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LEVEL
B1–B2 GRATIS
fÜr Lehrer
DEUTSCHLAND
MIT
TEST
Zeitschrift für
den Englisch-
unterricht
RA
T
EX
16
EN
IT
SE
So kann der Englisch Unterricht
noch mehr Spaß machen:
Die BRIDGE Zeitschrift!
Moderne
Kultur
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BILDERKARTE 2.8.2018
14:12:34
LIEDERN
Contents learning
english can
be fun, you
4 ISSUE know…
Race, Ethnicity andNationality
6 HISTORY
Presidential CVs
8 ENGLISH-SPEAKING COUNTRIES
What Have the Scottish Ever Done for Us?
10 FILM
Game of Thrones: Who Will Survive?
11 SURPRISING FACTS
It’s Not What You Think!
12 ENVIRONMENT
Climate Changes
14 HOUSING
Unusual Houses
15 GEOGRAPHY
New Zealand
16 TECHNOLOGY
Beyond Human
17 PUZZLES
Mind Benders, Shakespeare’s Corner
18 COUNTER-CULTURES
Graffiti
20 MUSIC
BTS
22 LANGUAGE
Speaking About Money
23 SPORT
Climbing
24 LITERATURE
The Picture of Dorian Gray
28 TEST B1
Listening, Language in Use, Speaking,
Writing
32 TEST B2
Listening, Language in Use
35 WORDLIST
Dictionary
Key to Icons
CD Listening on cd
TF Extra materials in the Teachers’ File
w Extra materials online
Bridge 3
B2 issue
Where
Are You
From?
Race, Ethnicity
and Nationality
“Where are you from?” might seem
like a simple question, but it isn’t
always an easy one. For example,
if you are born in Brazil, and your
parents are Brazilian, and you look
the way that people expect Brazilians
to look, then it might seem easy to
simply say, “I am Brazilian.” But
if someone is born in London, has
a British passport, light brown skin,
and one Vietnamese parent and
another who is Nigerian, their answer
might not be quite so simple.
Ancestry1 and family heritage2 are an
important part of identity and the way
people interact with the world. Three
of the most common categories that
people talk about are race, ethnicity and
nationality. There can be lots of similarity
and overlap3 among these words, and even
experts in sociology or language don’t
always agree on their exact meanings. But
we can still talk about some of the general
differences between them.
the country in your Passport
Nationality usually refers to where you
were born, or in some cases where your
parents were born. It is often used as a legal
or technical category: your nationality is
the country given in your ID card or passport.
This is very similar to the concept of legal
citizenship4. Citizens often have special
rights, like the right to vote; they can also
have special responsibilities, such as doing
military service. It is possible for someone
to have dual5 citizenship, such as someone half-Italian or a quarter Japanese. Because descriptions include black, white, Asian,
with both a British and a New Zealand most US citizens are not Native Americans, Hispanic and mixed race. The phrase “people
passport. knowing where your ancestors came from is of color” (or POC) has also become popular
Nationality can have a broader meaning like a national pastime (= hobby). in recent years to describe anyone who
in a few other contexts (= situations). Many is not white.
Americans who were born in the US still the color of your skin
describe their nationality as the place that The word “race” usually refers to physical Language and culture
their ancestors came from – an American appearance, specifically to the color of While race describes physical differences
citizen, for example, might say they are someone’s skin. Some examples of racial between groups and cultures, ethnicity
4 Bridge
DIscUss
Look at the following quotes about race and
identity. Which do you most agree with? Are
there any that you disagree with?
“I have a dream that my
four little children will one
day live in a nation where
they will not be judged by
the color of their skin but
by the content of their
character (= who they are).”
Martin Luther King, Jr. (political activist)
“We are never racist
against somebody
who is very far
away. I don’t know
any racism against
the Eskimos. There
must be someone
who is different from
CAN YoU CHANgE YoUR RACE?
us – but is living
close to us.”
In 2015, a US woman named Rachel Dolezal made an organization that fights against racial
headlines with an unusual perspective (= point discrimination. When people asked, she told Umberto Eco (author)
of view) on race. Dolezal grew up with two white them she was black or mixed race. But Dolezal
parents (who have Czech, German and Swedish lost her job and most of her friends in 2015
roots) and a white brother in a very conservative when some reporters found her parents in “You might feel like, ‘well
family in Montana. As a young girl, she had Montana and published a story about her I don’t hate black people
blonde hair and white skin. When Dolezal was past. In 2017, she still told the newspaper so I’m not a racist’, but
15, her parents adopted a Haitian baby and The Guardian, “Calling myself black feels more you benefit from racism.
three African American children. accurate than saying I’m white.” You might not even realize
As she got older, Dolezal started braiding7 Dolezal now says that she is trans-black, the opportunities that
her hair, wearing traditional African clothing, and that race is not biological but a social you have, because you
and using makeup to darken her skin. Dolezal construct*. She argues that she feels more haven’t been deprived of
later married an African American man and comfortable saying that she is black. Her certain things because of
went to Howard University, a historically black critics, however, say that her lying about the color of your skin.”
college·, to study art. When the university tried race is wrong. They argue that she hasn’t
to take away her scholarship8 after the first had the lifetime of discrimination that comes
year, she sued9 them for discriminating10 with being black, and that as a white woman Dave Chappelle (comedian and actor)
against her – for being white. she has the choice to look darker, but that
Later Dolezal began teaching African someone with darker skin doesn’t have
American studies in Washington State and the same choice to become lighter. What “No human race is
became the president of the local NAACP, do you think? superior (= better);
no religious faith is
inferior (= worse than
another). All collective
refers to a shared culture, including
language, ancestry and beliefs. For example,
CUlTUre P INT (= describing everyone
in a group) judgments
a person living in Europe may share cultural Some universities in the United States, called are wrong. Only
traditions with East African or Latin historically black colleges and universities racists make them.”
American societies. (or HBCUs), were established before 1964
Some countries are made up of multiple specifically to serve the black community.
Today any student can apply to these Elie Wiesel (author)
ethnicities. For example, Spanish speakers
schools, but the majority of students are
in the United States may eat similar foods, still African American. These include Howard
have common traditions, and feel connected University in Washington DC, Spelman and “If someone believes
even if they come from a variety of different Moorehouse Colleges in Georgia, and Xavier they are limited by
University in Louisiana. (= struggling because
countries. Other examples of ethnic groups of) their gender, race
include indigenous tribes6 (such as those in or background, they
the US, Canada, New Zealand and Australia), will become more
the Pakistani population in Britain or limited.”
a community with Italian roots living
in the US. Carly Fiorina (businessperson and politician)
Auburn Scallon (USA)
Still confused? Scan the QR
code (or go to goo.gl/i6i8a7) to
Glossary* watch a fun YouTube video about
social construct – something that is defined by race, ethnicity, nationality and
society, not biology (e.g. class) jellybeans.
Bridge 5
B1–head CD Track 9 CD
B2 historY TF Tracks
ActivitiesTF TF
1–4
Lesson
Lesson
Plan Plan
1 1 w
does it mean anything if a president worked in an
unusual job in his youth? Maybe not, but all three
of the men listed in this article have their faces
immortalized8 on Mount rushmore, along with
george Washington.
�
Presidential CVs WHAT THEY DID
BEFoRE THE WHITE HoUsE
Patrick Phillips
(USA)
The most powerful position in the US doesn’t matter if you are a career politician store before entering politics, and Jimmy
is president. The job comes with rather or a farmer, if you are 35 or 85 – you can be Carter was a peanut farmer. Ronald Reagan
nice accommodation, a private plane president of the United States. was a movie star.
and lots of other cool stuff. You get to But no one is born president. Before But some presidents had more colorful
travel and meet interesting people, reaching the highest office in the country, lives that took them into and out of many
and you can even invade a country or all presidents had jobs, like other Americans. different types of job.
two if they make you angry. You would think most presidents were in
politics before they entered the White
House, and that is true. In fact, only one
Poorer than a sportsman? president, Donald Trump, never served in
To be honest, the money isn’t really as great any public office before becoming president.
as you would think. American presidents
get paid about $570,000 a year. Sure, it Lawyers, soldiers, Movie stars
sounds like a lot, but big movie stars make Outside of politics, the most popular
much more money, as do leaders of large job for future presidents was lawyer. Of
corporations. The minimum salary in the 45 presidents, 26 were lawyers. Soldier
the National Hockey League is $650,000 was another popular job, with 22 presidents
a year, which means that the worst player being former soldiers or sailors. America
in the NHL makes more money than loves generals (successful ones, anyway), and
the president. nine have been elected president, including
George Washington, the first president.
How to Become a President Some presidents, like Trump, George
So how does a person become president? Bush and his son, George W. Bush, were
There are only two rules: you have to have businessmen. Some worked in education, I should have
been born in the United States, and you including Woodrow Wilson, who was played hockey.
have to be at least 35 years old. Other than the president of Princeton University.
that, there are no other job requirements. It Harry Truman owned a men’s clothing
6 Bridge
thomas Abraham
Jefferson Lincoln
Jefferson (1801–1809) was the third Lincoln (1861–1865) is famous for being
president and also the author of the president during the American
the Declaration of Independence. Civil War. He is one of the most popular
When he wasn’t busy helping to found• presidents, and you can find his picture
the United States, he was one of on the American five-dollar bill and one
the most brilliant thinkers of his era. cent coin.
Jefferson had many interests, Lincoln was one of the presidents
including botany1, architecture and who was a lawyer, but he was so much
writing. He designed his own home, more. His first job was as a bartender,
called Monticello, which many consider serving beer and whiskey to farmers in
to be an architectural masterpiece, in the state of Indiana. Later, in Illinois, he
the state of Virginia. and a partner opened a grocery store.
But that’s not all. Jefferson was He also ran his local post office.
famous as a gourmet chef and for his Lincoln was probably the only
knowledge of wine. His writings covered president who was famous for being
such things as farming, philosophy and a wrestler3. In small towns in the US
linguistics. He spoke at least seven local boys would wrestle each other
languages. He even invented a new word while their neighbors made bets on who
in English: to belittle, which means to would win. The winning wrestler would
make someone feel unimportant. get a share of the money. Lincoln was
Jefferson’s best invention is used known as the best wrestler in the area.
today in offices all over the world: he No matter if it was wrestling or
invented the swivel chair2. Where would presidential elections, Abraham Lincoln
we be without it? was unbeatable4.
was very sickly as a child. To make himself
healthy, Roosevelt decided to lead a very
physically demanding life. He took up
boxing and other sports.
Roosevelt built a ranch in the state of
Wyoming and raised cattle. He loved being
a cowboy, and was able to ride and use
a lasso5 very well. He also hunted bears
and other large animals in the US, and even
went to Africa for big-game6 hunting. He
wrote three books about hunting.
In 1898 the US declared war on Spain.
At that time Cuba belonged to Spain,
and the US felt the island should be
independent. Roosevelt quickly organized
a volunteer unit of cavalry7, and called CUlTUre P INT
theodore them the Rough Riders. The Rough Riders
became famous in the Battle of San Juan Teddy is a form of the name Theodore.
Roosevelt
Theodore Roosevelt was a bear hunter, but
Hill, where they defeated the Spanish
on one hunting trip he refused to shoot
soldiers. Of course, Roosevelt was the first a bear tied to a tree because he found it
up the hill, and he became a war hero. unfair. A cartoon of this incident inspired
Roosevelt was an extremely popular the expression teddy bear.
president, and the teddy bear• was named
Roosevelt (1901–1909) had the wildest life after him. But after being a cowboy,
of any president in history. He was born big-game hunter and war hero, the job of
into a rich family in New York City, but he a president must have seemed a bit dull.
Language Point• Bre vs Ame
Be careful to not confuse the verbs to find (find – clothes shop (BrE) x clothing store (AmE)
found – found) and to found (found – founded – colourful (BrE) x colorful (AmE)
founded). To find means to discover something. (I’ve grocer’s shop (BrE) x grocery store (AmE)
found somebody’s keys in the grass.) To found means neighbour (BrE) x neighbor (AmE)
to bring something into existence. (This town was
founded in 1900.)
Bridge 7
B1 english-speaking Countries TF Activities
Inventions
You Can’t
Live Without
Karen Cryer the telly
(SCOT)
One of the biggest inventions of
the 20th century, the television, was
whaT have invented by a Scot. John Logie Baird
Perhaps what springs to mind when
the ScottiSh demonstrated the first working television
in 1926, and went on to set up his very
own television company. He was also
you think of Scotland are bagpipes, ever Done For Us? the first person to transmit television
kilts and the Loch Ness monster.
(= send a TV signal) to the USA and to
It’s true that all three of these lovely demonstrate the first colour television.
things are Scottish, but Scotland
has contributed to society in many Antibiotics So next time you’re sitting down to watch
your favourite series, remember that you
different ways over the centuries. have Scotland to thank!
Let’s find out what this little country Alexander Fleming is one of the most
in the north of Great Britain has famous Scots. This is because his discovery,
given the world. penicillin, revolutionised5 the world of
medicine.
Fleming was a biologist and
pharmacologist6 who discovered penicillin
completely by accident. After a month’s
holiday, Fleming returned to work in his
laboratory and realised that he had left
a sample of bacteria out. He noticed that
mould7 had grown on the bacteria. On closer
inspection (= when he looked carefully),
he realised the mould had destroyed
the bacteria it touched.
Believe it or not, this opened the door to
the antibiotics that doctors now prescribe8
every day. Thanks to this, most infections
are now no longer life-threatening.
cloned sheep
A team of scientists at the Roslin Institute the Phone
near Edinburgh, led by Professor Sir Ian
Wilmut, set out to improve methods in Could you live without your phone? Well, we
genetic modification. Their research led to have Alexander Graham Bell to thank for
the birth of Dolly the Sheep in 1996. this handy (= useful) little device. Okay, he
Dolly is famous in the scientific didn’t invent the mobile phone, but he did
community because she was the first provide us with the first-ever telephone way
mammal1 to ever be cloned from an adult back in 1876.
cell2. We won’t go into the science behind all Bell was fascinated by speech and
this here, but it was a huge breakthrough3 worked tirelessly9 throughout his life
because before Dolly people didn’t think developing communication for the deaf. In
it was possible. Thanks to Dolly, there fact, he discovered the technology behind
have been many further advancements4 in the telephone while working on a device to
science and medicine. help deaf people to communicate.
And here’s a fun fact, totally unrelated to Alexander Bell went on to found
science: the most famous sheep in the world the Bell Telephone Company a year after
was named after the American country patenting his invention – and the world of
singer Dolly Parton. communication was changed forever.
8 Bridge
Protection
Against Rain
Scotland is widely known for being
extremely wet and rainy, so it’s
no wonder that the inventor of
the raincoat originated (= came from)
there.
Charles Macintosh was an inventor
who was trying find a use for waste
products from gasworks11. With
some experimentation, he developed
a waterproof fabric12 and went on
to start a company that produced
raincoats. With that, the first ever
“mackintosh” (a raincoat) was
introduced to the world.
Up until then, to be caught in
the rain meant being soaked through13.
British people still call raincoats
“mackintoshes” or “macks” to this day.
the Pedal Bicycle
Hypnosis
Kirkpatrick Macmillan was a blacksmith10 who wanted to find a way
to get from point A to point B faster. He developed the now very It might make you think of
familiar pedal bicycle in his workshop in silly TV shows or finding
1839. That first bicycle was extremely out about past lives, but
heavy and difficult to control, but people visit hypnotists
Macmillan still managed to cycle 14 miles to quit smoking and for
in less than an hour – an amazing therapy as well as for
achievement at that time. He never entertainment. And that’s thanks to the first person to really study
thought to patent his invention and other hypnosis, a Scottish surgeon14 and physician named James Braid.
people soon saw the potential and At the time, hypnotism was called “animal magnetism”, and
copied the design. Macmillan, was mainly regarded as15 just a kind of magic show. Baird realized
however, had no desire it could be useful. By experimenting on friends and family, he
(= didn’t want) to make improved the techniques and learned how to use hypnosis to ease
money from the bicycle pain and illness in his patients. He became the first ever practising
and was happy to live his hypnotherapist and is still seen as “the father of hypnosis” today. He
quiet life in the country. also coined (= invented) the word “hypnosis”.
A Gamers’ Favourite
David Jones is a Scottish game programmer who created one of
the most famous games ever played – Grand Theft Auto. A cult
classic, still much beloved today, Grand Theft Auto first became
available to the public in 1997.
Jones wanted to create a “living, breathing city” and combine it
with one of his greatest passions – cars. It was different from other
games that had come before, because instead of killing the bad
guys, the player was a bad guy! Grand Theft Auto paved the way* for
a whole new generation of computer games.
Glossary*
to pave the way for sth – to make something else possible
Bridge 9
B1– B2 FilM war
Contain ninG!
Game of
for sea s spoilers
so
Game o ns 1–7 of
f Thron
es
Thrones
Danger
Zone
In Game of Thrones, nobody is safe. The show is notorious1 for killing off its cast no
matter how loved (or hated) they are. It’s best not to get too attached2 – one moment
your favourite character might be making a new alliance, the next they are getting
their face chewed off 3 by dogs or having their throat cut at a wedding. As the eighth
and final season of this worldwide TV phenomena returns to our screens, we ask
the question: Who will survive?
Cersei Lannister Jon Snow
(Lena Heady) (Kit Harington)
By the end of season 7, Cersei is Jon has already been killed once,
Queen of the Seven Kingdoms, having stabbed8 to death by his own
killed her husband, her daughter- ‘brothers’ of the Night’s Watch.
in-law and her husband-to-be. But even that wasn’t enough to
However, all her children are now keep a good man down! With
dead and her brother (and lover) the help of the Red Woman,
Jaime has abandoned her. Although Melisandre, he came back to
Cersei has agreed to a truce4 with life to lead the fight against
her enemies, it is all part of her the White Walkers. Will season 8
plan – she intends to betray5 them all. We learnt last season that she finally be the end of him though?
is pregnant and that makes Cersei more dangerous than ever. PREDICTION: DIE. Jon is honest and honourable9 and has
PREDICTION: DIE. Cersei has lost everyone she loved and is already cheated death once, but we have a feeling that he
isolated. Although she still has the monster Gregor Clegane to won’t survive again. Heroically sacrificing10 himself for his queen
protect her, it won’t be enough. Could it be her brother Jaime seems a good way for Game of Throne’s favourite bastard to go out.
who returns to deliver the final blow*?
Daenerys Tyrion Lannister
(Peter Dinklage)
Targaryan Tyrion is arguably11 Game of Thrones’
(Emilia Clarke) most beloved character, but as we
The Mother of Dragons has lost one know, that is no guarantee he will stay
of her ‘children’, but two dragons alive. Tyrion is Daenerys’ most trusted
is still pretty good, right? She also advisor, so he appears to be safe for
has a giant, loyal army, a powerful the time being. However, some bad
alliance with Jon Snow and the North advice he gave meant she lost some
and the brains of Tyrion Lannister. faith in him. Will he fall far enough
There are not many humans who can out of favour12 to risk losing his life?
defeat her, but her biggest battle lies PREDICTION: DIE. People
ahead – with the undead Night King. (including his own family) have
PREDICTION: DIE. Daenerys has survived being burnt alive, been trying to kill Tyrion all his life and
nobody has succeeded yet. He is smart
Glossary*
attacks from warlocks6 and insurrectionists7 and the cruelty of to deliver the final blow – to
her own brother so she’s pretty tough! Her fire will be too strong for and brave enough to still be standing kill someone
the ice of the Night King and she will return to sit on the Iron Throne. come the end of the final episode.
10 BridgeB1 surprising FaCts
IT’s NoT
WHAT YoU
T H I N K!
A Twitter user asked “What’s
EYE-
PoPPINg*
PRICEs
The reason popcorn prices
something that seems obvious to are so high is because cinemas
people in your profession, but that most make very little money
people misunderstand?” The tweet from ticket sales. Most of
quickly went viral. Here are some of the money goes back to
the facts we learned that surprised us. the movie studio.
How many are news to you?
Paul Farrington-Douglas (UK)
PL A N T
T ’s No
THA
Fungi3 are not plants – they are closer to
animals than anything else. What’s more,
the bit you see (the mushroom) is just
the reproductive4 structure. Thinking that
a mushroom is the whole fungus is like
pointing to a flower on a tree and saying
“here’s the whole plant”!
Nonsense in Movies
No green glow You can’t really knock somebody out11
Nuclear glow1 is typically blue, not green with a blow12 to the head and have them
(sorry, The Simpsons is not scientifically wake up basically fine an hour later. Either
accurate). People mistakenly think it is you hurt them very badly (you give them
green because that was the colour of radium a life-threatening concussion13 or break their
and phosphor watch dials2 from the first skull), or you just make them angry.
half of the 20th century.
Fresh Air on a Plane
The air you breathe on a plane is fresh air
from outside. It is compressed5 to raise
the nitrogen6/oxygen7 levels. It is very cold
when it comes in (around -50° Celsius) so
it is sent around the hot section of the jet
engine8 for heating.
Animal
Lover Dubbing Animations
About 97 %
In cartoons, the voices are usually recorded
of known
first. The animation is done afterwards.
animal species
It’s All “Handmade” are invertebrates9,
Robots for sewing don’t exist. Most clothes mostly insects and
Glossary*
are made in factories, not on a sewing arachnids10. Saying “I love all animals except eye-popping – so impressive or shocking that it
machine at home, but every single piece of the bugs” is like saying “I love all plants makes your eyes pop
clothing is made by hand by a person. except the ones that make flowers”.
Bridge 11B1– B2 enVironMent CD Track 5
Climate Change
What Does It Mean for Life on Earth?
the world is warming – and most microscopic algae5. The algae change (= confused). There was more and more
of the extra heat (more than 90%) sunlight and carbon dioxide6 into food to carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, but still
is going into the oceans. ocean feed the polyp, and so the two organisms not as much as they expected. Then they
warming has many effects, including keep each other alive. found the reason. A lot of the carbon dioxide
dying coral reefs1, melting ice and Many corals can only live within quite was going into the oceans – the oceans
stronger hurricanes•. a narrow temperature range7 (20–28°C) in absorbed 25–50% of it. So, global warming
warm, shallow (= not deep) tropical seas. has not been as bad as scientists expected.
If the sea water gets warmer than normal, Good news, right?
Drowning cities? the algae die and the coral loses its colour Wrong. Seawater naturally contains a lot
You’ve probably heard that global warming and turns white. The polyps starve8 without of a mineral called calcium carbonate9. This
is causing the sea levels2 to rise. There algae and so the coral reef dies. mineral is destroyed by carbon dioxide.
are two reasons for this. Firstly, sea water Animals like shellfish* and corals build
expands (= gets bigger) when it gets warmer. no Material for shells their hard homes from calcium carbonate,
It doesn’t expand by much, but there’s a lot One of the main greenhouse gases is carbon so when this mineral is destroyed, they
of water in the sea. Most of the rise in sea dioxide. Until a few years ago, scientists
levels we have had so far is because of were puzzled
this effect.
Sea levels will rise a lot more as the ice
melts in the Arctic and Antarctic. In the end,
they could be tens of metres higher. But this
is a slow process: your children might see
seas that are a metre higher than today.
Even this will make many coastal3
areas very dangerous.
In recent years, the rise
in sea levels has been a few
millimetres per year. That doesn’t
sound like much, but it’s a huge
amount of extra volume4 (because
the oceans are big). ). When huge
storms like hurricanes blow the water
up onto land, that extra volume suddenly
matters a lot. The water can cause severe
(= very serious) flooding and destroy coastal
communities. Island communities such as
the Maldives are particularly in danger.
Dying coral
Coral reefs are very important. Up to 25%
of all species living in the sea are found
there. Reefs also protect the land from
storms, so losing them will put our
cities in danger – especially when
combined with rising sea levels.
Coral reefs have been made over
millions of years by tiny animals.
The hard walls of coral are made
by a colourful animal that is fixed
in one place (= cannot move from
the place). This animal, called
a polyp, shares its tiny home with
12 Bridgeand the oceans
cannot survive. These chemical reactions the effects of warming seas are unknown,
are also making the oceans more acidic10. but ecosystems are already changing. And,
It’s a small change so far, but it is serious for of course, they suffer from many other
oceanic life. Experiments have shown that human-caused problems, such as over-fishing
sea organisms are damaged by even small (= fishing too much) and pollution.
changes in the acidity of the water.
scary Weather
Food Web in Danger We know that a changing climate will affect
All the creatures in the oceans are part the weather, but it is difficult to say exactly
of a complex “food web” (the system how (because weather is very complex).
of who-eats-whom). At the bottom are However, for around two decades11 climate
the plankton (tiny plants and animals that scientists have been predicting an increase
float in the water). They are eaten by small in extreme weather such as storms, rain,
fish, which are eaten by larger fish, which wind, snow and drought12. In the last few
are then eaten by top predators such as years, there has been an increase in extreme
some whales and dolphins. weather – exactly as predicted.
If part of the food web disappears, Because of global warming there are
the whole system can be in trouble. Many of likely to be more cyclones•. This is because of
the way these storms are made. They form
over warm ocean waters near the equator13.
global Warming
Life on earth depends on
to be a
ble
The warm, wet air over the ocean rises up. QUiCK gases in the atmosphere
sea ice As this air moves up, there is less air left
ea r s n e e d
pola r b r sea ls. in the
Beau fo r t CheCK called “greenhouse gases”.
fo d a) th e pola r near the surface of the ocean. Cooler air is These hold the heat from
t a
to hun of C a n (= got pulled in from the area around. This air also
a (north clined the sun so that it warms the planet instead
s e a a re ti o n h a s de 0 ye a r s warms and rises, and more cool air is pulled
e last 1
opula of disappearing back into space. Without
b ea r p 0 % in th
r) by 4 a ice is in. The air moves faster and faster, and builds these greenhouse gases the earth would be
sma lle a of s e
a u s e the a re g each yea r. into a cyclone. A cyclone is like a giant engine icy and there could be no life.
bec elt in
d by m However, more greenhouse gases mean
reduce that takes its energy from warm, wet air.
higher temperatures. Carbon dioxide is
Increased ocean temperatures mean more the main greenhouse gas. Because of
fuel for the engine, so warming means more the fossil fuels that we burn for energy
and bigger cyclones. (coal, oil and natural gas), large quantities
Nigel Haward (UK) of carbon dioxide are being released into
Paul Farrington-Douglas (UK) the atmosphere – and temperatures are
rising as a result.
Life can evolve (= slowly change) to be
able to deal with changing temperatures,
sCienCe P INT but only when the change is gradual.
A temperature change of one degree in
Hurricanes and typhoons are the same. a couple of decades might seem slow, but in
What they are called depends on where they fact it is very, very fast.
are. Hurricanes are found in the Caribbean You might have heard that scientists are
and north-east Pacific. Typhoons are in not sure about global warming. It isn’t true:
the Far Eastern seas. The scientific term 97% of climate scientists say that global
for this type of storm is cyclone. warming is happening and that human
activity is the main cause.
Glossary*
shellfish – sea creatures that live in shells
Bridge 13B1– B2 housing CD TF Lesson
Track 6
Plan 2
Small Home,
Floating Home,
No Home? UNUsUAL
HoUsINg
communal Housing
Also called “cohousing”, the modern
communal living movement started in
Denmark in the 1960s and now more
and more people around the world are
interested. Instead of living in completely
separate family homes, people have their
With the growing
tiny Homes
own private rooms, flats or even houses,
which surround a communal (= shared) global population and
space such as a kitchen or meeting hall. improvements in technology, A tiny home often has just one room that
They share responsibilities such as cooking people around the world are combines the functions of several rooms in
and childcare, and benefit from lower costs
of living and deeper friendships.
beginning to think outside an ordinary house. For example, the kitchen
might be on one wall of the living-room
the box* when it comes
space, which might also contain a pull-out
to housing. Here are some or lofted bed2. These living spaces are best
different types of homes that suited for one or two people, and some can
reach beyond the borders be attached to an already-existing house.
of the classic flat or family Tiny homes are part of a movement3 to
live more simply and with less stress. In
home.
the US, the average house costs $188,000.
Molly Emmett (USA) The average tiny home costs $23,000. That
means life without a mortgage4.
Digital nomads
What if the future of housing is to not
have a house at all? There is a worldwide
community of modern nomads who have no
fixed (= permanent) address and travel from
place to place instead. They value ideas and
experiences more than money and things, Mobile Homes
and must be minimalists, living with only In the US, most people associate mobile
what they can carry from place to place. homes with trailer parks – low-cost,
They often work online, doing jobs that sometimes run-down5 communities with
can be done from anywhere. Because this a bad reputation. However, some architects
lifestyle is very low-cost, though, they don’t are trying to change this idea. They have
need to work eight-hour days. The book created compact, yet spacious6, homes
that inspired the digital nomad movement that can be transported to the buyer’s
is called The Four-Hour Workweek. Sounds location by truck. Instead of the run-down
pretty good to us. communities, these architects want to
create affordable (= not very expensive) and
Houseboats stylish trailer parks in urban areas.
Houseboats have been around for a while,
but they are getting more attention now
for their design upgrades. Hamburg in Glossary*
Germany has a growing community of to think outside the box – to think creatively,
these floating homes with sustainable*, using new ideas instead of traditional ones
creative and eye-catching designs. Other sustainable – causing little or no damage to
places, like Amsterdam, have long been the environment so that it continues for
famous for small, bright and eco-friendly a long time
boats on the canals. In Seattle in the US,
the houseboats look more like small houses Bre vs Ame
on top of the water, built next to docks and neighbour (BrE) x neighbor (AmE)
connected to their neighbors by boardwalks1. travelled (BrE) x traveled (AmE)
14 BridgeB1 neW Zealand
Land of Lava
and sunken ships
NEW ZEALAND’s
RANgIToTo IsLAND
Rangitoto Island. It has a lovely sound, doesn’t it? It probably makes you
think of palm trees and coconuts, but it should make you think of lava
and eruptions1 of fire, instead. Rangitoto Island is New Zealand’s youngest
volcano, though today it is dormant (= sleeping).
Views and Lava caves Rangitoto is mostly made of lava. You
The island was created about 600 years ago can see interesting lava tubes there –
in a series of volcanic eruptions. It is close tunnels created by the flow of liquid lava.
to New Zealand’s largest city, Auckland, The largest tubes are like caves, and you
and it’s five and a half kilometres wide, so can even walk through some of them.
it is impossible to miss if you have a view
of the harbour. The island itself is a scenic sky Blood
reserve (= an area of natural beauty). You The name Rangitoto means “sky blood” in the longest lava tube is
about 50 metres long.
can visit it by ferry, which takes only about Maori. It refers to a historic battle between
20 minutes from Auckland, so it makes an two Maori tribes2. The full name in Maori is
ideal day-trip. There are spectacular views Te Rangi i totongia te ihu a Tama-te-kapua’ is because ship captains would leave any
from the top of Rangitoto. (good luck saying that!) which means drunk sailors from their ship there without
“the day the blood of Tama-te-kapua’s nose alcohol. This gave the drunk sailors time to
flowed”. Tama-te-kapua was a leader of one get sober4 before they got back on the ship
of the tribes. for their next journey.
CUlTUre P INT
Snorkelling means swimming while
Prisoners and Drunk sailors Who Lived there?
using a snorkel (= a tube that you hold
There is a lot of interesting history to Although nobody is allowed to live on
in your mouth to help you breathe when the island. For example, prisoners were the island now, there used to be a few bach
your face is underwater). Scuba diving used to work on the island in the 1920s and communities. A bach is the New Zealand
is swimming underwater with special ’30s. They built roads and a track to the top word for a holiday home. These types of
breathing equipment. of the mountain. homes were typically very basic; some were
There is a bay on the island called Wreck built from materials taken from the ships.
Bay. This became a kind of graveyard3 The bach communities were actually illegal,
for ships. Between 1887 and 1947, many and the people were eventually moved.
shipowners whose boats were getting old However, the baches have been kept and
and unsafe either sank them there or just are now a kind of museum.
left them in the bay. There are at least During the Second World War the island
13 such ships still remaining. They can be was used as a base5 to defend against
explored by scuba diving• or snorkelling•. the possibility of an attack by Japan. There
Another bay on the island, Islington Bay, are still bunkers6 that you can visit.
was also called Drunks Bay in the past. This Jackie Fox (NZ)
Bridge 15B2 teChnologY CD
Tracks
7–10
BEYoND
HUMAN?
When
Losing a Limb
Doesn’t Mean “the leader of the Bionic
Losing a Life
age”: Biomechatronics
pioneer hugh herr.
A prosthesis• is an artificial replacement for a missing body part. It can be as
simple as a storybook pirate’s wooden leg, or as complex as a robotic hand
controlled by a computer that works together with signals from the brain.
t
he oldest prosthesis we’ve found, biomechatronics (“the combination of
a wood-and-leather toe, was on biology, mechanics, electronics and
a 3,000-year-old ancient Egyptian control”). Biomechatronic prostheses work
mummy*. It was surprisingly advanced, and like natural body parts. Sensors detect
the science of making prostheses• didn’t get electrical signals in the nervous system.
much better until the 20th century. Change A computer interprets the signals and sends
today is fast, though. Now we’re getting near them to motors. The motorized “muscles”
to the point where human-engineered body move when you think about moving, just like
parts could equal the ones made by millions real muscles. Walk like an egyptian: experiments have proved
of years of evolution. The technology is amazing. that the “Cairo toe” was a practical aid to walking.
Unfortunately, it is also very expensive.
the climber The most sophisticated* designs exist only to get back to their former activities, like
One important figure in this story is as prototypes, costing millions of dollars to Mike Schultz, a professional snowboarder
the former rock climber Hugh Herr. develop and build. And even the ones you who lost his leg after a boarding accident.
Herr’s legs were amputated after can buy cost tens of thousands of dollars. Schultz has made a specialized sports
a mountaineering accident. This was in knee that can be used for sports from
the 1980s, when the idea of a prosthetic• no Disability snowboarding to water-skiing to horse
body part being better than a natural body But although biomechatronics are still out riding. Like Hugh Herr in the 1980s, Schultz
part was pure science fiction. of reach for almost all amputees, there are wanted to return to the sport that took his
Herr refused to accept the idea that more basic prostheses that are miles ahead leg. Thanks to his invention, he’s back on
his athletic life was over. He worked on of anything seen in the past. In some cases the slopes and winning medals.
his prostheses himself, designing and they come from amputees who are working Paul Farrington-Douglas (UK)
redesigning them until they were even
better for climbing than his old legs and
feet. “My closet looked really funny,” he
jokes today. “You didn’t see shoes, you saw
Glossary* Language Point•
limb – a leg or an arm Prosthetic [prɒsˈθetɪk] is an adjective (a prosthetic
all these bizarre limbs and feet everywhere.” mummy – a dried and preserved body, especially knee). A prosthetic body part is a prosthesis
Herr became the first amputee* to perform connected with ancient Egypt [prɒsˈθiːsiz], and the plural is prostheses [prɒsˈθiːsiːz].
at the same level as able-bodied* athletes. amputee – a person who has had a limb removed for Why? Because it’s Latin. There are several Latin words
medical reasons in English that have an –is ending. Some of the most
able-bodied – not handicapped by physical injury common are basis, crisis, diagnosis, hypothesis, oasis
Miracles – at a Price sophisticated – complicated and technologically and thesis. These are made into a plural by changing
Today Herr is a university professor advanced the –is to –es.
and a superstar in the new field of
16 BridgeB1– B2 puZZles CD
Track
11
MinD SHAKESPEARE’S
CORNER
BenDers
Auburn Scallon
Megan (USA)
LeBoeuf
(USA) This bit of romantic wisdom is shared
Planting Trees
in a conversation between Olivia, a rich,
beautiful woman, and Viola, a young woman
pretending to be a man, in Shakespeare’s
comedy The Twelfth Night. Olivia is used to
men falling in love with her and is not used
to being on the other side of the equation*.
Chloe and Dylan are celebrating Earth Day by
planting some new trees near their town. But PLAy:
they must be careful about where they plant Twelfth Night
them: if there are too many trees too close
together, they won’t grow well. “Love sought*
They’re starting out by planting some oaks. They is good, but
want to plant eight of them, but oaks need a lot of giv’n* unsought
room, so they’re using a grid to map where they is better.”
should plant. There must be two empty spaces in
each row, each column and each of the longest
Guess the meaning:
diagonals (top left to bottom right, and bottom
A Don’t go looking for love or you’ll never
left to top right). Draw the trees on the grid.
find it.
B You’re most likely to fall in love when
you least expect it.
C Love is best when it happens naturally
and by surprise.
* on the other side of the equation – on
the opposite side; sought – looked for;
giv’n – given
Grammar in a Modern Context
Write the irregular past tense of
the present form. Then fill the past tense
form into the collocations below.
e.g. to seek = sought
to buy ______________________________
to fall ______________________________
to feel ______________________________
to find ______________________________
to grow ______________________________
to think ______________________________
to write ______________________________
Michelle and Sean 1 __________ up together
in the small town of Hood River in Oregon.
On another patch of land they’re
They never 2 _____________ that they
planting some fruit trees, which
don’t need quite so much space. would fall in love. After school, Michelle
They are planting twelve trees 3 _____________ a job in the UK and moved
this time, and there should away. One year later, she 4 __________
be one empty space in each a message to Sean, just to say hello.
row, each column and each of
They started chatting. After a month, he
the long diagonals. Draw the trees
on the grid. 5 _____________ a ticket to Birmingham
to visit her. They had spent lots of time
together as friends, but now something
6 _____________ different. One year
later, they were married. They love to tell
the story about how, after spending their
whole lives in the same town, they finally
7 ______________ in love in England.
solutions on the Cd
s and in tF.
Bridge 17B1– B2 Counter-Cultures TF Activities
BoMBinG
The CiTy
GraFFiTi as CoUnTer‑CUlTUre The Language of Graffiti
Like many counter-cultures, graffiti writers
invented their own terminology. The names
They are a community that only come out at night. You don’t know their faces or of writers or crews spray-painted on public
their real names, but you have probably seen their work on the walls. They are property became known as “tags”. A “throw
hunted by the police and often hated by parts of society, but that doesn’t stop them up” or “throwie” was a more detailed tag.
from making their mark1. whether you call them artists or vandals, graffiti writers The act of spraying many tags or throw
are everywhere, and have been for a long time. ups across a wide area became known as
“bombing”. Large, complex paintings with
From Scratches MCing, DJing, B-Boying many colours and effects that took a long
to Spray Cans and Writing time to do were called “pieces” (short for
The word “graffiti” comes from the Italian When hip-hop emerged in New York in
word “graffiato” which means “scratched”. the late 1970s, it was made up of four main
Graffiti scratched onto walls has been elements: rapping (MCing), turntablism
found in ancient Roman, Greek and Egyptian (DJing), breakdancing (B-Boying) and writing
cities – often just names or messages about (graffiti). Like the lyrics, music and dance of
love or politics. One of the first recorded hiphop, writing was a type of competition –
examples of graffiti was giving directions a way to show how you are different and
to a nearby brothel2! However, it was not better than other artists. From simple
until the birth of hip-hop that a real counter- tags, the graffiti grew to be bigger, more
culture grew up around graffiti, using colourful and more elaborate3 as different
the aerosol spray can. crews (= groups) fought for dominance of
the streets. And it wasn’t just on the walls.
Graffiti-covered subway trains became an
iconic image of the time.
Any writers Local government adopted a zero-tolerance
policy – any writers who were caught were
who were caught treated as criminals. This meant that all
were treated as writers were united by
a common enemy, and Works of famous
criminals. graffiti moved from being
just a part of hip-hop to
english street
artist Banksy often
comment on politics
being a culture of its own. and social issues.in a Bomber’s
own Words…
To most of us, a lot of graffiti is just
vandalism. But what does it mean to
the taggers and bombers themselves?
“It’s about recognition, street fame. Some
do it out of a need to destroy and bring
chaos as their response to stress and
hardship. Others do it for the game and
the recognition it’ll bring them. Others
do it for the art aspect. Everyone has their
reasons, but it’s always about getting
noticed. Tags don’t get you up (= add to your
street fame) much, though – go big (= create
something great) or go home.” (AZONER)
“I enjoy seeing graffiti in the streets, so
for me it just seems right to hit up spots
(= paint graffiti somewhere) for others to
look at. It’s not about vandalizing stuff.
It’s about doing art and having a lot of fun.
Being recognized.” (ASER)
“It’s about getting your name up there,
getting people to speak about you. The more
difficult a place your throw up or tag is,
the more respect you will get. Yes, of course,
it’s vandalism and these crappy (= very bad)
tags and bad throw ups, mine included, can
“masterpieces”). They earned more respect make the area look worse. But we don’t
if they were in a difficult to reach place. care about it. We just want the name up
everywhere as much as possible.” (VOIS)
not Just from a Can
Although the spray can remains king, writers
have developed many other techniques.
Stencils4 have become a popular way of
making graffiti that is quick and easy. Many
graffiti artists feel that this is cheating,
however, as it requires less talent and skill
than traditional methods. Even so, artists
Read like Banksy have popularised it greatly. and Coca-Cola have all used it to promote
Subway Art by Henry Chalfant and Martha Stickers and posters are also used to make their products. At the same time, graffiti
Cooper (about the New York City graffiti
street art. And these days some artists are is increasingly recognised as legitimate
movement in the 1970s and 1980s)
rejecting the toxic chemicals used in spray art, and many cities provide special walls
Wall and Piece by Banksy (the best of
paint and prefer greener alternatives like or areas where graffiti writers can create
Banksy’s work)
moss5 that can be attached to walls to grow pieces legally. Areas like Hosier Lane in
into a living work of art. Melbourne and the John Lennon wall in
Watch Prague have become tourist attractions.
Exit Through the Gift Shop (a film by Banksy into the Mainstream Despite their real identities remaining
about writers in America) It didn’t take long for graffiti to enter unknown, artists like Banksy, David Choe and
Style Wars (a documentary about early 1980s galleries. Some writers see this as a natural Eduardo Kobra have become art superstars,
hip-hop culture with an emphasis on graffiti) step in graffiti being accepted as an art with their best known pieces selling for
Graffiti Unlimited (a graffiti simulation app) form and a way for talented graffiti writers millions of dollars. However, for every Banksy
to make some money. For many within there are thousands of unknown writers,
@ visit the culture, though, this form of graffiti throwing their tags up on walls and fighting
woostercollective.com doesn’t count. They argue that the illegal a running6 battle with the authorities trying
streetsaresayingthings.com
nature of graffiti is part of what gives it value. to stop them. Love them or hate them,
Graffiti is certainly big business today. graffiti writers are never going to disappear.
(websites with graffiti from around the world)
Large companies like McDonald’s, MTV Liam Peach (UK)
Bridge 19B1
B1head CD Track 9 TFTFActivities
– B2 MusiC Activities TF Lesson
Plan 1 w
e B Ts
A r new
t he le s?
t
B ea
THE WORLD’S
BIGGEST
BOY BAND
Since the 1990s, K-pop has been What Is K-pop? don’t dance, or at least they do not perform
spreading across much of Southeast South Korean K-pop isn’t a genre but the whole show. For K-pop it’s a must.
Asia in the so-called Korean wave – a music industry. Entertainment companies The stars, called “idols”, must perform very
and now the Korean wave is breaking like BigHit, JYP, SM and YG Entertainment demanding dance routines at the same time
over Europe and America. are all continually producing countless new as singing.
K-pop groups and soloists – and in Korea, Another difference is that K-pop puts
music lovers stan* the companies. a lot of importance on fan culture, with
You might not know the K-pop girl groups like Many companies buy songs from western tons of concerts and performances, fan
Dreamcatcher and GFriend, the boy bands producers and don’t care about the genres communities, and “real” meet-and-greets
like Wanna One and Seventeen, or soloists at all, though a lot of the music sounds like (not just “pay-and-hey”•). K-pop idols are
like Sunmi or Hyuna. But you certainly know what we would describe as pop or EDM*. very close to their fans.
PSY, whose “Gangnam Style” is one of the best Rather than focusing on genre, though, they K-pop gets a bad name because
known songs worldwide. And if you care about do “concepts” such as cute, sexy or hip-hop. the production companies often care more
modern pop, you’ve quite likely heard of BTS, In the western pop scene, pop stars have about looks than talent. Many of these idols
the biggest boy band in the world today. backup dancers – the stars themselves can’t even sing well. But, as in pop music
20 BridgeB1 head CD TF TF w
Lesson
Track 9 Activities
Plan 1
Songs for Everyone
BTS sing and rap in Korean, their mother
tongue. Their music is very diverse. Do you like
pop? Listen to “Run” or “I Need U”. Do you like
hip-hop? Listen to “Mic Drop”, “Cypher pt. 1–4”
and to the mixtapes each of the rappers has
recorded separately. Do you prefer R&B?
Listen to “Stigma”, “Rain” or “Singularity”.
Are you more of an EDM person? You need
Bts started in 2013. the band has seven members:
to hear “Blood Sweat & Tears”, “Euphoria” or
rM, Jin, suga, J-hope, Jimin, V and Jungkook.
the Bts Breakout “DNA”. Ballads? Try “Spring Day”. BTS make
BTS were already big in Southeast Asia, but music in every genre for everyone.
everywhere, there are many talented artists 2017 saw them break out* in the western
in the mix as well. world. They had their first top-100 single* in
the US, they became the first K-pop group to history, but he ends up failing every time – if
the Light of the youth perform at the American Music Awards, and he fixes one problem, he creates another
In South Korea, their name is 방탄소년단 they were named as one of Time magazine’s one in a different dimension.
(Bangtan Sonyeondan, literally “Bulletproof 25 most influential people on the internet.
Boy Scouts”). Everywhere else they are BTS, In 2018, BTS became the first Korean not Just the Music
which stands for “Beyond The Scene”. Unlike band to perform at a US stadium, and all Ever since their debut in 2013, BTS have been
most K-pop bands, they compose, produce 40,000 tickets sold out in under 20 minutes. focused on providing messages of comfort
and write their own music. In fact, Koreans They became the world’s second-biggest- for young people. Their lyrics are meaningful,
say that they don’t do K-pop, but “Han selling live performers (with Ed Sheeran in talking about people’s lives and struggles,
music” (true Korean music). the top spot). The music video for the song about fighting your fears, staying strong and
They are seven very talented young “Idol” got 56 million views in 24 hours, never giving up. Their message is that you
men who work hard every day and deserve breaking a record previously held by must love yourself first, as only then can
the hype* they’re gaining. They practice Taylor Swift. The BTS film Burn the Stage: you spread and get love: their motto is “Love
dancing for 5–12 hours a day. They upload The Movie broke the US record for most yourself, love myself, peace.” They have even
their dance practice videos to their YouTube successful cinema musical production. been invited to speak at the UN*.
channel, BangtanTV. Paul Farrington-Douglas (UK)
Artistry
BTS songs and videos – and recently even
short movies and stories – all fit together
in a fictional “universe”. BTS fans, known
as ARMYs, are trying to figure out the real
CUlTUre P INT
storyline by following the clues in their music A meet-and-greet is an event where an artist
videos. These often lead into unexpected or band meets fans and talks to them. Often
it is just an extra way to make money – fans
places, such as historical paintings, old myths
pay to queue up and get a quick selfie, and
and books by Hermann Hesse (in the song that’s all. It’s just pay-and-hey (as in, “Hey
“Blood Sweat & Tears”) and Ursula K. Le Guin there, thanks for coming, next please”).
(in the song “Spring Day”).
The main characters in the storyline are
the boys themselves. They all want to stay
young and to be together forever, but it
seems they have done something wrong and
they need to repair the damage in the world.
Jin, the oldest band member, is mainly
shown with a camera, watching and filming
the rest of the boys. ARMYs think that he
:) FUN FACT travels through time or across dimensions*,
trying to save the boys by intervening* in
English-speaking interviewers usually talk
to RM, the band leader, and all because
of a US sitcom. RM’s parents bought
him the complete Friends box set (all Glossary* hype – when something is dimension – a different version of
236 episodes) and he watched it first with stan (noun and verb) – (internet advertised in the media a lot our universe
Korean subtitles, then with English subtitles, slang) (to be) a very dedicated fan in order to attract everyone’s to intervene – to get involved in
and then with no subtitles at all. By the end, (from an Eminem song, “Stan”, interest a situation in order to improve it
he could speak English fluently. It’s not about an obsessive fan) to break out – to achieve success UN – the United Nations
a method that would work for everyone, but EDM – electronic dance music single – one song marketed on its
he does have an IQ of 148. own
Bridge 21You can also read
