THE CASE FOR MAKING SNAP BENEFITS ADEQUATE: REFLECTIONS FROM INTERVIEWS WITH OLDER ADULTS - FEBRUARY 2022 | WWW.FRAC.ORG
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THE CASE FOR MAKING SNAP BENEFITS ADEQUATE: REFLECTIONS FROM INTERVIEWS WITH OLDER ADULTS FEBRUARY 2022 | WWW.FRAC.ORG
THE CASE FOR MAKING SNAP BENEFITS ADEQUATE:
REFLECTIONS FROM INTERVIEWS WITH OLDER ADULTS
FEBRUARY 2022
Acknowledgments About FRAC
The Food Research & Action Center (FRAC) gratefully their opinions, insights, and suggestions that are the The Food Research & Action Center (FRAC)
acknowledges AARP Foundation for its support of heart of this research brief. This project would not improves the nutrition, health, and well-being
FRAC’s work to explore the impact of the nationwide have been possible without the willingness of the of people struggling against poverty-related
boosts to Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program respondents to share their experiences and wisdom, hunger in the United States through advocacy,
(SNAP) benefits on the health, nutrition, and overall and to give their valuable time during the challenging partnerships, and by advancing bold and
well-being of older adults. FRAC also wishes to COVID-19 pandemic. We are grateful to them. equitable policy solutions. For more information
acknowledge the insights of the following AARP This report was prepared by FRAC’s Alexandra about FRAC, go to www.frac.org.
Foundation staff: Nicole Heckman, Lisa Lanier, Ashbrook, Susan Beaudoin, and Vanessa Gomez,
Fatoumata Keita, Erin Bowdren and Jackie Budilov. with editorial contributions from FRAC’s Ellen
FRAC wishes to acknowledge and thank the 25 Vollinger, and special assistance from FRAC’s intern
interview respondents for their generosity in providing Chelsi Rhoades.
ii THE CASE FOR MAKING SNAP BENEFITS ADEQUATE: REFLECTIONS FROM INTERVIEWS WITH OLDER ADULTS | FEBRUARY 2022WWW.FRAC.ORG
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
When you're poor, you This research brief sheds light on the importance of the
Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) for
have a depressed mindset older adults and the positive impacts of the temporary
increase in SNAP benefits during the COVID-19
generally. I am poor, [but pandemic. SNAP — the nation’s first defense against
hunger — is vital to participants’ food security, nutrition,
with the COVID-19 SNAP and health, and to the economy.1
benefit boosts,] I don't During the COVID-19 crisis, the federal government
made temporary boosts to SNAP benefit amounts.
have a depressed mindset Starting in March 2020, SNAP participants in most
states received SNAP Emergency Allotments (EAs)
that brought their monthly benefit up to the maximum
because I can eat ... amount for their household size. In addition, from
January 2021–September 2021, all SNAP households’
someone [from the] upper- benefits increased by another 15 percent.
middle class can buy much The Food Research & Action Center (FRAC) was
commissioned by AARP Foundation to undertake a
more than I can, but I don't study to better understand the impact that temporary
pandemic-related SNAP benefit increases had on the
feel disadvantaged [or] dirt health, nutrition, and overall well-being of older adults
as well as their perceptions of SNAP. In September
poor. I feel like I'm a worthy 2021, FRAC conducted phone interviews with 25 older
adults from six states (California, Idaho, Illinois, New
York, Tennessee, and Wisconsin) and Washington, D.C.
American citizen, one that
The 25 respondents all have lived experience with
can eat ... a healthy diet.” hunger, poverty, and SNAP, and they provided
important insights that should be taken into account
– Older adult respondent commenting on the impact of in any effort to improve the program’s effectiveness to
the pandemic-related SNAP benefit increases better meet the needs of people struggling to put food
on the table.
The interviews reveal the concrete differences that
increased amounts in SNAP benefits have had on these
1 Food Research & Action Center. (2017). The Role of the Supplemental Nutrition
Assistance Program in Improving Health and Well-Being. Available at: https://frac.
org/wp-content/uploads/hunger-health-role-snap-improving-health-well-being.pdf.
Accessed on January 20, 2022.
iii THE CASE FOR MAKING SNAP BENEFITS ADEQUATE: REFLECTIONS FROM INTERVIEWS WITH OLDER ADULTS | FEBRUARY 2022WWW.FRAC.ORG
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CONTINUED
older adults’ nutrition, health, and well-being. Findings Pandemic Finding #3: Almost all respondents (23 During the interviews, respondents also shared
have been organized into three categories: before the out of 25) shared how the increased SNAP benefits recommendations for how to improve SNAP. Their
COVID-19 pandemic, during the pandemic, and before improved their food-purchasing power, including their suggestions reiterate the importance of providing
and during the pandemic. ability to buy more food, a wider variety of food, and/or an adequate benefit as well as ways to strengthen
more fruits and vegetables. program delivery.
Prior to the Pandemic: A Look at SNAP
Pre-Pandemic Finding #1: Based on self-reported Pandemic Finding #4: A majority of respondents (19 Respondents’ Recommendations
responses, the approximate average SNAP benefit was out of 25) remarked that increased SNAP benefits freed ` Continue the emergency allotments or otherwise
$56 per month per household. up money for essential bills and household expenses. increase SNAP benefits.
Pre-Pandemic Finding #2: Nearly all respondents Pandemic Finding #5: Fewer respondents (15 out ` Increase the minimum benefit.
(24 out of 25) did not have enough SNAP benefits or of 25) visited food banks and/or used other food ` Take into account additional expenses when
other financial resources each month to pay for food programs during the COVID-19 pandemic when calculating benefit amounts (such as other household
and all other household bills, resulting in trade-offs in compared to before the pandemic (23 out of 25). costs or costs associated with special dietary needs).
food quality and quantity.
` Enhance program communication from agencies to
Before and During the Pandemic: participants.
Pre-Pandemic Finding #3: Almost all respondents Consistencies
(23 out of 25) also turned to food banks and/or Before and During the Pandemic Finding #1: All ` Streamline paperwork and improve customer service.
participated in other food programs to supplement respondents engaged in cost-effective shopping habits
their SNAP benefits. to stretch their SNAP benefits. The findings and recommendations of this study
reinforce that SNAP matters for older adults. The study’s
During the Pandemic: The Toll of Before and During the Pandemic Finding #2: findings not only underscore how the increases in SNAP
COVID-19 and the Role of SNAP and Respondents — particularly those with health issues, benefits have positively impacted the 25 older adults’
Other Food Resources special dietary needs, or mobility issues — said food purchases, health, ability to pay bills, juggle other
Pandemic Finding #1: Based on self-reported they valued how SNAP allowed them the agency to expenses, and weather the COVID-19 crisis, but also the
responses, the approximate average SNAP benefit per purchase the foods they needed at locations they importance of permanently making SNAP benefit amounts
month was $227 compared to the pre-pandemic self- chose. sufficient so that all older adults can obtain a basic healthy
reported level of $56 per month. The average increase diet without being forced to make other sacrifices.
in SNAP benefits was $172 per month. Before and During the Pandemic Finding #3:
Respondents overwhelmingly (24 out of 25) reported The 25 older respondents’ circumstances also are
Pandemic Finding #2: While the pandemic continues that they would recommend SNAP to a friend. a reminder of the importance of addressing the
to take a toll, almost all respondents (23 out of 25) underlying causes of poverty and hunger. Equitable
shared how the increased SNAP benefits had a positive access is needed throughout life not only to nutrition,
impact on their health. but also to jobs, housing, health care, retirement
income, and disability benefits.
iv THE CASE FOR MAKING SNAP BENEFITS ADEQUATE: REFLECTIONS FROM INTERVIEWS WITH OLDER ADULTS | FEBRUARY 2022WWW.FRAC.ORG
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY CONTINUED INSIGHTS FROM IDAHO
RESPONDENTS WHO ALREADY
Looming Hunger Cliff FACED THE HUNGER CLIFF:
While the increases to benefits in the Supplemental
Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) during the “I have to go back to
COVID-19 pandemic have helped make benefits more
budgeting for everything.”
adequate, these increases will end. The authority to
issue SNAP Emergency Allotments (EA) will expire
when the federal pandemic health declaration ends.2
Across all age cohorts, most SNAP participants will lose “Well, I’m kind of back to
an average of $82 in monthly SNAP benefits.3 Others
looking at the manager’s
stand to lose more, particularly older adult households
that qualify only for SNAP benefits at or near the
specials and [buying] less, a
minimum SNAP benefit level of $20.4 lot less, fresh [foods].”
The interviews with five older adults from Idaho should
sound an alarm about the national “hunger cliff” that
looms when SNAP EAs end. Respondents from Idaho
“Some of the anxiety comes
already faced a SNAP benefits cliff when their state back again.”
stopped providing SNAP EAs after March 2021. During
the interviews, older adults from Idaho explained
how their state’s suspension of SNAP EAs adversely
“Well, I’m going to a lot more
affected them. Select quotes from these older adults
can be found in the box to the right of this text. food banks, for sure.”
After the interviews were conducted, all SNAP
participants received a permanent boost to the basic
SNAP benefit when the Thrifty Food Plan (TFP), the
food package on which SNAP benefits are calculated,
was updated.5 Effective October 1, 2021, average
daily per person standard SNAP benefits, excluding
COVID-19 boosts, went from $4.20 to $5.39.6
This is an important step in moving toward more
adequate SNAP benefit levels. However, there is strong
evidence that even the improved Thrifty Food Plan is
not a sufficient basis for calibrating SNAP benefits.7
2 Hartline-Grafton, H., & Vollinger, E. (2021). SNAP: A Critical Support During the First Year 4 U.S. Department of Agriculture. (2021). Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program 6 Vollinger, E. (2021). Thrifty Food Plan Revision Is Welcome News. Available at:
of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Available at: https://frac.org/blog/snap-a-critical-support- Fiscal Year (FY) 2022 Minimum Allotments. Available at: https://fns-prod.azureedge. https://frac.org/blog/thrifty-food-plan-revision-is-welcome-news. Accessed on
during-the-first-year-of-the-covid-19-pandemic. Accessed on January 20, 2022. net/sites/default/files/media/file/FY22-Minimum-Allotments%20reviewed_0.pdf. January 20, 2022.
Accessed on January 20, 2022.
3 Dean, S. (2021). Thrifty Food Plan Re-evaluation Put Nutrition Within Reach for SNAP 7 Urban Institute. (2021). Does SNAP Cover the Cost of a Meal in Your County?
Participants. Available at: https://www.fns.usda.gov/tfp/blog-083021. Accessed on 5 Vollinger, E. (2021). Thrifty Food Plan Revision Is Welcome News. Available at: Available at: https://www.urban.org/features/does-snap-cover-cost-meal-your-county.
January 20, 2022. https://frac.org/blog/thrifty-food-plan-revision-is-welcome-news. Accessed on Accessed on January 20, 2022.
January 20, 2022.
v THE CASE FOR MAKING SNAP BENEFITS ADEQUATE: REFLECTIONS FROM INTERVIEWS WITH OLDER ADULTS | FEBRUARY 2022WWW.FRAC.ORG
Table of
I. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................................................................2
Methodology........................................................................................................................................................................................................3
Contents II. RESPONDENT DEMOGRAPHICS ..................................................................................................................................................3
III. FINDINGS ...................................................................................................................................................................................................4
Prior to the Pandemic: A Look at SNAP......................................................................................................................................................4
Pre-Pandemic Finding #1: Based on self-reported responses, the approximate average SNAP benefit was $56 per month per household. ......................4
Pre-Pandemic Finding #2: Nearly all respondents (24 out of 25) did not have enough SNAP benefits or other financial resources each
month to pay for food and all other household bills, resulting in trade-offs in food quality and quantity. .......................................................................................4
Pre-Pandemic Finding #3: Almost all respondents (23 out of 25) also turned to food banks and/or participated in other food
programs to supplement their SNAP benefits. ................................................................................................................................................................................. 5
During the Pandemic: The Toll of COVID-19 and the Role of SNAP and Other Food Resources.............................................6
Pandemic Finding #1: Based on self-reported responses, the approximate average SNAP benefit per month was $228 compared to the
pre-pandemic self-reported level of $56 per month. The average increase in SNAP benefits was $172 per month. ..................................................................... 6
Pandemic Finding #2: While the pandemic continues to take a toll, almost all respondents (23 out of 25) shared how the
increased SNAP benefits had a positive impact on their health........................................................................................................................................................ 7
Pandemic Toll on Respondents’ Health ........................................................................................................................................................ 7
Positive Impact of SNAP on Respondents’ Health.......................................................................................................................................8
Pandemic Finding #3: Almost all respondents (23 out of 25) shared how the increased SNAP benefits improved their
food-purchasing power, including their ability to buy more food, a wider variety of food, and/or more fruits and vegetables. .................................................... 8
Pandemic Finding #4: A majority of respondents (19 out of 25) remarked that increased SNAP benefits freed up money for
essential bills and household expenses............................................................................................................................................................................................ 9
Pandemic Finding #5: Fewer respondents (15 out of 25) visited food banks and/or used other food programs during the
COVID-19 pandemic when compared to before the pandemic (23 out of 25). ...............................................................................................................................10
Before and During the Pandemic: Consistencies................................................................................................................................... 11
Before and During the Pandemic Finding #1: All respondents engaged in cost-effective shopping habits to stretch their SNAP benefits.................... 11
Before and During the Pandemic Finding #2: Respondents — particularly those with health issues, special dietary needs,
or mobility issues — said they valued how SNAP allowed them the agency to purchase the foods they needed at locations they chose................................... 12
Before and During the Pandemic Finding #3: Respondents overwhelmingly (24 out of 25) reported that
they would recommend SNAP to a friend. ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 12
IV. RECOMMENDATIONS FROM RESPONDENTS..................................................................................................................... 12
Increase SNAP Benefits ................................................................................................................................................................................ 12
Improve SNAP Program Administration .................................................................................................................................................. 13
V. CONCLUSION .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 13
APPENDIX A: CHANGES TO SNAP DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC.................................................................... 14
Temporary Changes to SNAP....................................................................................................................................................................... 14
Permanent Changes to SNAP ..................................................................................................................................................................... 14
1 THE CASE FOR MAKING SNAP BENEFITS ADEQUATE: REFLECTIONS FROM INTERVIEWS WITH OLDER ADULTS | FEBRUARY 2022WWW.FRAC.ORG
I. INTRODUCTION
Older adults were hit particularly hard by the economic
and public health crisis caused by COVID-19. Millions Supplemental Nutrition
It lifts your spirits, and [I] think, of older adults struggled to put food on the table, with Assistance Program (SNAP)
some groups disproportionately impacted by increased
‘Oh wow, this is really special.’” rates of food insecurity. Older adults age 50–64
SNAP is the largest federal nutrition program
administered by the U.S. Department of Agriculture.
experienced higher rates of food insecurity than those
SNAP is an entitlement program, and provides
– Older adult respondent commenting on the impact of the age 65 and older.8 Long-existing and stark racial and
benefits on a SNAP electronic benefits transfer card
pandemic-related SNAP benefit increases ethnic disparities in food insecurity rates among Black for purchasing food from authorized SNAP retailers.
and Latinx older adults only worsened.9 A household’s benefits are determined based on the
household’s size and income.
The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program
(SNAP) is widely considered the nation’s first line of
defense against hunger, and enhances the purchasing positively impacted child health12 and was associated
power of millions of eligible low-income older adults. with less risk of end-of-the-month hypoglycemia among
SNAP plays a critical role not just in reducing hunger, low-income Americans.13
food insecurity, and poverty, but also in improving the
health10 of participants. Furthermore, SNAP stimulates Building from the ARRA experience, Congress and the
the economy, particularly during economic downturns administration acted to address the massive economic
— each $1 in SNAP benefits generates between $1.50 and health crisis wrought by the COVID-19 pandemic by
and $1.80 in economic activity. temporarily boosting SNAP benefits through Emergency
Allotments (EAs) and a 15 percent increase in SNAP
Despite SNAP’s many positive attributes, the program benefits.14 Appendix A provides more information on
has a key shortcoming: the standard benefit is SNAP changes during the COVID-19 pandemic.
inadequate and limits the program’s ability to do even
more to improve food security, health, and well-being. FRAC was commissioned by AARP Foundation to
Existing research has shown that increasing benefits undertake a study to better understand the impact that
to more adequate levels would have important temporary pandemic-related SNAP benefit expansion
positive health impacts for participants.11 For example, had on the health, nutrition, and overall well-being of
the temporary boost in benefits from the American older adults as well as their perceptions of SNAP. In
Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) of 2009 September 2021, FRAC interviewed 25 older adults
8 Calculations for AARP Public Policy Institute were provided by Diane Schanzenbach at: https://frac.org/wp-content/uploads/snap-initiatives-to-make-snap-benefits-more-
and Abigail Pitts at Northwestern University, using the Current Population Survey and adequate.pdf. Accessed on January 20, 2022.
the Census Pulse Survey.
12 March, E. L., Ettinger de Cuba, S., Bailey, K., Cook, J., Coleman, S., Schiffmiller, A.,
9 Dean, O. (2021). Pandemic Widens Food Insecurity Disparities Among Older Adults. & Frank, D. A. (2011). Boost to SNAP Benefits Protected Young Children’s Health.
Available at: https://blog.aarp.org/thinking-policy/pandemic-widens-food-insecurity- Boston, MA: Children’s HealthWatch.
disparities-among-older-adults. Accessed on January 20, 2022.
13 Basu, S., Berkowitz, S. A., & Seligman, H. (2017). The monthly cycle of hypoglycemia:
10 Hartline-Grafton, H. (2017). The Role of the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance an observational claims-based study of emergency room visits, hospital admissions,
Program in Improving Health and Well-Being. Available at: https://frac.org/wp- and costs in a commercially insured population. Medical Care, 55(7), 639–645.
content/uploads/hunger-health-role-snap-improving-health-well-being.pdf. Accessed
on January 20, 2022. 14 Hartline-Grafton, H., & Vollinger, E. (2021). SNAP: A Critical Support During the
First Year of the COVID-19 Pandemic. Available at: https://frac.org/blog/snap-
11 Hartline-Grafton, H., Weill, J., & Vollinger, E. (2019). Initiatives to Make SNAP Benefits a-critical-support-during-the-first-year-of-the-covid-19-pandemic. Accessed on
More Adequate Significantly Improve Food Security, Nutrition, and Health. Available January 20, 2022.
2 THE CASE FOR MAKING SNAP BENEFITS ADEQUATE: REFLECTIONS FROM INTERVIEWS WITH OLDER ADULTS | FEBRUARY 2022WWW.FRAC.ORG
INTRODUCTION CONTINUED II. RESPONDENT DEMOGRAPHICS
(herein referred to as “respondents”) residing in six This research brief draws from interviews with 25 older The average age for the interview respondents was
states (California, Idaho, Illinois, New York, Tennessee, adults from six states and Washington, D.C. 66.3 years old. At the time of the interviews, 24 of the 25
and Wisconsin) and Washington, D.C. respondents lived alone. The one respondent who did not
Location of Interview Respondents by State (n=25) live alone lived with their grandchild. Most respondents
Methodology (19 out of 25) lived in subsidized housing for older adults.
This study aimed to identify how increased SNAP benefits, 5 5 2 1
particularly SNAP EAs, affected the nutrition, health, and (20%) (20%) (8%) (4%) Prior to the pandemic, most respondents were retired
well-being of older adult respondents who participated in or not working due to a disability. When they had been
SNAP. SNAP defines older adults as persons who are 60 working, the respondents represented a broad range
years or older.15 For purposes of this research, interviews CALIFORNIA IDAHO NEW YORK DC of occupations, including advocacy trainer, automotive
included adults who were 50 or older. 5 5 2 shop manager, bakery worker, car salesperson, caregiver,
(20%) (20%) (8%)
carpenter, clerk at the local community services office,
The interviews with 25 older adults were conducted in two certified nursing assistants, college professor,
September 2021, and each interview lasted approximately concert promoter, cook, correctional officer, certified
60 minutes. To take part in the interviews, respondents WISCONSIN ILLINOIS TENNESSEE public accountant, hostess, industrial seamstress,
needed to meet the following criteria: be 50 years or older, nonprofit intern, licensed clinical social worker, marketing
currently participate in SNAP, and had been participating in interviewer, musician, nurse, retail manager, school
SNAP consistently from at least January 2020. TABLE 1: Characteristics of Survey Respondents (n=25) paraprofessional, security officer, and a teacher.
At the time of the interviews, respondents resided 17 8 TABLE 2: Types and Amount of Income by Respondent
in California, Idaho, Illinois, New York, Tennessee, (68%) (32%)
Wisconsin, and Washington, D.C. In Idaho, the state GENDER Female Male TYPE OF
INCOME
stopped distributing SNAP EAs after March 2021.
Accordingly, the five respondents from Idaho were 1 8 16 SOCIAL DISABILITY PENSION OTHER
SECURITY (includes earned
instructed to answer the interview questions that (4%) (32%) (64%) income and state
benefit programs)
pertained to SNAP by reflecting on the impact of the Hispanic or Non-Hispanic Non-
RACE & ETHNICITY Latinx, of Black or African Hispanic
SNAP EAs. They also were asked about the impact any race American White RESPONDENTS 19 5 3 3
that the suspension of SNAP EAs had on them. (76%) (20%) (12%) (12%)
3 15 7
Older adults were selected through a sample of (12%) (60%) (28%) AVERAGE
convenience and received a $60 gift card for
MONTHLY
AMOUNT
$1,105 $1,087 $392 $305
AGE 50–59 60–69 70–79
completing the interview. A pre-screening call was
Note: This was a multi-select question and several respondents indicated that they had
used to ensure that respondents met the interview 3 12 2 more than one type of income.
criteria, to collect demographic data, and to secure an (12%) (48%) (8%)
interview date and time. Each interview was recorded High school Some college, Trade school As shown in Table 2, at the time of the interviews,
degree/GED but have not graduate or
and transcribed. Surveys were analyzed for themes graduated graduate of the majority of respondents (19) received Social
and coded using Dedoose software. certificate program Security benefits or Social Security Income (SSI). Two
LEVEL OF
EDUCATION respondents had income from working: one person
15 The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) refers to persons 60 and 1 4 3 recycled cans and bottles, and one person worked as
older as “elderly.” Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture. (2021). SNAP Special Rules (4%) (16%) (12%)
for the Elderly or Disabled. Available at: https://www.fns.usda.gov/snap/eligibility/ Associate Bachelor’s Graduate an intern at a nonprofit.
elderly-disabled-special-rules. Accessed on January 20, 2022. degree degree degree
3 THE CASE FOR MAKING SNAP BENEFITS ADEQUATE: REFLECTIONS FROM INTERVIEWS WITH OLDER ADULTS | FEBRUARY 2022WWW.FRAC.ORGRESPONDENT DEMOGRAPHICS CONTINUED
III. FINDINGS
Prior to the pandemic, the average monthly income for
the respondents who lived alone was $1,132 per month. Prior to the Pandemic: A Look at SNAP
The older adult participant residing with their grandchild Pre-Pandemic Finding #1: Based on self-reported Pre-Pandemic Finding #2: Nearly all respondents
reported a monthly income of $1,284 per month, which responses, the approximate average SNAP benefit (24 out of 25) did not have enough SNAP benefits or
is below 100 percent of the Federal Poverty Level (FPL) was $56 per month per household. other financial resources each month to pay for food
for a household of two. and all other household bills, resulting in trade-offs in
The self-reported average SNAP benefit of respondents food quality and quantity.
TABLE 3: Total Monthly Household Income of prior to the pandemic was $56 per month. This benefit
Respondents Living Alone When Compared to Annual level is notably lower than the fiscal year 2019 (latest All respondents, regardless of SNAP benefit level,
2020 Federal Poverty Levels (FPL)16 year for which relevant data are available) average reported that their SNAP benefits fell short of the full
monthly SNAP benefit of $104 for older adults (age 60 cost of the food they needed, forcing them to draw on
Poverty Level 2020 for Household of One Number of Older Adults at
that Income Range, n=24 and older) who lived alone.17 other limited resources to pay for food. Even the three
respondents who were receiving SNAP benefits close
Below or equal to 50% of the FPL ($0–$532) 1 As illustrated in Figure 2, there was a wide range in to the maximum allotment for their household size
(4.2%)
reported benefit levels. For example, four respondents reported that they had to use other financial resources
received less than the minimum benefit of $16 per for food shopping. Nearly all respondents (24 out of
Above 50% of the FPL but less than or equal to 12 month.18 (It is unclear why these respondents reported 25) reported that even combining their SNAP benefits
100% of the FPL ($533–$1,063) (50%)
receiving a SNAP benefit below the minimum benefit with other financial resources left them without
level.) The highest self-reported benefit received was enough funds to consistently purchase the food they
Above 100% of the FPL but less than or equal to 8
150% of the FPL ($1,064–$1,595) (33.3%) approximately $195. All respondents except for one needed for an adequate diet. Respondents reported
lived alone, constituting a SNAP household of one. The experiencing such shortfalls despite engaging in cost-
Above 150% of the FPL but less than or equal to 3 respondent residing in a two-person household received savings practices, e.g., purchasing food when it was
200% of the FPL ($1,596-$2,127) (12.5%)
$183 per month in SNAP benefits for their household. on sale.
FIGURE 1: Was your pre-pandemic income more, less, or FIGURE 2: Pre-Pandemic Monthly SNAP Benefits by Participant (n=25)
the same as your income during the pandemic? (n=25)
9
1
Number of Respondents
2 8
22 7
About the same as now 6
Less than now 4
4
I don’t know
3
2
2
As per Figure 1, income for most respondents (22 out of 0
25) was the same during the pandemic as it was prior $16 OR LESS $17–50 $51–100 $101–150 $151–200
to the pandemic. Pre-Pandemic Monthly SNAP Benefit Amount
16 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2020). Poverty Guidelines, all 17 Cronquist, K. (2021). Characteristics of Supplemental Nutrition Assistance 18 U.S. Department of Agriculture. (2019). Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program
states (except Alaska and Hawaii). Available at: https://aspe.hhs.gov/sites/default/ Program Households: Fiscal Year 2019. Available at: https://fns-prod.azureedge. Fiscal Year (FY) 2020 Minimum Allotments. Available at: https://fns-prod.azureedge.
files/migrated_legacy_files//194391/2020-percentage-poverty-tool.pdf. Accessed on net/sites/default/files/resource-files/Characteristics2019.pdf. Accessed on net/sites/default/files/media/file/FY20-Minimum-Allotments.pdf. Accessed on
January 21, 2022. January 20, 2022. January 20, 2022.
4 THE CASE FOR MAKING SNAP BENEFITS ADEQUATE: REFLECTIONS FROM INTERVIEWS WITH OLDER ADULTS | FEBRUARY 2022WWW.FRAC.ORGPRE-PANDEMIC FINDINGS CONTINUED
RESPONDENT FEATURE
Because of fixed incomes or very low earnings, Pre-Pandemic Finding #3: Almost all respondents (23 Pressures on Household
respondents reported having to make difficult out of 25) also turned to food banks and/or participated in Food Budgets
budgeting decisions, often prioritizing other household other food programs to supplement their SNAP benefits.
Donna* is a retired retail manager from Idaho.
bills over food purchases. Unlike fixed expenses,
Throughout her interview, Donna stated that food is
such as rent or car insurance, food budgets could be SNAP respondents shared that prior to COVID-19, they the first part of her budget to be reduced, along with
adjusted each month based on available resources. needed support beyond SNAP to access enough food gas for her car. When asked about how she budgets
As such, SNAP households often use a mix of for the month. Many obtained food from food banks, for food, Donna stated, “I have a budget for it [food], I
coping strategies to adjust the amount spent on food food pantries, or other charitable venues. It is likely know that I easily have to spend at least $100 a month.
purchases, including cutting back on the amounts and that some of that aid was made possible with federal I mean, that’s the least amount … I buy what I need
types of foods, and going to food pantries.19 government funding. The Emergency Food Assistance with what I’ve got. So if I don’t have enough cash, don’t
Program (TEFAP), which is administered by the U.S. have enough food stamps (SNAP benefits), I don’t
Respondents recounted struggling to pay for food, Department of Agriculture, is a lifeline for food banks buy groceries. So I have to eat less.” Unfortunately,
rent, transportation, personal hygiene items, cleaning and partner agencies, like community and faith-based this occurs almost every month and Donna visits her
local food bank to try to make up for the food that she
supplies, internet access, phone service, car insurance organizations, that distribute food.20
cannot afford. She also shared that she often buys
and gas, and other expenses.
lower quality foods in order to save money, which had
Prior to the pandemic, 23 of the respondents said they a negative impact on her blood sugar levels. During
“It [SNAP] wasn’t much of a difference. You still have to received support from a food bank/food pantry (n=19), the pandemic when Donna received the emergency
make choices every time you go out.” (This respondent food provided by a church (n=8), Meals on Wheels/ allotments, she described being able to buy nutritious
was getting $54 per month in SNAP benefits.) home-delivered meal programs or other programs food for the first time in what seemed like forever, such
that delivered food to people’s homes (n=10), and the as fresh fruits and vegetables, and stated that having a
“[You] can’t buy anything on $18 a month.”
Commodity Supplemental Food Program (n=1). Some bigger budget for food was of utmost importance to her
respondents accessed several of these programs. happiness and overall well-being. Since the emergency
“A lot of times you just had to wait until it went on sale.
allotments have ended in her state, Donna has had to
Like I said, you try to shop as savvy as you can. And
SNAP respondents who reported getting food from food revert back to her previous spending habits and said
sometimes you just say, ‘Okay, well I guess this month, that it has been hard on her mentally and financially.
you’re not getting it at all.’” banks or participating in other food assistance programs
received an average of $48 a month in SNAP benefits *The respondent’s name has been changed.
Even respondents who received the minimum SNAP before the pandemic. The two respondents who did not
benefit before the pandemic, which was $16 per month, use any of these resources received an average of $144
“[S]ometimes towards the end of the month, things
expressed appreciation for SNAP. in monthly SNAP benefits before the pandemic.
would be kind of close but if things got real bad, there’s
“[The minimum SNAP benefit] isn’t a lot, but it was “[E]very now and then, there’s this one local pantry always some food bank.”
[money for food] that I didn’t [otherwise] have.” that I used to visit … I would go there and … stock up on Respondents reported how they were grateful for
things, like … canned goods and … meat.” these food resources. However, some reported
“Even when people say, ‘Oh yeah, I get some [SNAP
“Food banks and churches gave out food because the food that charitable foods often were not a good fit for
benefits], it’s only $16.’ I say, ‘Well, that sounds like
stamps [SNAP benefits] were just totally inadequate.” their circumstances. Some pointed to issues about
a loaf of bread, coffee, some cream.’ That’s what that
ingredients (e.g., salt, sugar, and limited access to
sounds like to me.”
“It’s a local organization and they pay for all but $10 a fresh foods). For some respondents, emergency food
year for us to get a bag twice a month of mostly produce.” packages were not sized to their households’ diets or
ability to transport. Others voiced concerns about limits
19 Gearing, M., Lewis, M., Wilson, C., Bozzolo, C., & Hansen, D. (2021). Barriers That Constrain
the Adequacy of Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) Allotments: In-depth
20 Feeding America. (n.d.). Our Lawmakers Must Invest in TEFAP. Available at: https://
www.feedingamerica.org/take-action/advocate/federal-hunger-relief-programs/the-
on the number of visits allowed to a food bank each
Interview Findings. Available at: https://fns-prod.azureedge.net/sites/default/files/resource- emergency-food-assistance-program. Accessed on January 20, 2022. month or the cost of gas to travel to a food bank.
files/SNAP-Barriers-QualitativeReport.pdf. Accessed on January 20, 2022.
5 THE CASE FOR MAKING SNAP BENEFITS ADEQUATE: REFLECTIONS FROM INTERVIEWS WITH OLDER ADULTS | FEBRUARY 2022WWW.FRAC.ORGDURING THE PANDEMIC FINDINGS
During the Pandemic: The Toll of
COVID-19 and the Role of SNAP and
Other Food Resources
Pandemic Finding #1: Based on self-reported
responses, the approximate average SNAP benefit
per month was $227 compared to the pre-pandemic
self-reported level of $56 per month. The average
increase in SNAP benefits was $172 per month.
Respondents shared that receiving significant increases
in SNAP benefits during COVID-19 was a needed relief.
“It [SNAP increase] has been a blessing.”
“I felt elated [when I received the increased
SNAP benefits].”
As a result of pandemic SNAP benefit increases, the
respondents’ self-reported average monthly SNAP
benefit was $227. Figure 3 provides a breakdown of
the amount of SNAP benefits respondents reported
they received at the time of their September 2021
FIGURE 3: Self-Reported Pandemic Monthly SNAP
Benefit Amount by Respondent (n=25)
interviews. In the case of respondents from Idaho, the is that some respondents had trouble remembering
benefit amount is what they reported receiving prior to or accessing information to confirm their SNAP benefit
the termination of the SNAP emergency allotments after amount. Also, some respondents reported receiving their
Number of Respondents
20
17 March 2021. SNAP benefits in two separate payments on their SNAP
15
electronic benefit transfer card each month: first they
While SNAP benefit amounts would be expected to vary received their pre-pandemic benefit amount, and then
among respondents, it is notable that some respondents later in the month they received a second payment for
10
reported not receiving at least the SNAP maximum benefit the pandemic increase. This complicated respondents’
6
amount for their household size, given the pandemic boost reports about benefit levels. Even with additional probing
5
2 and the 15 percent increase. The maximum allotment for a of respondents who received less than the maximum
0 household of one in fiscal year 2021 was $204 per month, benefit amount, they were confident in the benefit amount
0
$150–200 $201–250 $251–300 $301–350 and $374 for a household of two.21 A possible explanation that they reported during their interview. Additionally,
Pandemic Benefit Amount one respondent in a household reported a benefit
21 Feeding America. (n.d.). Our Lawmakers Must Invest in TEFAP. Available at: https:// level higher than $300, sharing that she received three
www.feedingamerica.org/take-action/advocate/federal-hunger-relief-programs/the-
Note: The household of two reported receiving a SNAP benefit of $350 per month. emergency-food-assistance-program. Accessed on January 20, 2022. disbursements in September 2021.
6 THE CASE FOR MAKING SNAP BENEFITS ADEQUATE: REFLECTIONS FROM INTERVIEWS WITH OLDER ADULTS | FEBRUARY 2022WWW.FRAC.ORG“
DURING THE PANDEMIC FINDINGS CONTINUED
I lost loved ones, including my
Figure 4 shows that for all respondents, SNAP benefits common areas, shutting down in-person social activities, most significant other. [A]t my
increased during the pandemic compared to before. The and prohibiting visits from family and friends. All but one age, I thought I had the partner
average increase in SNAP benefits was $172 per month. of the respondents lived alone. that I was gonna make it down
the home stretch with. And so
Pandemic Finding #2: While the pandemic continues The pandemic has taken an emotional toll on
to take a toll, almost all respondents (23 out of 25) respondents. Negative health impacts experienced by
it psychologically, [with] the
shared how the increased SNAP benefits had a positive respondents during the pandemic included feelings of combination of the quarantine
impact on their health. depression, loneliness, anxiety, frustration, boredom, and that loss, to put it in poetic
fear, and worry. Many older adult respondents (16 out terms, kind of turned my
Pandemic Toll on Respondents’ Health of 25) explained that they were spending much of landscape into a wasteland.”
Most respondents (19 out of 25) recounted that during their free time at home, missed the opportunities they
the COVID-19 pandemic, they have experienced previously had to engage in physical activity, and/or
isolation, lost opportunities to socialize, or other negative
mental health impacts. Respondents acknowledged
the need to practice social distancing to limit exposure
missed opportunities to socialize with others in person.
Two respondents also reported experiencing major
life events, such as the loss of a loved one or a chronic
“I don’t go anywhere except [for]
a small park across the street.
[It’s] not a very populated park,
to COVID-19. Many lived in older adult housing where illness diagnosis, which further contributed to negative
so I can sit on a bench by myself
protocols were in place to keep residents safe by closing mental health impacts.
… [without] a mask... So it’s been
very isolating.”
FIGURE 4: Pre-Pandemic Monthly SNAP Benefit Amount vs. Pandemic Monthly SNAP Benefit Amount
“[I]n the first year-and-a-
About how much did you receive in SNAP About how much did you receive in
benefits per month before the pandemic? SNAP benefits in September 2021?
half after moving to a senior
$400 residence, I had somewhat of a
social life … [with] activities [that
were set up for] my building of
70 residents. When the pandemic
Monthly Benefit Amount
$300
hit, all of that was gone. [There
were no more] card games, no
$200 bingo, [no more of the activities
that] gave you socialization with
your neighbors. Everybody’s
$100 scared. [Although] resident
services [provided] a tablet [you
could check out for virtual contact
$0 with people], … you still miss the
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
human [side] of it, you know?”
Respondent ID Number
Note: Pre-pandemic and pandemic benefits are self-reported data. Respondent ID number 14 is for the household of two.
7 THE CASE FOR MAKING SNAP BENEFITS ADEQUATE: REFLECTIONS FROM INTERVIEWS WITH OLDER ADULTS | FEBRUARY 2022WWW.FRAC.ORGDURING THE PANDEMIC FINDINGS CONTINUED
Two respondents did not report isolation, lost
“[With freed up money] now I can put gas in my truck. RESPONDENT FEATURE
opportunities to socialize, and/or negative mental
I can get to my appointments. I don’t have to depend on
health impacts, and stated that they learned to live with
somebody else.”
Increased SNAP Benefits
the changes caused by the pandemic. Interviews with
four of the respondents did not address this topic.
and Health
“Relieved, happy, less stressed, not worried about
Robert* is a paid intern at a nonprofit in New York
it, knowing that I could actually eat balanced and City. Because of chronic health issues, he tries to eat
Positive Impact of SNAP on Respondents’ Health nutritious [meals] ... I could have fresh fruits and healthy, but has struggled to have a healthy diet due
Nearly all respondents (23 out of 25) shared how the vegetables and … meat.” to the high cost of living, rising cost of food, and lack
increased SNAP benefits had a positive impact on of money. This has had a negative impact on his health
their health. Respondents shared examples related to Two respondents commented that increased SNAP and the management of his chronic health issues.
physical and mental health. benefits did not have a positive impact on their health. With increased SNAP benefits, Robert was able to
One person mentioned that while the increased SNAP buy healthier foods, including more chicken, turkey,
Examples of positive physical health benefits that benefits were helpful, the benefits were not enough to and vegetables, and less red meat, and this had a
respondents attributed to SNAP benefit increases change their health in a positive way. The other person dramatically positive impact on his health. As a result
included weight loss (n=3), improvements in blood did not provide a reason. of having more money to spend on food, he lost 40
sugar level (n=3), increased energy level (n=1), and pounds and went from having two “gout attacks” per
improvements in bowel movements related to chronic Pandemic Finding #3: Almost all respondents (23 month to not having any at all. However, he shared
that when the increased benefits end, he will have to
health issues (n=2). out of 25) shared how the increased SNAP benefits
go back to buying cheaper foods and he worries that
improved their food-purchasing power, including their
“When I get my blood tests with my blood work done, his health will decline.
ability to buy more food, a wider variety of food, and/
my numbers are in line.” or more fruits and vegetables. *The respondent’s name has been changed.
“[SNAP] has a positive impact, so I can have healthy
Older adult respondents provided numerous examples
foods that I’m not allergic to. I think it’s wonderful
of how increased SNAP benefits improved their food Respondents commented on how greater purchasing
that it gives me such a choice of what to buy. I’m really
shopping, including their ability to purchase a greater power enabled them to purchase in larger quantities
happy that I have SNAP.”
amount and variety of food. Respondents shared how to support multiple meals as well as stock up on foods.
A majority of respondents (n=21) reported that increased increased benefits allowed them to purchase more This suggests that more adequate SNAP benefits
SNAP benefits had a positive impact on their level of food or new foods, including beef, pork, chicken, turkey, are important not only to allow households to stretch
stress or worry associated with their ability to shop fish, eggs, salad mixes, fresh fruits and vegetables benefits for more meals but also to better prepare
for food or pay bills, including rent, utilities, medical (e.g., zucchini, asparagus, cucumbers, squash, broccoli, for disruptions, ranging from pandemic supply chain
bills, or transportation bills. Others (n=8) shared that eggplant, peppers, corn, grapes, strawberries, blueberries, problems to natural disasters.
they experienced favorable mental health outcomes, and blackberries), dairy and non-dairy milk, coffee,
including a positive mindset and a decline in depression. cooking oil, frozen microwaveable meals, and juice. “The increase means I can buy more food, without
[which] I couldn’t buy as much as I get now.”
“You just felt so much better about yourself [when you Respondents highlighted that they were able to purchase
have increased SNAP benefits] because you kind of had “[Y]ou’re able to stock up a little more in the freezer ...
higher-quality foods and foods they considered to be
a freedom that you’d never had ... I just think it was [now] there’s always something to cook.”
healthier, including fresh fruits and vegetables, a variety of
a real positive, uplifting experience. [I]t made me feel salads, and higher-quality meat, that they previously could
better about myself.” not afford because of budget constraints.
8 THE CASE FOR MAKING SNAP BENEFITS ADEQUATE: REFLECTIONS FROM INTERVIEWS WITH OLDER ADULTS | FEBRUARY 2022WWW.FRAC.ORG“
DURING THE PANDEMIC FINDINGS CONTINUED
I can make my salad, but … [I also can
buy] … butternut squash, fresh corn, “If I can, I buy some more canned goods to have extra,
garlic, and … other gourds … because in case something happened [b]ecause for a while here
in Wisconsin, it was a little bit harder to find certain
they … [are] ... nice and colorful.” items. [N]ow I look and say, ‘Okay, I have the money
[and] I can buy an extra two or three cans … in case
“
something happens.”
I’ve been able to purchase …
healthier foods because I’ve been “[N]ow I [can] prep food for later so I can buy larger
able to buy a lot more fresh fruits and quantities … [for example, I can buy] a bigger roast,
vegetables. Whereas before I couldn’t and it [costs] less [because I can prepare it and] freeze it
[for multiple future meals].”
necessarily afford the fresh fruits and
vegetables.” Of the two respondents who reported that the
increased SNAP benefits did not lead them to change
their shopping habits, one pointed to the impact of
“ [B]efore the pandemic, I wasn’t
always able to have enough produce
to [make] a smoothie every day …
supply chain issues on decreased access to a variety
of produce. The other respondent maintained their
pre-COVID-19 food budget and shopping habits, fearing
[but with] SNAP, [I’m] … able to future loss of the benefit boosts.
have this smoothie more often.” (This Pandemic Finding #4: A majority of respondents (19 were helpful in freeing up money to purchase household
respondent shared how daily fruit and out of 25) remarked that increased SNAP benefits freed items they needed, specifically because of COVID-19,
vegetable smoothies were essential up money for essential bills and household expenses. such as cleaning supplies and wipes.
to helping mitigate digestive issues
With such tight budgets, increased SNAP benefits “[I]t [SNAP] freed up what little cash was available
related to a chronic illness.)
proved important not only in helping to pay for food, ... [because] I wasn’t spending it [my own money] on
but also in freeing up limited financial resources for food now. I was spending it [my own money] on other
“ other needs. Because respondents had additional … necessities for living, like laundry. [Before the SNAP
I can cook … so, I buy the stuff from
SNAP benefits to cover more of their food costs, they increases,] I would … be selective about [what] I was
the market, like little greens and stuff going to [launder] … You know, you kind of have to
were able to use limited household funds previously
that I [can’t] normally [buy and eat].” wait, save your quarters. [After the SNAP increase,] I
spent on food for other household expenses.
didn’t have anxiety on my shoulders either ... Now I can
“
With more SNAP benefits to help cover the cost of food, get those blankets washed and get those pillows washed
I can afford salad more often and … I think it [increased SNAP benefits] was an awesome
respondents explained that they were more readily
more varieties of salad.” able to pay bills than they had been able to prior to the thing that happened.”
pandemic-related SNAP benefit increases. Some pointed
“[I]t [increase in SNAP benefits] allowed you [to use
“
to paying for rent, utilities, medical bills, and transportation
I think that my food choices were bills. Other essential household expenses included
freed-up money] … to stock up on things at lower prices
healthier [with SNAP increases] and … [such as] … toilet paper and paper towels … [S]o you
eye glasses, clothing, footwear for medical conditions,
could save on cleaning supplies, or personal hygiene, …
also I think they were more varied.” cleaning supplies, and housewares. Almost one-third of
and food.”
respondents (9 out of 25) commented how the increases
9 THE CASE FOR MAKING SNAP BENEFITS ADEQUATE: REFLECTIONS FROM INTERVIEWS WITH OLDER ADULTS | FEBRUARY 2022WWW.FRAC.ORGDURING THE PANDEMIC FINDINGS CONTINUED
With higher SNAP benefits paying for more of their Before the pandemic, 19 respondents visited food
food, some respondents shared how they were able banks. During the pandemic only eight respondents RESPONDENT FEATURE
to use their other resources to afford things they had visited food banks, seven of whom had used food
previously denied themselves, things that connect banks before the pandemic.
Increased SNAP Benefits and
them to people, support their dignity, and increase Quality of Life
their quality of life. In one example, one person shared Twelve respondents reported that they had stopped Cynthia* is a retired caregiver who lives in Wisconsin.
how they hoped to save enough of their own money visiting food banks. Not all of the 12 respondents detailed She budgets carefully, as she has to with a small fixed
to take their grandchild to a movie matinee once the their reason for no longer visiting food banks. For those monthly income, and her spending focuses on the
pandemic was over. (They had not done that in a year who did provide a reason, examples included not needing essentials. The increased SNAP benefits have allowed
and hoped to do so without having to go hungry.) the extra charitable food because of increased SNAP Cynthia to buy the food she needs for her health and
Another shared that they were newly able to pay for benefits; changes to food distribution resulting from the dietary preferences and to stop going to the food pantry.
She’s now able to buy more food, healthier foods, a
an educational class. COVID-19 pandemic (e.g., food banks began delivering
more well-rounded diet, a wider variety of foods, and
food to their older adult housing); and/or wanting to free
food to stock up for the winter. The increased SNAP
Three respondents indicated that increased SNAP up resources to help people with greater need than them. benefits have also had an unexpected additional benefit:
benefits had no significant impact on their ability to experiences that improve her quality of life. Because
pay their other bills, explaining that they had few When asked if they were still visiting the food bank she can now cover more of her grocery costs with
or very-low-cost bills to pay, and could cover them now that they were receiving the increased SNAP SNAP, Cynthia has been able to put household funds
with their other resources. Interviews with three benefits, one respondent said, “No, matter of fact, I’m previously spent on food to other costs. For Cynthia this
of the respondents did not address the impact of volunteering.” Another respondent shared: “I haven’t has made a world of difference. In addition to helping
increased SNAP benefits on their ability to pay other been [to a food bank] since they started giving us this with other household bills, the increase also allowed
household bills. extra SNAP because I figure I’m getting extra. Let me her to have a little extra space in her budget so that she
save that [food from the food bank] for someone that’s can go out to lunch with a friend on occasion. This was
not possible for Cynthia before the pandemic because
Pandemic Finding #5: Fewer respondents (15 out not getting it [SNAP benefits].”
of her tight household budget. Cynthia described being
of 25) visited food banks and/or used other food
able to do this as “Having that little extra fun, which a
programs during the COVID-19 pandemic when During COVID-19, eight respondents reported person needs.” This little extra fun and connection with
compared to before the pandemic (23 out of 25). participating in Meals on Wheels/home-delivered meal loved ones is particularly important for Cynthia after this
programs or other programs that delivered food to prolonged period of isolation and hardship caused by
Fifteen respondents visited food banks, used meal people’s homes, compared to 10 respondents pre- the COVID-19 pandemic.
delivery programs and/or used other food programs pandemic. The same respondent that participated
*The respondent’s name has been changed.
during the pandemic, with some respondents using in the Commodity Supplemental Food Program
multiple programs. This was a reduction from the 23 prior to the pandemic continued to do so. Only one
respondents who reported using one or more of these person continued accessing food at church, as some
programs prior to the pandemic. respondents reported most churches had to close their
food distribution sites due to the pandemic.
10 THE CASE FOR MAKING SNAP BENEFITS ADEQUATE: REFLECTIONS FROM INTERVIEWS WITH OLDER ADULTS | FEBRUARY 2022WWW.FRAC.ORGYou can also read
