
Srikrishnan, Maya. 2018. How a Company Built the Only Immigrant Detention Center Able to Expand in California. Voice of San Diego.
https://www.voiceofsandiego.org/immigration/how-otay-mesa-became-the-last-detention-center-standing-in-california/.
13
Ibid.
14
CCA. n.d. Otay Mesa Detention Center. http://www.correctionscorp.com/facilities/otay-mesa-detention-center.
15
Warren, Elizabeth, Ron Wyden, Kamala D. Harris, Kirsten Gillibrand, Richard Blumenthal, Bernard Sanders, Cory A. Booker, Edward J. Markey, Mazie
K. Hirono, Tom Udall, and Jeffrey A. Merkley. 2018. United State Senate. https://www.warren.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/2018-11-
16%20Letter%20to%20Corecivic%20re%20Compliance%20with%20Immigration%20Detention%20Standards.pdf.
16
Wilhen Hill Barrientos, Margarito Velasquez Galicia, and Shoaib Ahmed v. CoreCivic, Inc. 2018. https://www.splcenter.org/sites/default/files/01_-
_complaint.pdf.
17
Southern Poverty Law Center. 2018. SPLC sues private prison company that uses forced labor of detained immigrants in Georgia to boost profits.
https://www.splcenter.org/news/2018/04/17/splc-sues-private-prison-company-uses-forced-labor-detained-immigrants-georgia-boost.
18
Reutter, David. 2018. Michigan’s New Prison Food Service Provider Failing to Meet Contract Terms. Prison Legal News.
https://www.prisonlegalnews.org/news/2018/jan/8/michigans-new-prison-food-service-provider-failing-meet-contract-terms/.
January 2019 DetaineeAllies.org 1919
Shenefelt, Mark. 2018. Maggots, mold and dirt reported in Weber jail food. Standard-Examiner. https://www.standard.net/police-fire/maggots-
mold-and-dirt-reported-in-weber-jail-food/article_afb664ca-fa8b-57e6-ba4f-909ecc8d8b18.html.
20
Rizzo, Tony. 2018. Inmate in Kansas jail says prisoners weren’t allowed to vote, and now she’s suing. The Kansas City Star.
https://www.kansascity.com/news/local/crime/article221346785.html.
21
Gilna, Derek. 2018. OIG Report Slams CoreCivic’s Management of Leavenworth Prison. Prison Legal News.
https://www.prisonlegalnews.org/news/2018/jan/8/oig-report-slams-corecivics-management-leavenworth-prison/.
22
Morrissey, Kate. 2017. As detainees are held for longer periods, concerns about medical care grow. The San Diego Tribune.
https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/immigration/sd-me-detention-conditions-20171108-story.html.
23
Clarke, Matt. 2018. Lawsuit Claims CoreCivic Allowed Corruption and Gangs to Flourish at Oklahoma Prison. Prison Legal News.
https://www.prisonlegalnews.org/news/2018/jan/8/lawsuit-claims-corecivic-allowed-corruption-and-gangs-flourish-oklahoma-prison/.
24
State of California Board of State and Community Corrections. 2017. Title 15 Minimum Standards for Local Detention Facilities.
http://www.bscc.ca.gov/downloads/Adult%20Titles%2015%20-%20Effect%204%201%2017.pdf.
25
Reutter, op.cit.
26
Kozlowski, Rob. 2018. CalSTRS to divest from private prison companies CoreCivic, GEO Group. Pensions & Investments.
https://www.pionline.com/article/20181108/ONLINE/181109890/calstrs-to-divest-from-private-prison-companies-corecivic-geo-group.
Images (in alphabetical order):
Southern Poverty Law Center. 2018. SPLC sues private prison company that uses forced labor of detained immigrants in Georgia to boost profits.
https://www.splcenter.org/news/2018/04/17/splc-sues-private-prison-company-uses-forced-labor-detained-immigrants-georgia-boost.
Swanson, Kate and Rebecca Maria Torres. 2016. Child Migration and Transnationalized Violence in Central and North America. Journal of Latin
American Geography. 15: 23-48.
Swanson, Kate, Rebecca M. Torres, Amy Thompson, Sarah Blue, and Oscar Misael Hernández Hernández. 2015. A Year After Obama Declared a
“Humanitarian Situation” at the Border, Child Migration Continues. North American Congress on Latin America (NACLA). August 27, 2015.
https://nacla.org/news/2015/08/27/year-after-obama-declared-%E2%80%9Chumanitarian-situation%E2%80%9D-border-child-migration-continues.
Torn Apart / Separados. 2018. Textures. http://xpmethod.plaintext.in/torn-apart/volume/2/textures.html.
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