TRANSFORMATION PECULIARITIES IN THE LITHUANIAN TRANSLATION OF "EAT, PRAY, LOVE" BY E. GILBERT
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ISSN 1648-8776
JAUNŲJŲ MOKSLININKŲ DARBAI. Nr. 4 (20). 2008
TRANSFORMATION PECULIARITIES IN THE LITHUANIAN TRANSLATION OF
“EAT, PRAY, LOVE” BY E. GILBERT
Reda Baranauskienė, Inga Kriščiūnaitė
Šiauliai University, Faculty of Humanities
Introduction
Through years there have been many tė (2005) have made an effort to discuss the main
definitions of translation: ‘reproducing in the types of translation transformations in their works.
receptor language’ (Nida & Taber, 1969), an ‘act of The article aims at systematizing theoretical
communication’ (Snell-Hornby, 1995), ‘cross-cul- data that has been issued on translation
tural transfer’ (Vermeer, 1998) or even ‘a cultural transformations and initiates a new scheme of
means of resistance against multinational capita- shifting classification, which may be regarded as
lism’ (Venuti, 2008). Nevertheless, the essence of novelty of the present research (the scheme is
translation remains unquestioned and that is to introduced in the first part of the current article).
transform a source discourse into a target equiva- Furthermore, an empirical research on translation
lent through various metamorphoses of the source transformations as justified and unjustified
data. The indicated alterations are, in effect, the linguistic phenomena has been performed in the
main concern of the present article and will be frame of the new classification scheme providing
regarded as translation transformations or shifts. evidence that some of the performed translation
Translation shifts have been directly or indirectly shifts fail to be justified. A brief overview of the
investigated by every theorist who has ever research and its results is introduced in the second
mentioned linguistic translation in their studies part and conclusions of the present article.
since “the process of translation itself may be The subject of the present paper regards
regarded as a transformation when a system of translation transformations in rendering the novel
certain codes is substituted with another by “Eat, Pray, Love” by Elizabeth Gilbert (2007) from
preserving identical communication function, English to Lithuanian (“Valgyk. Melskis. Mylėk”,
reporting the same message and its functional the Lithuanian translation by Antanina Banelytė,
dominant” (Armalytė & Pažūsis, 1990:72 (our 2007). Most recent piece of literature has been
translation)). chosen not to neglect the importance of classic
However, the most prominent names in this works but for better understanding of the socio-
field are Vinay&Darbelnet (1958), who produced cultural background of the discourse as one has to
the first classification of translation transformations be aware of the socio-cultural aspects of the place,
regarding them as “procedures”; Catford (1965), time, society, register and purpose of the original
whose main concern was structural changes of the work in the process of translation. Furthermore, the
ST and Leuven-Zwart (1989, 1990), who initiated challenging situation in the field of translation
the cocept of architranseme. There is also a number criticism in Lithuania proves the theoretical
of theorists that have been interested in general importance of the article as the evident absence of
character of translation transformations such as critical approach towards modern Lithuanian
Levy (1967), Nida (1964), Popovič (1970); translations has already determined the institution
Newmark (1998) and Delisle (1999), both concer- of an Anti-Prize (established by The Lithuanian
ned with various classifications of translation shifts; Association of Literary Translators in 2007) for
Toury (1995) and Venuti (2004), investigating the “negligent attitude towards translators” work and
nature and principles of shifting occurrence in the disregard for traditions of fine publishing (quoted in
TT; Klaudy (2003), whose contribution to the field the official website of the association (see the refe-
of explicitation investigation is evidently rences). Thus, the current paper may also contribute
considerable, and many others. In Lithuania, this to the sparing critical data on Lithuanian transla-
field has not been investigated thoroughly; however tions aimed to aspire for the TT considerate both to
attempts to discuss the current matter may be traced the source text and target language discourse.
in the works of Ambrasas-Sasnava (1984), The aim of the article is to determine the
Masaitienė (1996), Baranauskaitė (2001) and other nature of translation transformations in the aspect
Lithuanian theorists, who have not mentioned the of their verification. The objectives of the article
term of translation transformations but discuss the are as follows: (1) to generalise the data on
phenomena of the ST shifting; whereas Butkuvienė translation transformations provided by different
(2004), Armalytė & Pažūsis (1990) and Baravykai- authors in order to initiate a theoretical frame for
22HUMANITARINIAI MOKSLAI
the investigation; (2) to investigate the nature and structure of the source and target languages;
justification of the transformations in the target whereas individual shifts result from constrains
text; and (3) to present both qualitative and other than the structure of the TL, such as cultural
quantitative analyses of the translation or political pressures (Toury 1995), for instance.
transformations occurring in the Lithuanian When a text or model is transferred to another
translation of the selected literary work. system, especially in another period or culture, the
Research methods: literary analysis, se- political-economical situation and culture-specific
mantic analysis, descriptive analysis, contrastive issues as well as the audience are different.
analysis and statistic analysis. Moreover, the stores of elements that are needed to
Research results: 276 identified cases of construct a text familiar to both the translator and
unjustified translation transformations 1 in the audience in the target system differ from that of the
Lithuanian translation of “Eat, Pray, Love” by source system. The elements proposed by the SL
E. Gilbert. are likely to be imbedded in values, ideologies and
The article contains the following world-views specific to the target culture and these
abbreviations: are regarded as individual or optional translation
• SL for source language shifts. The necessity of transformations is evident
• TL for target language in the cases of idioms, for instance, as provided the
• ST for source text semantic notion of the utterance is rendered
• TT for target text untransformed, it will not convey the indented
• EPL for “Eat, Pray, Love” by Gilbert message. For example, idiomatic phrase “to rain
(2007); cats and dogs” implying a hard rain does not
• VMM for “Valgyk. Melskis. Mylėk” by convey the same message if it is not transformed
Banelytė (2007); into Lithuanian equivalent “pila kaip iš kibiro” that
notionally does not overlap with the former, thus
• LDCE for Longman Dictionary of
the transformation is regarded as obligatory.
Contemporary English (2003);
Whereas the line of Bob Dylan’s song “The rain
• WNAD for Webster’s New American
falls hard on a humdrum town” may be translated
Dictionary (1995);
either with idiomatic expression: “Ant nuobodžiau-
• WKPD for http://en.wikipedia.org.
jančio miesto kaip iš kibiro pylė lietus“ or “Miestas
skendo lietuje“ or “Smarkiai lijo lietus“ (our
1.1.Translation transformations and their
translations) – all of which are optional transfor-
categorization
mations as they are not determined by any cultural,
In effect, there are two types of translation grammatical or alike linguistic limitations of the
shifts that may be observed on different levels of languages concerned.
the translated discourse, i. e. transformations of the In any translation, the translator needs to
syntactic component (in rendering SL units, structu- employ at least four transformational processes,
res, classes and system on the whole), followed by namely, deletion, insertion, permutation, and/or
the ones on macro-level and concerning semantic, substitution (Al-Zoubi & Al-Hassnawi, 2001; Ara-
textual, pragmatic, rhetoric and stylistic compo- malytė&Pažūsis, 1990), which may be regarded as
nents – all of them despite their character or the lin- a form of various translation transformations that
guistic component they consider may appear to be might appear on different linguistic levels. Thus,
• obligatory or constitutive (Popovič, 1970) any translation transformation may appear as an
shifts, which are due to linguistic differences obligatory or optional one and may be regarded as
between the SL and the TL; deletion, insertion, substitution and any kind of
• optional or individual (Popovič, 1970) altera- linguistic permutation. However, they might appear
tions occurring due to differences between the on a different linguistic level and may render
text-building strategies and stylistic preferences variant linguistic aspects.
of the two languages in question or translators In order to systematise ample theoretical data
themselves. on the classification of different translation proce-
Constitutive shifts are deviations from dures, Figure 1 has been designed to supply the
functional equivalence between the linguistic sys- theoretical background for the empirical research.
tem in question and thus are caused by the different The scheme is not a complete statement but a
proposal for discussion in order to obtain classified
1
The article is based on master thesis “Transformation data on translation shifting.
Peculiarities in the Lithuanian Translation of “Eat, Pray,
Love” by E. Gilbert” and the indicated number refers to the
data of the dissertation.
23ISSN 1648-8776
JAUNŲJŲ MOKSLININKŲ DARBAI. Nr. 4 (20). 2008
SHIFTS
Insertion Obligatory
Deletion Optional
Permutation
Substitution
Grammatical Semantic Pragmatic
Non-shifts Transposition Modulation Equivalence Adaptation Paraphrasing
Literal translation Level-shift Inclusion Cultural Compensation
Transference Category-shift Opposition Functional Domestication
Segmentation Change of state Descriptive Foreignization
Figure 1. Classification of Different Translation Procedures
Throughout the analysis of shifting nature as Regarding unjustified grammatical shifting,
well as the justification of the linguistic shifts have there should be noticed that some transcriptions
been highly considered including both the cases have not been properly concerned and might fail to
where the translation techniques may be justified be recognised by the TT reader as they do not
and fail to be rationalized in the way they have always comply with a recognised sound of the
been applied. This is due to the fact that apart from foreign phenomenon. For instance:
being classified according to their necessity and (1) … and Martin Scorsese (which you wouldn’t
linguistic or shifting character, translation transfor- necessarily expect, but it’s still nice of
mations may also be regarded as justified and non- him)… (EPL:34)
justified translation techniques. The cases of (1) ... Martinas Skorsis (neįtikinama, bet vis tiek
unaccomplished transformations which might or malonu)... (VMM:46)
should have been applied throughout the translation The famous film maker is better known in
have been also discussed here as they mainly regard Lithuania as Martinas Skorcezė whereas the
the pragmatic level of the TT and thus are signify- produced transcription appears rather unfamiliar.
cantly important for the proper rendering of the The study has revealed that the translator has
message implied by the SL discourse and the applied calques as translation techniques revealing
impact the message is supposed to have on the the message of idiomatic constructions, which has
reader. lead to obscure contents of the TL utterance. For
instance:
1.2. Empirical Investigation of Translation Shifts (2) I don’t really want to open that (forgive the
Due to the limitation of space here we will expression) can of worms, but suffice it to
only present the most outstanding cases of say I’ve experienced every extreme of
unjustified translation transformations in order to digestive emergency. (EPL:41)
illustrate the inapt alterations of the ST form, (2) Nenorėčiau iš tikrųjų atidaryti tos kirmėlių
content and message that inadequate translation dėžės (atleiskite, kad taip pavadinau). Pasa-
shifting has caused. While presenting the instances kysiu tik, kad patyriau baisių virškinimo
of translation transformations, all the shifts in sutrikimų. (VMM:53)
question have been marked in bold in order to Having literally translated the idiomatic SL
clarify the concerned object. construction, its original meaning has vanished in
24HUMANITARINIAI MOKSLAI
the context of the TT, as Lithuanian phrase toms į pienininkes panašioms švedėms
“kirmėlių dėžė” does not really have any idiomatic merginoms anksčiau iš tikrųjų būdavo
references and the image of a can full of worms sunkiausia išvengti vyrų dėmesio.
may only imply a disgusting view to the TT reader (VMM:80)
whereas the idiom “can of worms” refers to “a very Referring to the girls as to “milkmaid-
complicated situation that causes a lot of problems looking”, the ST author wants to emphasize their
when you start to deal with it” (LDCE). Thus, a fair complexion, blond hair and resemblance to the
more proper and informative translation might be a image of a girl, which Lithuanians refer to as “kaip
quite drastic comparison: “Nenorėčiau knaisiotis po iš pieno plaukusi”, whereas the word “pienininkė”
tą mėšlo krūvą (atsiprašau už tokį tiesmuką has a connotation of an elderly chunky-built
palyginimą)”. woman in the TL who has little analogies with the
Some cases of the calques in the TT have image of the beautiful girls implied by the ST.
distorted the message of the SL discourse as in the Thus, the implication “tarsi iš pieno plaukusioms
following example: švedukėms” could be more appropriate.
(3) Not even my lovely young friend Sofie gets The cases of inappropriate or/and unjustified
harassed on the streets, and those milkmaid- semantic shifts with short comments on the misuse
looking Swedish girls used to really get the of the linguistic means as well as their possible
worst of it. (EPL:67) alternatives have been introduced in the table below
(3) Italai gatvėse nebepriekabiauja net prie where most alerting semantic shifts have been
mano gražuolės jaunos draugės Sofi. O juk displayed.
Table 1. Cases of Unjustified Semantic Shifts in the Lithuanian Translation of Gilbert’s (2007) Work
ST Discourse TT Discourse Short Comments Translation Alternative
(4) He’s hitting on me, Tas vaikinas mane To hit on sb “(AmE informal) means Tas vaikis mane
this kid! It’s not užsuko! Sakau tai “to talk to someone in a way that kabino! Nesakau, kad
entirely unflattering. neperdėdama. shows you are sexually attracted to tai neglostė mano
(EPL:99) (VMM:111) them” (LDCE) savimeilės.
Deja, tu niekaip negali
(5) Problem is you
pripažinti, kad jūsų Shelf life means “the length of time
can’t accept that this ... kad jūsų santykių
santykiai buvo that a product, especially food, can
relationship had a real galiojimo laikas jau
trumpalaikiai ir be kept in a shop before it becomes
short shelf life. pasibaigė.
paviršutiniški. too old to sell” (LDCE)
(EPL:149)
(VMM:162)
Misleading interpretation as crocus
colour may vary a lot “although lilac,
mauve, yellow and white are
predominant” (WKPD) which still
(6) He lifted a corner of … ir pakėlęs savo
does not imply an exact colour.
his saffron robes and kroko spalvos drabužį,
However, saffron may also be …šafrano spalvos…
gave a loud smack. skambiai pabučiavo jo
regarded as “a spice derived from the
(EPL:163) kraštą. (VMM:174)
flower of the saffron crocus”
(WKPD), which colour is “a shade of
golden yellow resembling the spice
saffron” (WKPD)
O tas darbas, kurį
(7) And the title of my O tas darbas vadinosi – To dig means “to work hard”
turėjau atlikti
new job was – if you supraskite tinkamai – (WNAD) whereas
nepriekaištingai, buvo
will kindly dig this – būti key may also be regarded as an
vyriausiosios
“Key Hostess”. „raktų šeimininke“. adjective implying “very important
administratorės
(EPL:191) (VVM:202) and necessary” (LDCE)
pareigos.
(8) … the two orphans … o dvi našlaitės,
– Big Ketut and Little Didžioji ir Mažoji
Ketatos, bandė man ...bandė papuošti
Ketut – were decorating
uždėti blizgučiais Barrette means “a small metal or mano plaukus
my hair with the giant
išpuoštą beretę, kurią plastic object to keep a woman‘s hair didžiuliais blizgančiais
spangled barrettes
už savo sutaupytus in place” (LDCE) plaukų segtukais,
they’ve saved up all
pinigus man nupirko kuriuos...
their money to buy me
as a gift. (EPL:306) dovanų. (VMM:318)
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JAUNŲJŲ MOKSLININKŲ DARBAI. Nr. 4 (20). 2008
A quality translation is not only concerned their relationship has endured only for fifteen
with grammar and semantic issues of the translated weeks:
discourse but also provides proper attention to (11) Sofie and I have been friends for about
pragmatic aspects of the utterance in order to fifteen weeks. (EPL:108)
achieve fluency that the ST displays in the (11) Su ja aš taip pat buvau penkiolika metų
linguistic context of the SL. However, pragmatic išdraugavusi. (VMM:120)
issues have not been highly concerned here while Moreover, the translator has not really been
semantics prevails. For instance: accurate with the names of the characters or their
(9) He beamed at me toothlessly and said, “See occupations as illustrated below:
you later, alligator”. (EPL:28) (12) … Deborah the American feminist psicho-
(9) Žiniuonis nusišypsojo rodydamas bedantę logist says quietly to me, “Look around at
burną ir tarė: these good Italian men.” (EPL:109)
- Iki pasimatymo, aligatoriau. (VMM:40) (12) Paola, amerikiečių feminisčių psicholo-
The semantics of the message is properly gijos specialistė, man tyliai tarė: „Pasižiū-
concerned. However, this does not warrant the rėk į tuos gerus italų vyrus.“ (VMM:122)
success of the translation as pragmatic issues of the Here, Paolo is a male “a friend of Luka’s
discourse have been neglected entirely. The TT whom I’d met before at soccer games along
reader may wonder why Ketut refers to his friend as with his girlfriend” (EPL:108) whereas Deborah is
an alligator and is not necessarily aware that the a female friend of Liz’s, whose field of studies is
phrase is used as an informal way to say good-bye. not limited to the psychology of feminists as she is
Pragmatic approach here would suggest informal “an internationally respected psychologist, a writer
Lithuanian equivalent used while saying good-bye, and a feminist theorist” (EPL:107), which has been
such as “Čiau, braške!” translated by the translator herself as „tarptautinį
Moreover, sometimes the TT author has pripažinimą pelniusi psichologė, rašytoja ir
appeared rather unacquainted with certain feminizmo tyrinėtoja“ (VMM:119). Thus,
American realias. For instance: Deborah’s rather than Paolo’s occupation here
(10) I could feasibly spend my whole time here might have been translated as „feministinių pažiūrų
in Ubud doing what nice divorced psichologė“.
American women have been doing with The last three unjustified transformations
their time ever since the invention of have been regarded as factual mistakes in the
YWCA – signing up for one class after current study. In order to perceive a more explicit
another: batik, drumming, jewelry-making, picture on various inaccuracies ascertained during
pottery, traditional Indonesian dance and the research, a diagram has been issued (see Figure
cooking... (EPL:217) 2 below).
(10) Pagalvojau, jog gyvendama jame galėčiau 2,5 2,5
užsiimti JMKO veikla: išmėginti batikos 12
meną, mušti būgną, kurti papuošalus,
lipdyti puodus, šokti indoneziečių liaudies
šokius ir gaminti valgį... (VMM:227)
The translation implies that YWCA is only 19
concerned with “batik, drumming, jewelry-making,
pottery, traditional Indonesian dance and cooking” 64
whereas, on the contrary, YWCO (Young Women Stylistic discrepancies
Christian Organization) is “a movement of women
Grammatical faults
working for social and economic change around the
Factual mistakes
world. It advocates for young women’s leadership,
Pragmatic inadequacies
peace, justice, human rights and the sustainable
development” (WKPD). Thus, with their assistance Semantic deficiencies
divorced women of America now may do nothing Figure 2. Statistical expression of unjustified
but “signing up for one class after another”. translations in E. Gilbert’s work, %
The TT author is not always careful with
even more important messages she conveys in the The diagram illustrates the rate of different
TL. For instance, according to the translator, Liz inapt instances of translation transformations that
and Sofi, who only met in Rome, had been friends have occurred on grammatical, semantic and
for fifteen years already whereas Gilbert asserts that pragmatic levels of translation. The existence of
factual mistakes regarding discrepancies in either
26HUMANITARINIAI MOKSLAI
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9. http://en.wikipedia.org
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27ISSN 1648-8776
JAUNŲJŲ MOKSLININKŲ DARBAI. Nr. 4 (20). 2008
VERTIMO TRANSFORMACIJŲ YPATUMAI LIETUVIŠKAME E. GILBERT „EAT, PRAY, LOVE“
VERTIME
Reda Baranauskienė, Inga Kriščiūnaitė
Santrauka
Straipsnyje nagrinėjamos vertimo transformacijos apskritai bei jų ypatumai, verčiant iš anglų kalbos į lietuvių
kalbą. Susisteminta skirtingų autorių pateikiama teorinė medžiaga apie įvairaus lygio lingvistinius verčiamo diskurso
pokyčius, ir pasiūlyta nauja bendra vertimo transformacijų klasifikacija, kuri remiasi apibendrintais kitų mokslininkų
pateikiamais teiginiais bei klasifikacijomis ir kurios rėmuose analizuojami vertimo transformacijų ypatumai E. Gilbert
kelionių memuarų „Eat, Pray, Love“ lietuviškame A. Banelytės vertime „Valgyk, melskis, mylėk“.
Prasminiai žodžiai: vertimo transformacijos, leksiniai-gramatiniai pokyčiai, semantika, pragmatika.
TRANSFORMATION PECULIARITIES IN THE LITHUANIAN TRANSLATION OF “EAT, PRAY, LOVE”
BY E. GILBERT
Reda Baranauskienė, Inga Kriščiūnaitė
Summary
The subject of the present article is defined by translation transformations in general and their peculiarities
occurring in translation from English into Lithuanian. This paper contains structured theoretical data with references to
the statements of different linguists concerning various linguistic shifts encountered in the process of translation. The
theoretical material is generalised by the innovative classification of transformation shifts. The classification is of great
use while analysing the peculiarities of both justified and unjustified translation transformations occurring in the
Lithuanian version of “Eat, Pray, Love” by E. Gilbert translated by A. Banelytė.
Keywords: translation transformations, lexical-grammatical shifts, semantics, pragmatics.
Įteikta 2008-06-19
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