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A publication of
Lindenwood University Press
Spring/Summer 2020
vol. 11, no. 2
®
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William Tedford, Jr. James Yeatman (1818-1901) moved to St. Louis from Tennessee
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leaders for six decades. He was a founder of institutions as
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Collective Memory: The Dedication of Bellefontaine
Cemetery in St. Louis.” (Image: Missouri Historical Society)
pg. 1
Spring/Summer 2020
A publication of Lindenwood University Press vol. 11, no. 2
CONT E NTS
pg. 18
pg. 36
pg. 46
pg. 2
2 18 36 46
“By Unexpected Chasing the Death, Civic Pride, Otto Widmann
Means”—The Founding Robert E. Lee: and Collective Memory: and the
of St. Joseph at Boat Races on the The Dedication of Birds of Missouri
St. Louis, 1863-1878 Mississippi River Bellefontaine Cemetery
in St. Louis
by dana delibovi by dean klinkenberg by jeffrey smith by bonnie stepenoff
Five nuns traveled to Perhaps the most famous Starting in the 1830s, As late as the early 1990s,
St. Louis in 1863 to create a steamboat race on the cemeteries in cities like the only comprehensive
contemplative order in the Mississippi River came when St. Louis became more than book on Missouri’s birds
midst of the Civil War. the Robert E. Lee beat the just burial grounds. They was Otto Widmann’s
Dana Delibovi investigates Natchez from New Orleans became places people visited Preliminary Catalog of the
the reasons the group came. to St. Louis in 1870. The and conveyors of a city’s Birds of Missouri, published
record stood for some six collective memory. All this in 1907. Widmann
decades, when a wave of was conveyed in Truman documented the Eurasian
races up the river started. Marcellus Post’s sermon Tree Sparrow, which has just
at the dedication of one habitat in the United
Bellefontaine Cemetery States—in St. Louis.
in 1850.
The Confluence is a regional studies journal published by Lindenwood University, dedicated to the
diversity of ideas and disciplines of a liberal arts university. It is committed to the intersection of history, art
and architecture, design, science, social science, and public policy. Its articles are diverse by design.
pg. 2
spring/summer ’20
pg.3
“by
unexpected
means”—
The Founding
of St. Joseph
at St. Louis,
1863-1878
by
d ana
d e l i b ov i
Today, in Ladue, Missouri,
seventeen Discalced Carmelite nuns devote their lives to prayer, in
a beautiful, cloistered convent. This serene setting hides a difficult
founding in the turbulent year of 1863. In the fall of
that year, five nuns traveled to St. Louis from Baltimore to create a
“Foundation”—the Carmel of St. Joseph. They came at the
behest of the first Archbishop of St. Louis, Peter Kenrick, brother
of the Archbishop of Baltimore, Francis Kenrick. Their Foundation
was the first branch of Carmel in America, from which
sprouted eleven other monasteries.1
Archbishop Kenrick accompanies the Carmelites on arrival to St. Louis, painted in
1975 by Mother Virginia of the Carmel of St. Joseph. (Image: Dana Delibovi)
pg. 4
B & O Railroad advertisement from 1864 highlighting
replacement and improvement of destruction wrought
by Confederate attacks. (Image: Wikicommons)
Map created in 1860 showing train routes between Baltimore and the West.
The sisters would most likely have taken the B & O from Baltimore to Parkersburg,
West Virginia, then crossed the Ohio River to Cincinnati on the Marietta &
Cincinnati Railroad, and finally onto the Ohio & Mississippi Railroad to St. Louis.
Riverboat service was also available starting in the Wheeling or Parkersburg,
West Virginia, termini of the B & O. (Image: Library of Congress)
spring/summer ’20
pg. 5
W h y did the se nuns ris k f o u nd ing a m o nas t ic co nv ent
at such an inau s p icio u s t im e and p lace?
These nuns made their mission practical reason may have been “I Want an Order
at the height of the Civil War. conflict at the Baltimore to Pray for Priests”
They traveled on the Baltimore monastery from which the
& Ohio (B & O) Railroad, a line Carmelite sisters hailed. In
Archbishop Peter Richard
often subject to Confederate addition, the search for an answer
Kenrick founded the Carmel
attacks. They settled in St. elucidates three aspects of
in St. Louis in communication
Louis, a city still threatened by social and intellectual history.
with his brother, the Archbishop
cholera outbreaks following the
First, it illuminates the role of Baltimore, Francis Patrick
devastating epidemic of 1849,
of religious women as workers in Kenrick. Peter Kenrick became
where anti-Catholic aggression
the relatively new, often troubled Archbishop in 1847, the initial
still smoldered after its zenith
Archdiocese of St. Louis under year of the newly constituted and
in the mid-1850s. They endured
the leadership of Peter Kenrick. vast Archdiocese of St. Louis,
fifteen years of hardship in their
which ranged from the Mississippi
quarters at the Clay Mansion, on
Second, it evokes the to the Missouri River plains. By
the grounds of today’s Calvary
experience of life in the border 1863, he already presided over an
Cemetery. The sisters tried
states of the Civil War— area well populated with religious
farming and crafts to support
Maryland and Missouri included. women, including several orders
themselves, rarely succeeding in
Of special note are implications installed under his tenure.6
these efforts. Despite the poor
for what has been termed the Yet, the Archdiocese lacked the
conditions, the Carmel of St.
public “posture” of neutrality in presence of a contemplative order,
Joseph hung on, finally moving
the borderlands.4 It is certainly which Kenrick wanted to remedy.
in 1878 to its first, true Carmel
true that, when the issue is slavery, As described in the archdiocesan
monastery in Soulard.2
neutrality is immorality, but record, “Our own Archbishop
Why did these nuns risk a neutral public stance was an Kenrick, thorough man of the
founding a monastic convent at expedient chosen by many, active life, yet at the same time,
such an inauspicious time and including Peter Kenrick. An a lover of quiet meditation, is
place? That question recurred aspect of this posture was a focus reported to have answered the
in the research process for this on church business as usual, which query: Why introduce an Order
article, articulated by Sister could include the founding of that does nothing but pray: with
Constance Fitzgerald, archivist a convent in 1863. the words: ‘I have a number of
at the Carmelite Monastery of Orders for the works of charity
Finally, the founding of the and education, but I want an
Baltimore, the cloister from
convent at such a difficult time Order that will pray forever for
which the sisters set forth in 1863.
and place shows how practical my priests.’” 7
“The interesting thing in the
history synergizes with the
archived materials on the
intellectual history of the Although priests surely needed
foundation is that they say nothing
Carmelites, particularly the prayers in the early 1860s, it
about the Civil War,” notes
virtues of detachment from was not an ideal time to start a
Sister Constance. “But why?”3
worldly concern and the spiritual monastery in St. Louis. Anti-
Why did the Civil War not determination extolled by the Catholic bigotry, a nationwide
worry, or not matter, to the order’s architect, St. Teresa problem, had peaked in St. Louis
Carmelites? Although this of Ávila. in 1854 with rioting triggered by
question has no definitive, single the nativist Know-Nothings. This
In the words of the prioress group was hostile to immigrants
response, one practical reason
of the fledgling St. Louis Carmel, from Ireland, Germany, and
appears to be the zeal of Peter
Mother Mary Gabriel, “We must “Romanist” cultures, which the
Richard Kenrick, first Archbishop
only be patient & remember Know-Nothings believed defied
of St. Louis, and Mother Mary
that this earth is not our home. the Protestant-American
Gabriel Boland, first prioress of
When God wishes he will give us principles of individualism and
the St. Louis Carmel. Another
a Carmel by unexpected means.” 5 private prayer. Among the
pg. 6
Of course, these difficulties were compounded
by the looming war.
mischief wrought in the 1850s grew more arduous. Sectarian her brother John: “Our dear Lord
by nativists was a threat to the violence, and eventually battles of is so good. He comes every day,
Old Cathedral by the war, erupted in the Archdiocese, & your lovely flowers are on the
riverfront, thwarted by an which at that time still contained altar. . . . Be of good heart—God
Irish-Catholic immigrant.8 all of skirmishing Missouri and can raise me up.” According to
Kansas. Peter Kenrick, like his Mother Mary Joseph Freund,
Cholera remained a scourge brother Francis in border-state current prioress of the St. Louis
in the Mississippi Basin following Maryland, refused to take Carmel in Ladue, a convent
the disastrous St. Louis epidemic sides in the war, although his anecdote backs up Mother
of 1849, reported to have killed ownership of several slaves Gabriel’s spirited character:
145 victims per day during June belied his public neutrality.10 “Mother Gabriel would say that,
and July alone. Conditions in when she was a girl, she prepared
St. Louis did not change after Despite the circumstances, for life as a Carmelite by going
1849, and the city remained what Peter Kenrick maintained a strong to dances all the time.” 12
Father Pierre-Jean De Smet will to bring the Carmelites to
called a “natural ‘slop-bowl’,” St. Louis as soon as possible. Then and now, electing a
around which “you find breweries, He corresponded with his brother Carmelite prioress under age
distilleries, oil and white lead in 1860 or 1861 to discuss the thirty was a curiosity, requiring
factories, flour mills and many St. Louis Foundation.11 But special dispensation. Sr.
private residences of Irish and Kenrick’s was not the only Constance Fitzgerald notes,
Germans—into this pond goes formidable will involved. Mother “Mother Gabriel was elected
everything foul—this settles the Mary Gabriel Boland, prioress of prioress in 1861 with only ten
opinion as to the real cause of Baltimore’s Carmel, championed years in the convent. . . . I have to
all the dreadful mortality here.” the mission with a zeal to match stress that this is very unusual.”
Outbreaks continued to plague the St. Louis Archbishop’s. This election came after several
the city until the start of the years of leadership instability
twentieth century, including Mary Gabriel of the in the Baltimore Carmel, which
another major epidemic in 1866. Immaculate Conception was born followed the closing of a convent
Cholera strained the resources Ella Boland in Virginia in 1834. school and the controversial,
of the clergy, who were already In 1863, she was only 29 years forced resignation in 1858 of a
pushed to the limit by the old, but she had been serving as beloved prioress, Mother
hemorrhaging finances of the the prioress of the Baltimore Teresa Sewall.13
Archdiocese, which Peter Carmel since her election
Kenrick could not staunch until to a three-year term in 1861. These events, along with
around 1869.9 This testifies to the drive that others in the archival records,
propelled her to St. Louis and suggest that discord as well as
Of course, these difficulties enabled her to steer the devotion may have inspired the
were compounded by the looming Foundation cheerfully despite founding of the new Carmel in
war. The Archdiocese was forced years of infectious illness in this St. Louis.14 Although the idea of
to adjust the war’s affect on “slop-bowl” city. During her time mission motivated Mother
projects and communications. in St. Louis, Mother Gabriel Gabriel and her four companions,
Diocesan plans for a regional suffered from tuberculosis, which so did the need to resolve tension.
synod in 1860 were scrapped out was complicated by malaria, A historical analysis prepared by
of concern for the “unfavorable bouts of cholera, and probably the Baltimore Carmel states
atmosphere” of pre-war Missouri mercury poisoning from the drug that “a sad peculiarity of this
and other border states, where calomel, a nineteenth-century foundation, made during the
division existed between pro- panacea that she took for years. Civil War, was that a period of
slavery secessionists and anti- Her letters, however, even at life’s community conflict and unrest
slavery unionists. Communication end, remain hopeful, sometimes was resolved when the five
between St. Louis and other states ebullient. Three weeks before foundresses, led by Mother
dying, Mother Gabriel wrote to
spring/summer ’20
pg. 7
The Carmelites Leave for St. Louis
“On the Feast of St. Michael 29th September 1863. Five Sisters left this Convent of Mount Carmel
Baltimore, for a Foundation given by the Most Rev. Arch Bishop Kenrick of St. Louis— For the
new Convent of St. Joseph, near St. Louis. We gave the following members, Rev. Mother Gabriel (alias
Ella Boland), Mother Alberta Mary Jane Smith, Sr. Bernard Elizabeth Dorsey, Sr. Agnes Jane Edwards—
Sister Catherine, our sister Mary Kearney. Our Community gave them $3000, with a liberal
supply of clothing. This was more than they could well afford, or was thought necessary, when the
Foundation bodes so promising—but they wished to strengthen as they could this first branch of our
Order in America. The Foundation took place during the time that Rev. H. B. Coskery was
Administrator of our Diocese.” 1 (Image: Sr. Constance Fitzgerald)
pg. 8
Gabriel . . . departed Baltimore.” 15 diocesan administrator, Father Parkersburg, West Virginia, and
A good deal of circumstantial H.B. Coskery, and board a switch there for a patchwork
evidence exists for this, plus two westbound train with four other of trains to Cincinnati and onward
valuable supporting documents. sisters to start the Carmel of to St. Louis.20
St. Joseph.18 Mother Gabriel
The first of these is the written would have her will, and Taking the B & O during the
record from sisters’ departure Peter Kenrick would have his Civil War was dangerous, though
day, September 29, 1863 (see the contemplative order. the owner of the B & O, John
sidebar, The Carmelites Leave W. Garrett, tempered the risk
for St. Louis). In the record, as much as possible. A hybrid
resentment is palpable. Money “From How Many of Southern Democrat and
and supplies were given grudgingly Dangers He Saved Us” Unionist and a practical
to the sisters, not for their border-state businessman,
welfare, but the greater Garrett kept his political
The sisters who journeyed
good of strengthening the opinions to himself and
to St. Louis were diverse in age
St. Louis Foundation.16 maintained a laser-like focus
but universally unaccustomed on protecting his railroad.
The second is a letter, dated to worldly risks. In addition to Nevertheless, the Confederacy or
October 19, 1861, from Francis Mother Gabriel were three its guerrillas attacked, damaged,
Kenrick to his brother, regarding Carmelites: Sr. Mary Alberta of and looted the B & O frequently
Peter’s request for a Carmelite St. Alexis (1829–1879), who was so throughout the war. “The rupture
Foundation. Francis wrote: “As to sheltered even before taking her of the B & O railroad . . . would
the Carmelites [women], I do not vows that she “appeared to know be worth to us an army,”
wish to bar them, though I hardly absolutely nothing” about the General Robert E. Lee said. In
dare praise them where they do wider world; Sr. Mary Bernardine 1861, Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson
not agree in their plans and aims. of St. Teresa (1835–1907); and and his troops began marauding
As to the rest, they are generally Sr. Agnes of the Immaculate on the B & O in Maryland; later
fervent [religious], and serve Conception (1814–1883), a in the war, Confederate regular
God sincerely. In the present state Philadelphian, with “all the and guerrilla attacks continued,
of things it is hardly practical proverbial characteristics . . . all including attacks on passenger
to think of introducing new that steady reserve of manner” of trains. The year 1863 saw several
institutes into a diocese.” 17 With the city’s scions. Also along on the major raids on the B & O,
this letter, Francis Kenrick tapped mission was Sr. Mary Catherine including a springtime raid
the brakes on a Carmelite convent of the Sacred Heart (1820–1916), conducted by Confederate
in St. Louis. He warned his brother a non-cloistered “out-sister” who commanders William “Grumble”
of the disagreement among the could leave the convent enclosure
Jones and John Imboden.21
Carmelite sisters, withholding to attend to the material needs of
his recommendation from the other sisters. Accompanying Violent activity targeting the
those involved. He stressed the the sisters was the chaplain railroads was well known, the subject
impracticality of a St. Louis of the Baltimore Carmel, of sensationalized accounts in
Foundation given the “present Father J. Dougherty.19 some of the Northern press as
state of things” in 1861, which well as more temperate coverage
After departing on September
most likely alludes to both the in the New York Times. Attacks
Civil War and the conflict among 29, it took two days for the sisters were such common knowledge
the Carmelite sisters. to travel from Baltimore to St. that the B & O ran advertising
Louis, arriving on October 1, 1863. trumpeting the replacement of
But Francis Kenrick’s voice of “There is no diary of their trip,” “Cars and Machinery destroyed”
caution would soon be silenced. says Mary Ann Aubin, archivist on the line. “Living in 1863,”
He died during the night of of the Carmel of St. Joseph and suggests archivist Mary Ann
July 6, 1863. Within three months librarian of the Kenrick-Glennon Aubin, “the nuns, being cloistered,
from that date, a determined seminary in St. Louis. “They took didn’t know all that was occurring
Mother Gabriel would write the B & O railroad part of the outside. But they did have a
to Archbishop Peter Kenrick, way, but whether they crossed the priest [Father Dougherty]
obtain his invitation to create Mississippi by rail or by ferry is accompany them from Baltimore
a Foundation in St. Louis, get uncertain.” In 1863, a likely route to St. Louis. You’d think he would
the approval of Baltimore’s from St. Louis would be to take have known more of what
the B & O from Baltimore tospring/summer ’20
pg. 9
The Colonel Henry
Clay Mansion at Old
Orchard Farm, 5239
West Florissant Avenue,
St. Louis, was the
summer house of
Archbishop Peter
Kenrick and the first
home (1863-1878) of the
Carmel of St. Joseph.
The mansion was built
in 1836 (demolition date
not published). (Image:
Library of Congress)
was going on.” 22 Despite this Mansion, located on the current persisting up to ten years. Early
known risk, the five sisters grounds of the continually on, there is no plan for creating
went ahead with their travel to expanding Calvary Cemetery. an archive.” 27 Fortunately, church
St. Louis. A quarter of a century Kenrick’s administration had historians William Currier (1890)
later, Mother Gabriel would write purchased its original 323 acres and John Rothensteiner (1928)
to her brother in hindsight: “As to address the shortage of gathered Archdiocesan and
you journey along, you can think graves produced by the 1849 personal records to paint a picture
of our journey through life—how cholera epidemic.25 of life in the new monastery
we ‘pass by’ everything, sorrows at St. Louis.
and joys, darkness and light. And The sisters got down to
of the happy meeting that will business right away. On the The sisters endured, in
be when our good Father, God, morning of October 2, Archbishop Currier’s words, many “privations
welcomes us home. I used to think Kenrick celebrated mass in the and sufferings.” Winter 1863–1864
that way as we traveled out West. convent. On October 5, the sisters was bitterly cold in St. Louis;
. . . From how many dangers He held elections. Everyone got a nuns from temperate Baltimore
saved us, and guided us to the job: Mother Gabriel was elected were not prepared for this, and
right way.” 23 prioress, and other Carmelites one had a “frozen nose” (probably,
were elected clavaries.26 But these frostbite). They “succeeded
glowing reports of the convent’s badly” in their efforts at
“The Bull is first week were soon replaced with self-support, which included
Very Troublesome” reports of hardship. agriculture, sewing, and making
artificial flowers. A poem written
No letters or diaries from the by one of the sisters—who is not
Upon their October 1 arrival, Carmel of St. Joseph in St. Louis identified in the record—invokes
Archbishop Peter Kenrick are extant before 1874. According God to heal her heart’s losses:
personally escorted the travelers to Baltimore archivist Sr. “Here bereft of all it cherished/
to their first convent home: Constance Fitzgerald, “Lack of Thou its every wound wilt cure.”
Kenrick’s summer house at Old letters and annals is typical for The best that could be said was
Orchard Farm.24 This house was first years of a foundation, that none of the sisters died in
the former Colonel Henry Clay these early years.28pg. 10
I s o la tion ve xe d
th e conve nt.
“v er y f ew pe rsons Letter from Mother Mary
Gabriel Boland to her
s eeme d to care brother, John, January 3,
to m ake the 1877, including thanks,
some family news, and a
a c qu a intance of mention of a visit to John’s
store by Sr. Mary (most
th e p o or praying likely non-Carmelite
w o m e n who out-sister Mary Catherine,
who could leave the
li v ed out b e yond cloister to do errands).
Ca lv a r y Ce me te ry.” (Image: Archives of
the Carmel of St. Joseph,
St. Louis, Missouri)
Isolation vexed the convent. relying on a body of lore about the how to preserve tomatoes and
People living in the vicinity of the St. Louis Carmel handed down purchase a wagon (1874).32
Clay Mansion could attend mass through the years.31 That is why While asking around about
relatively nearby, at the residence the preserved letters of Mother animal husbandry, Mother
of the convent’s chaplain. But Gabriel, written mainly to her Gabriel was referred by a “Mrs.
the area was sparsely populated, Missouri-dwelling brother, John Hudson” to her own brother,
and “very few persons seemed to Boland, from 1874 until her death John, to whom she sent queries
care to make the acquaintance in 1893, are such an important on October 10, 1874:
of the poor praying women historical trove. These letters
who lived out beyond Calvary document two persistent problems I have taken the management
Cemetery.” Some may have at the Carmel in its founding of the farm myself lately. The
Sister in charge wished me to
questioned the utility of an order years: self-support, by work do so. . . . I thought it would
devoted to prayer.29 or by charity, and the threat of be better to kill pigs enough
disease. But the letters also show to last all year. Is it better to
It might seem counterintuitive Mother Gabriel’s commitment buy the pigs now & fatten
that isolation would trouble to persevere despite worldly them or to buy them already
a convent cloistered from the killed? The bull we have is
problems, illuminating her very troublesome. He kills
outside world, but today’s prioress faith and character. or cripples every horse he
at Ladue, Mother Mary Joseph, can get at. He is apt to break
insists that isolation is detrimental Mother Gabriel wrote of through in the fields of our
to any monastery. “The isolation struggles with agriculture at Old neighbors, etc. Don’t you think
we had better sell him & buy a
of the Carmel for its first fifteen Orchard Farm. She made no gentle one in the spring? We
years,” she notes, “had to be specific mention of help. Since are offered only thirty dollars,
difficult. Too much isolation from Archbishop Kenrick owned slaves, and he is a young bull. Do you
33
the larger community isn’t ideal as did other organs of the Roman think it enough.
for a cloistered order. Monastery Catholic Church in St. Louis, it
and community—it works both is possible, but unverified, that From 1874 to 1877, Mother
ways. We need to know who we slaves assisted on the property Gabriel corresponded frequently
pray for, and when people in the prior to Missouri emancipation to her brother about a second
community see our monastery or in 1865; Mother Gabriel did say in income stream—sales of sewing
hear our bell, they are lifted to 1875 that she must supply “meat and craft projects that included
God. There is a practical aspect, for the men,” who may have been dresses, pillowcases, “drawers,”
too. When a monastery is part workers. Still, after eleven-plus and shirts. Often, these letters
of the community, people help years in St. Louis, the Carmel suggest that John Boland was
us with donations.” 30 was still trying to get the hang of an engine of aid to the convent,
farming. There were problems whether helping to sell craft work
Much of the material in Currier with the timing for buying ducks or sending gifts outright. John
and Rothensteiner is anecdotal, (1877) and questions about Boland had a store, and so he wasspring/summer ’20
pg. 11
Angel from the Soulard
convent, where the sisters
moved in 1878.
(Image: Dana Delibovi)
Cloister at 18th Street in Soulard, completed in
1878, where the sisters made their first true
convent home. It is now an apartment building
called “The Cloisters.” (Image: Jim Hess)
in a good position to trade and Starting in the 1880s, she wrote “temptation of drink” to which
procure goods for the Carmel. of her malarial and tubercular two people she knew (“M.C. &
Mother Gabriel also asked and symptoms and worried about L.”) had succumbed. She also
negotiated for money. The words contracting cholera from food. knew about politics. On October
of a brief letter from 1876 are She chronicled her travails with 31, 1876—a week before one of
typical: “Some one [g]ave me this the “blue mass”—the mercury- the most contentious elections
box of fancy paper, will you please laden drug calomel, which “Dr. in U.S. history—she told her
buy it from me (it is too nice for Papin” prescribed for her ills. She brother, “Go to confession before
Carmelites) and I am in need of a also remarked about her brother’s election day. You might get killed.
little money. Only give your usual chills in a letter of September 25, Go home early that day.” 36
price. Love to all.” 34 1876, which will depart with the
“first hard frost”—evidence of her Despite hardships, the Carmel
Mother Gabriel would not attribution of infectious cause. 35 gradually became established. By
have been surprised about the 1877, the convent had increased in
need to provide so much Mother Gabriel’s letters size, allowing four sisters to leave
self-support. Since the St. Louis express two of life’s most pressing for New Orleans and begin a new
Archdiocese had faced financial problems: poverty and illness. Yet, Carmelite Foundation. Private
troubles through at least 1869, its the tone of the letters is hopeful donations eventually eased
ability to supplement the convent overall, and they are full of the burdens of self-support and
was limited. In 1876, Mother concern for family members. isolation. Construction began on
Gabriel enjoined her brother “not There is no complaint about the order’s first, true cloistered
even to speak to the Archbishop,” having to juggle agriculture and monastery—an apartment
on what seems to the provision crafts with the daily schedule of building today. It was built on land
of better circumstances for the mass, verbal prayer, mental prayer, given by a “Mrs. Patterson” at the
monastery. To do so, she told and reading that is the primary corner of Victor and Eighteenth
John, “would only bring you into job of Carmelite nuns. From Streets in Soulard, supported by
trouble.” She added this clear-eyed the earliest, the letters include financial donors that included
observation, which was also the reminders to rise above worldly some familiar names: Dr. S. L.
first of several indications in her troubles, to guard against “weak Papin, Mrs. E. Hudson, and, of
letters that the Carmel had a stake faith” that is “easily overcome by course, Mr. John Boland. The
(with tax liability) in the property the fear of the world’s frown, or Carmel of St. Joseph moved into
at Old Orchard Farm: “The the desire of its smile,” as she told their new Soulard monastery
foundation is a bad job from the John in 1876. But transcending in summer, 1878. 37
first. I doubt if it will ever sell to worldly things did not mean
much advantage.” Mother Gabriel ignorance of worldly things. Only one letter from Mother
was equally sanguine about Mother Gabriel knew about Gabriel to her generous brother
infectious disease in St. Louis. infection risks and about the survives from that busy year,
penned December 22, 1878. “Youpg. 12
have furnished our Christmas welcomed religious women to convent played out in the first
table nicely,” she wrote, and “all St. Louis; Kenrick introduced fifteen years of the Carmel of
the Nuns thank you and wish eleven orders under his tenure St. Joseph, where the sisters had
you a happy Christmas.” 38 The as Archbishop. 40 Kenrick’s to perform their main work—a
founding years were over; motivation for bringing religious rigorous schedule of morning-
“unexpected means” had finally women to St. Louis was decidedly to-night prayer—while farming,
delivered a real convent to the unsentimental. He wanted women selling crafts, and finding
Carmel of St. Joseph. to work and to manage the work benefactors. The Carmelites,
of others. Of the St. Louis like other religious women in St.
founding of the Sisters of the Louis, were working women with
“Why?—We Just Do Good Shepherd, an order that heavy responsibilities. Mother
What We Do” housed and rehabilitated “strayed” Gabriel made this role plain in
women, Kenrick wrote: “The her letters. From the cloister, she
Exactly why the Carmelite inmates of the establishment quizzed her brother on farming,
sisters made their Foundation will, under the direction of the committed to craft projects
in 1863—at the height of war, religious ladies already (“We will attend to her work as
instability, and disease—remains mentioned, occupy themselves directed”), bargained on payments
opaque. Archivists Mary with every species of work (“just let me know how much over
Ann Aubin and Sr. Constance suitable to their sex and situation; $5 it will be”), and even asked her
Fitzgerald call it a “historical and thus will be enabled to brother to mail a missive she had
mystery.”39 Although Archbishop contribute to the support of a written to address sales and
Kenrick wanted the Carmel very house to which they will owe so taxation of a lot. These letters
much, he was warned off the much.” The Sisters of Mercy carried no hint of resentment at
Foundation by his own brother, came to care for the sick and to having to work hard, but they
Archbishop Francis Kenrick. educate poor girls and women; were stalwart and grateful: “[W]e
Was it only Peter Kenrick’s firm the Ursulines and the School- might have had great trouble
will, plus the persistence of Sisters de Notre Dame came to & even lost the property from
Mother Gabriel, that drove him teach German, Irish, and its [the tax bill’s] not being paid
to go against his brother’s other immigrant children. 41 in due time. So we must thank
recommendation in 1863? Was our Lord.” 43
The requirement of self-
the interpersonal conflict among support multiplied the nuns’ Mother Gabriel was willing
sisters at the Carmel in Baltimore
work. Archbishop Kenrick, from to work, but, as her early drive
really so much worse than any risk
need and from temperament, kept toward mission attests, she was
of travel and resettlement during
a tight rein on the purse strings of not willing to be subordinate. The
the Civil War? What additional
the Archdiocese, and he expected fact that a twenty-nine-year-old
factors may have motivated orders to solicit donations and prioress felt quite entitled
both archbishop and prioress? take in paid work. He gave the to contact the Archbishop of
Reflecting on the mystery Sisters of Mercy the “moderate St. Louis to ask for a Foundation
leads to insight on three aspects support” of $800 a year, arguing subverts any notion that religious
of social and intellectual history that “small as is this sum, the women were wholly disempowered
that may have helped to spur Sisters will have no reason to in the nineteenth century. Equally
the Carmel’s founding in complain of insufficient support” important, Archbishop Kenrick’s
an inauspicious time: the role because the Catholic Community direct assent to her request shows,
of religious women in the of St. Louis would be “disposed to much to his credit, that he was
nineteenth-century Archdiocese assist them.” The Sisters of Mercy not put off by an assertive woman.
of St. Louis; the experience of life were forced to take in sewing Kenrick embraced the role of
in the borderlands of the Civil and laundry in addition to their religious women as workers, and
War; and the relationship between nursing and educational duties, Mother Gabriel embraced the
the intellectual tradition of prompting the Mother Superior role of a working, managerial
the Carmelites, embodied by from their home convent in New woman. These attitudes may have
St. Teresa of Ávila, and the life York to suggest returning if life counterbalanced concerns about
ways of Carmelite sisters. in St. Louis was too strenuous. 42 making a Foundation during the
Civil War. There was work to
The historical record shows This pattern of primary work be done, and religious women
clearly that Peter Kenrick plus the work of supporting the had to do it.spring/summer ’20
pg. 13
Trunk brought from
Baltimore to St. Louis
Carmelite doll wearing a
on the Carmelite
habit sewn by Mother
sisters’ journey in 1863.
Gabriel. Craft-making,
(Image: Archives of
including the sewing of clothes
the Carmel of St. Joseph,
and linens, was a self-support
St. Louis, Missouri)
activity of the Carmel of St.
Joseph from 1863 to 1878.
The grille at the right
is a small open door from
behind which cloistered
Carmelites received visitors.
(Image: Archives of
the Carmel of St. Joseph,
St. Louis, Missouri)
Moreover, in wartime Missouri business as a source of “common aloof from politics . . . because
and Maryland, getting to work prosperity” and ran “a Southern he believed that, in the peculiar
may have been an aspect of coping -leaning railroad headquartered in circumstances of Missouri as a
with war by sustaining neutrality. a slave-holding border state that border state, the interests of
This is a highly speculative for half a century had developed religion would be best forwarded
claim, but the attitudes of Peter profitable trade with the by a prudent silence.” 46
Kenrick, viewed in historical North and West.” Baltimore’s Archdiocesan business-as-usual
context, support the notion that Archbishop Francis Kenrick went hand in hand with
fulfilling daily responsibilities may also typified this attitude: doing public neutrality.
have helped to further his public the job of ministry was part
stance of neutrality—a stance and parcel of staying neutral. Kenrick often exhibited his
adopted by many in the Civil “[O]wing to his own position as resolve to remain neutral and
War border states. Starting a head of a border-state diocese,” attend to work. During the war,
Carmelite Foundation in 1863 was Francis Kenrick tried to give “no he concerned himself with one
one more way to do just that. offense to either side: he simply of his pet projects (and peeves),
acted as the minister of religion . the “prompt dispatch of business”
Historians William E. Gienapp . . whose sole object should be to from Vatican leadership (which,
and Christopher Phillips have hasten the work of peace by every to his frequent annoyance, still
emphasized the range of nuanced means that seemed available to held sway over administrative
opinions peculiar to the Civil that end.” 45 Another example: decisions in the United States).
War borderlands—Delaware, Archbishop Peter Kenrick. He also dealt with illness, injury,
Maryland, West Virginia, and damage to churches wrought
Kentucky, and Missouri, where Archbishop Kenrick’s position by fighting in Missouri. In 1865,
slavery and Unionism coexisted. on the Civil War has been called he refused Union orders to fly
Phillips has argued that people “obscure.” He diligently remained the flag from church steeples. He
and organizations in these states agnostic on the matter, even also forbid priests from taking the
were often driven to make avoiding news reports to help him Union loyalty oath required by
compromises and to adopt a steer clear of opinion. Given that the Missouri Constitution that
carefully curated persona or Kenrick owned slaves, he may went into effect on July 1, 1865.
“posture” of neutrality, frequently have been inclined toward the Kenrick ultimately won both
masking actual opinions. In some Southern cause, although he never battles, informally and in court. 47
cases, the persona may have stated this publicly. Throughout
involved a focus on conducting the war years he remained neutral, In this context, Kenrick’s 1863
business as usual whenever stubbornly keeping his attention go-ahead for the Carmel seems
possible to sustain evolving on the work of ministry. He like one more way he focused
borderlands “trade patterns” wished, as he wrote to his brother on “the interests of religion” as
that embraced both North in 1862, “to get involved as little as an aspect of neutrality during
and South. 44 possible in these turmoils,” and to the war. “Keep neutral and
“be of service to the end.” According carry on” is the roughest of
A prime example was John to Philadelphia Archbishop conjectures to help explain why,
W. Garrett, owner of the B & O Patrick John Ryan, “During our at the height of the Civil War, it
railroad, who concentrated on his Civil War, he [Peter Kenrick] kept made sense to those involved topg. 14
“It doesn’t matter which
Sr. Stella Maris Freund,
currently of the Carmel of
St. Joseph in Ladue Carmelite community you are in.
It can be St. Louis or anywhere—
our life is God alone.”
start a new Carmel. It is a piece businesslike mystic”—a She mentioned the words of the
of the psychosocial history of description reminiscent of saint multiple times in her letters
the border states, illuminated by Mother Gabriel. Teresa offers and promised to lend out a copy
the Carmel’s founding, that the metaphor of a determined of Teresa’s autobiography. She made
warrants further investigation. spiritual journey, which speaks many comments about the need
directly to sisters who traveled for determination, in one letter
Mother Gabriel preserved to St. Louis. Carmelite nuns proclaiming, “Let us have patience
no letters that speak of war or must have “a very determined and look to the end when things
neutrality, but her surviving determination to persevere… look dark to us.” Here, “end” was
letters are imbued with Carmelite whatever work is involved, emphasized because it means
spirituality. This tradition was whatever criticism arises, whether eternal life in God, against which
endowed to the order by they arrive or die on the road.” 48 all worldly things—and worldly
St. Teresa of Ávila. Two core worries—prove inconsequential,
Teresian principles—detachment Determination comports meriting only detachment.
from the world and spiritual with another virtue, detachment “[T]he evil one so loves to worry
determination—shine through from the world, which is made us with thoughts of what will never
Mother Gabriel’s letters. This possible for Carmelite sisters by come to pass. Saint Teresa calls
intellectual legacy informed the the full reliance upon God. A nun the Imagination the ‘fool’ of the
decision to found and persevere finds the determination to follow home (of our being). [S]he says if
with the Carmel of St. Joseph. the path of prayer and mission we want to be in peace and happy
because she practices detachment we must pay no regard to the
The founding of the St. Louis “from all created things”—money, fool who roves the world over.” 50
Carmel follows the injunctions food, bodily health, physical safety,
and example of St. Teresa to her and the like. “It doesn’t matter In the final analysis, the
sisters. In her book of counsel to which Carmelite community Carmelite sisters came to St.
her nuns, The Way of Perfection, you are in,” says Sr. Stella Maris Louis during the tumult of the
Teresa advised sisters to “begin Freund, currently of the Carmel Civil War because they were heirs
with great determination” on the of St. Joseph in Ladue. “It can be to the Teresian tradition. This
path of prayer so that “[t]hey St. Louis or anywhere—our life tradition stressed determination
know that come what may they is God alone.” Current prioress to press on with spiritual aims,
will not turn back.” For Teresa, Mother Mary Joseph traced detached from worldly concerns.
the path of prayer included this “back to the original formal For nuns with such an intellectual
mission work. Her reform of the founding. We are outside of the history, war was a worldly “created
Carmelite order included the world—outside of our location. thing,” so it need not affect the
founding of convents in her native It doesn’t matter where you are— spiritual mission to found a
Spain, requiring her to combine we come to pray.” 49 monastery. “You ask why they
her life of intensive prayer and started this Carmel during the
meditation with travel, finance, Mother Gabriel, like all Civil War,” declared Sr. Stella
law, writing, and negotiation. She Carmelite sisters, was intimately Maris. “Well, it’s because we just
has been called “an extremely familiar with St. Teresa’s writings. do what we do, and pray.” 51spring/summer ’20
pg. 15
The Carmel of St. Joseph
in St. Louis today, the
home of the Carmelite
sisters since 1928.
(Images: Dana Delibovi)pg. 16
ENDNOTES
Acknowledgment: Thanks to Mother 8
Sarah Hinds, “In Defense of the 15
The Carmelite Nuns of Baltimore,
Mary Joseph Freund, Sr. Stella Maris Faith: The Catholic Response to Anti- “History of Our Community,”
Freund, Mary Ann Aubin, Sr. Constance Catholicism in Early Nineteenth-Century accessed October 26, 2019, https://
Fitzgerald, and Dan Zink for their St. Louis,” The Confluence (Fall/ www.baltimorecarmel.org/
help with this article. Winter 2015), 15. Miller, “Peter Richard history-of-our-community/.
Kenrick,” 60.
1
Charles Warren Currier, Carmel in 16
Descriptive notes, September 29, 1863,
America (Baltimore: John Murphy & Co., 9
Paul W. Brewer, “Voluntarism on Trial: Archives of the Carmelite Monastery of
1890), 265–66. Note on terminology: St. Louis’ Response to the Cholera Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, Record Group
Carmelites use the terms convent and Epidemic of 1849,” Bulletin of the History IV, Series 1, Folder 1, Box 2.
monastery to describe their cloistered of Medicine 49, no.1 (Spring 1975), 102;
dwellings; this article will use that G. J. Garraghan, “Some Early Chapters in 17
Kenrick-Frenaye, 465.
terminology interchangeably. the History of St. Louis University,”
St. Louis Catholic Historical Review 18
Currier, Carmel in America, 265–66.
2
Kathleen Waters Sander, John W. 5, nos. 2–3 (April–July 1923), 114; G. F.
Garrett and the Baltimore and Ohio Pyle, “The Diffusion of Cholera in the Book of the Dead, Foundation,
19
Railroad (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins United States in the Nineteenth Century,” Necrology, 1–6, 8; Currier, Carmel in
University Press, 2017), 157; Walter J. Geographical Analysis 1, no. 1 (January America, 266, 284, 288.
Daly, “The Black Cholera Comes to 1969), 65–74; Archdiocese of St. Louis,
the Central Valley of America in the “1843–1903: The Immigrant Church,” 20
Freund-Aubin Interview; B & O
19th Century—1832, 1849, and Later,” accessed October 25, 2019, http://www. Railroad Museum, “Baltimore & Ohio
Transactions of the American Clinical and archstl.org/history/immigrant-church; Railroad, 1860,” accessed October 28,
Climatological Association 119 (2008), Miller, “Peter Richard Kenrick,” 2019, http://www.eduborail.org/NPS-4/
144. The first prioress of the Carmel of St. 27–28, 56–59. Map-1-NPS-4.aspx. See also: William G.
Joseph in St. Louis, Mother Mary Gabriel, Thomas, The Iron Way: Railroads, the
wrote in letters of cholera contraction 10
Miller, “Peter Richard Kenrick,” 26, Civil War, and the Making of Modern
and mortality risk during the 1880s and 63–65. See also corroborating America (New Haven: Yale University
1890s; see Correspondence from Mother evidence: Carte Ecclésiastique des Press, 2011), overleaf. Route validated by
Gabriel Boland to Her Brother John: Etats-Unis d’Amerique (Paris: Les Dan Zink (Archivist at the Baltimore
1874–1893, Archives of the Carmel of St. Missions Catholiques, 1877), archived & Ohio Railroad Museum), personal
Joseph, St. Louis, MO, 82, 125, 183, 248; June 11, 2017, https://imgur.com/ communication to Dana Delibovi,
Samuel J. Miller, “Peter Richard Kenrick, WbbTmnr; John Joseph O’Shea, The Baltimore, November 4, 2019.
Bishop and Archbishop of St. Louis, Two Kenricks (Philadelphia: John J.
1806–1896,” Records of the American McVey, 1904), 200. 21
Sander, Garrett, 115, 117; Thomas,
Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia Iron Way, 111; Edward Hungerford, The
84, no. 1 (March, June, September 1973), 11
The Kenrick-Frenaye Correspondence Story of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad:
60; Historic American Buildings Survey, (Philadelphia: Cathedral Archives of 1827–1927 (New York: G.P. Putnam &
District of Missouri, “Colonel Henry Clay Philadelphia, 1920), 465. Dates of Peter Sons, 1928), 2:5–19, 32–34.
Mansion,” Project no. Mo-18, 1937, U.S. Kenrick’s overture to Francis Kenrick
National Parks Service, Washington, D.C.; are estimated based on a response by 22
Report of Brig. Gen. Benjamin S.
Mary Ann Aubin, The Past is Prologue: Francis in the fall of 1861. Roberts, U.S. Army, of Operations April
150 Years of Carmel in St. Louis (St. 24–May 5 (Charlestown: West Virginia
Louis: Carmel of St. Joseph, 2013), 7, 8. 12
Transcription of the Book of the Dead, Archives and History, May 21, 1863),
Foundation of St. Louis, and Necrology, accessed October 28, 2019, http://
3
Sr. Constance Fitzgerald (Archivist of aggregated 2019, Archives of the Carmel www.wvculture.org/history/
the Carmelite Monastery of Baltimore), of St. Joseph, St. Louis, MO, 4, 8. See sesquicentennial/1863jonesimboden.
phone interview by Dana Delibovi, also: Inno McGill, “Our Lady of Mount html; Thomas, Iron Way, 112–13; Woods’
Baltimore, September 19, 2019. Carmel,” The Indian Sentinel 2, no. 1 Baltimore City Directory, Advertisements:
(January 1920), 119; Currier, Carmel Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Re-Opened
4
Christopher Phillips, The Civil War in in America, 261; Gabriel Boland, (Baltimore: John W. Woods, 1864),
the Border South (Santa Barbara, Calif.: Correspondence, 105, 175, 229, 248; 52, accessed October 28, 2019,
ABC-CLIO, Inc., 2013), 17. Mother Mary Joseph Freund (Prioress https://archive.org/details/
of the Carmel of St. Joseph), Sr. Stella woodsbaltimoreci1864balt;
5
Gabriel Boland, Correspondence, 4. Maris Freund (Sister in the Carmel of Freund-Aubin interview.
St. Joseph), and Mary Ann Aubin
6
Katharine T. Corbett, In Her Place: (Archivist of the Carmel of St. Joseph), 23
Gabriel Boland, Correspondence, 85.
A Guide to St. Louis Women’s History interview by Dana Delibovi, St. Louis,
(St. Louis: Missouri Historical Society August 24, 2019, October 28, 2019. 24
Currier, Carmel in America, 266–67.
Press, 1999), 68, 72.
13
Fitzgerald interview. 25
Archdiocese of St. Louis, “Calvary
7
John E. Rothensteiner, History of the Cemetery,” accessed October 29, 2019,
Archdiocese of St. Louis: in Its Various 14
Ibid. https://cemeteries.archstl.org/locations/
Stages of Development from A.D. calvary#485743-historical.
1673 to A.D. 1928 (St. Louis: Blackwell
Wicklandy Co., 1928), 331.spring/summer ’20
pg. 17
26
Currier, Carmel in America, 267. 40
Rothensteiner, Archdiocese, 27, 31, 33, 47
Miller, “Peter Richard Kenrick,” 66–70;
“Clavary,” literally, one with a key, is a 329. The orders were: Ursulines (1848), See also Rothensteiner, Archdiocese,
Carmelite sister with administrative Sisters of the Good Shepherd (1849), 211–13, 215–19. Peter Kenrick’s legal
responsibilities. Elections were held, by Sisters of Mercy (1856), the School battles against provisions of the 1865
rule, every three years, and it appears Sisters de Notre Dame (1858), the “Drake Constitution” (nicknamed for
that positions cycled among the sisters; Carmelites (1863), the Little Sisters of firebrand St. Louis Unionist Charles
for example, Sister (then Mother) Alberta the Poor (1869), the Sisters of St. Mary Drake) is a valuable subject of study,
was prioress of the St. Louis Carmel (1872), the Sisters of St. Francis well chronicled by both Miller and
three times before her death in 1879, and (1872), the Oblate Sisters of Provence Rothensteiner. Argument and decision
Mother Gabriel is documented to have (1880), and the Sisters of the of the United States Supreme Court on
been prioress (after her initial stint in Precious Blood (1882). Cumming v. State of Missouri (1866)—
1863) in 1876 and 1890. See: Book of which overturned Missouri’s conviction
the Dead, Foundation, Necrology, 2; 41
Peter Richard Kenrick, Lenten of a Catholic priest for refusal to take
Gabriel-Boland, Correspondence, 12, 160. Regulations; Seminary Needs; the loyalty oath required by the 1865
Arrival of Sisters of Good Shepherd in Missouri Constitution—is available at
27
Fitzgerald interview. St. Louis, February 2, 1849, Archives of https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-
the Archdiocese of St. Louis, St. Louis, court/71/277.html. Archbishop Kenrick
28
Currier, Carmel in America, 267–69. MO, Record Group RG 01 C, Series paid legal expenses for this case in
03. See also: Rothensteiner, Archdiocese, excess of $10,000 (Miller, 70.).
29
Ibid., 267–68; Rothensteiner, 28; Rothensteiner, Archdiocese, 31;
Archdiocese, 114. Community- Corbett, In Her Place, 67–68. 48
St. Teresa of Ávila, The Way of
attended mass at the residence of the Perfection, ed. Kieran Kavanaugh
first chaplain, Father Edmund Saulnier, is 42
Rothensteiner, Archdiocese, 32, 33. (Washington, D.C: ICS Publications,
chronicled; however, Father Saulnier 2000), 251, 253; Cathleen Medwick,
died in May of 1864, and public masses 43
Gabriel Boland, Correspondence, 1–18. Teresa of Ávila: The Progress of a Soul
with other chaplains are not reported. (New York: Image Books, 1999), x;
44
William E. Gienapp, “Abraham Lincoln St. Teresa, Way of Perfection, 229.
30
Freund-Aubin interview. and the Border States,” Journal of the
Abraham Lincoln Association 13 (1992), 49
St. Teresa, Way of Perfection, 107–9.
Currier, Carmel in America, 266–69;
31
13, 18; Phillips, Civil War in the Border Freund-Aubin interview.
Rothensteiner, Archdiocese, 331–33. South, 9, 17, 18; Phillips, Civil War in the
Border South, 15, 17, 18, 23; Gienapp, 50
Gabriel Boland, Correspondence, 35,
Gabriel Boland,
32
“Lincoln and the Border States,” 13. 36, 50, 51, 72, 102, 131, 133, 144, 162, 163.
Correspondence, 1, 2, 15.
45
Sander, Garrett, 116, 119; O’Shea, Two 51
Freund-Aubin Interview.
33
Ibid., 1–2. Kenricks, 200. Care must be taken
when considering Francis Kenrick’s
34
Ibid., 2, 3, 5–7, 13, 15, 6. mindset, since he did, as noted, withhold
recommendation of the Carmel in St.
35
Ibid., 3–5, 13, 15, 44, 45, 52, 54, 56, Louis in 1861; in that particular at least,
61, 68–72, 75, 77, 81–83, 85, 86, 90, 93, he did not evince as strong an attitude
95–96, 99, 122, 133, 141–42, 155, 158, 171, of pressing on with that work than
175, 195–96, 221, 229, 233, 252, 261, 267. did his brother, Peter.
36
Ibid., 7, 9, 11. The disputed presidential 46
Miller, “Peter Richard Kenrick,” 64–70;
election of 1876 pitted Hayes See also Rothensteiner, Archdiocese,
(Republican) against Tilden (Democrat); 210–19; Patrick J. Ryan, “Most Reverend
see William H. Rehnquist, Centennial Peter Richard Kenrick, D.D,” American
Crisis: The Disputed Election of 1876 Catholic Quarterly Review 21 (January to
(New York: Knopf Doubleday, 2007), 99. October, 1896), 426.
Rothensteiner, Archdiocese, 332.
37
Currier, Carmel in America, 317.
38
Gabriel Boland, Correspondence, 19.
39
Freund-Aubin interview;
Fitzgerald interview.You can also read
