A Study on the Effects of Chinese Massage on Physical and Mental Health in Participants Based Smart Healthcare
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Hindawi
Journal of Healthcare Engineering
Volume 2022, Article ID 9732355, 13 pages
https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/9732355
Research Article
A Study on the Effects of Chinese Massage on Physical and Mental
Health in Participants Based Smart Healthcare
Ko-Hsin Chang,1 Chih-Hsiang Hung,2 Tzu-Yun Lin,3 Hsiao-Hsien Lin ,4
and Yi-Ling Chen 5
1
Department of Physical Education, Chinese Culture University, Taipei 11114, Taiwan
2
Center for General Education, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11045, Taiwan
3
Department of Sport Information and Communication, National Taiwan University of Sport, Taichung City 404401, Taiwan
4
School of Physical Education, Jiaying University, 514015 Meizhou City, Guangdong Province, China
5
Department of Sports Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
Correspondence should be addressed to Hsiao-Hsien Lin; chrishome12001@yahoo.com.tw and Yi-Ling Chen;
yiling1017@mail.cmu.edu.tw
Received 22 October 2021; Revised 24 November 2021; Accepted 9 December 2021; Published 7 January 2022
Academic Editor: Bhagyaveni M.A
Copyright © 2022 Ko-Hsin Chang et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution
License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is
properly cited.
The purpose of this study is to understand the influence of the effect of the smart Chinese massage appliance on the participants’
sports performance and physical and mental health after intermittent exercises. The study was performed by a mixed-study
method. First, the experimental research method was used to design an experimental procedure and specifications such as data
collection scope. Next, the quantitative research was carried out, using SPSS 26.0 statistical software to analyze data from the
questionnaire. Then, the qualitative research was carried out by interviewing experts and respondents and obtaining their
opinions. Finally, all the data were collated and analyzed using the multidimensional review method. Findings. Chinese massage
significantly improved the physical fitness, exercise performance, body composition, and physical and mental health status of
high-strength cyclic exercise participants. High-strength exercises can improve the physical and mental health of men. Medium-
strength exercises could improve current conditions for women. Oxygen intake remained peaked for 8 sessions for men and
increased after 30 sessions for women. Both groups required a 1-2-week adaptation period but had different exercise performance
periods. After the experiment, head and back pain, as well as stress and negative emotions, was improved. The high intensity of the
exercises relieved fear, headache or head stress, overeating, and other problems.
1. Introduction adaptability, increasing body weight [3], reducing social and
interpersonal interactions, increasing psychological stress
With the advancement of science and technology, electronic [4], and even diminishing the willingness to work or study
software facilities or information is flooded, which has [5], and this phenomenon may extend into adulthood [6].
changed human behavior and daily life. The willingness of Globally, more than 70% of adolescents have low levels of
the population to go out and exercise is decreasing, and physical inactivity and inadequate adaptive capacity [7].
youth and children in countries around the world are af- Governments and scholars are concerned that this phe-
fected by the lockdown policy [1]. Their behaviors and nomenon will worsen [1], affecting youth growth and overall
lifestyles are changing, with less physical activity and more national development.
sedentary or lying-down time. This phenomenon will ac- Although the improvement of physical and mental
celerate the deterioration of adolescents’ physical and mental health can start with exercise [8], most students are affected
health [2], decreasing cardiorespiratory and physical by personal spatial and physical barriers [9], as well as2 Journal of Healthcare Engineering
internal and external factors such as location, time, and cost fitness, and improve body composition as well as physical
that limit university students’ participation in exercise [10]. and mental health in university students adopting inter-
Therefore, finding time-saving, effective, and easy-to-oper- mittent exercise during the epidemic.
ate exercise modalities to provide university students with
options to engage in exercise and improve their physical and 2. Literature Review
mental health status will be the most urgent issue at present.
The intermittent cycle exercise method features short time 2.1. Intermittent Cycle Exercise. The intermittent exercise
consumption and high efficiency [11], which breaks from the involves the repetition of multiple exercises for relatively
conventional method of long-duration and low-strength short periods of time [28]. High-strength intermittent ex-
aerobic exercise for fat loss [12]. The intermittent cyclic ercise is an exercise plan that exceeds the anaerobic
exercise mode can be divided into high-intensity (HICT) threshold intensity or is close to or greater than the maxi-
and moderate-intensity (MICT) according to the difference mum oxygen intake intensity [29]. Intermittent cyclic ex-
in intensity. While studies have found that HICT is more ercise is a kind of exercise pattern that uses different exercise
effective in improving mental and physical health and movements with a scheme and purpose to train various
physical fitness, both modes are effective in improving muscle groups in the body [29].
cardiorespiratory fitness in healthy adults [13]. However, Intermittent cycle exercise is a break from the con-
studies have shown that although intermittent cyclic exercise ventional method of long-duration, low-intensity aerobic
has a significant effect on participants’ exercise performance, exercise for fat loss [25]. The 7-minute high-intensity in-
it is associated with periodic exercise performance due to terval exercise (7-minute HICT) emphasizes that it can be
postexercise fatigue and short-term deterioration of muscle performed in a safe environment for participants in any
strength [6, 14, 15], which affects physical and mental health location, without special equipment and with high exercise
[16]. Therefore, if no attention is paid to the phenomenon of effectiveness [14]. It is an aerobic exercise to increase muscle
exercise fatigue by immediately taking exercise or fatigue endurance by sequentially performing 12 types of dynamic
relief measures to restore health, the level of fatigue will and static exercise items [30] in the cycle of 30 seconds of
exacerbate resulting in qualitative changes. This will affect exercise and 10 seconds of rest.
the willingness of university students to continue to exercise There are 12 exercises in 7-minute HICT: jumping jacks,
and perform in sports [17], interrupting their plans and wall sits, push-ups, abdominal crunch, step-up onto chair,
effectiveness in improving their physical and mental health. squats, triceps dip on chair, plank, high knees, lunges, push-
It is a disturbance and a hindrance for university students up and rotation, and side plank.
who want to improve their physical and mental health Intermittent cyclic exercise can be divided into HICT
through exercise. and MICT according to exercise performance. Although
Tuina is one of the methods of treatment and physical HICT is more effective, both of them have significant effects
care from ancient China [18], of which massage is one of the on enhancing physical fitness, improving physical and
techniques [19]. It can effectively relieve muscle tension, mental health [13], and reducing body fat [28, 29]. However,
alleviate cardiovascular and visual disorders, and improve the use of intermittent exercise models can lead to lactic acid
overall body quality [20]. With the prevalence of sports and accumulation, muscle fatigue, and decreased concentration
healthcare, the application of massage in sports has been and performance [6, 13–15, 28, 29], as well as a cyclical
gradually established [21]. In fact, the current research topics exercise performance and fatigue phenomenon in which
on the application of sports massage techniques to muscle exercise performance increases for 3 days and then decreases
injury have gradually become more refined [22, 23]. immediately the next day and then increases slowly [14].
However, researchers have found that although scholars However, because of the short time required, high efficiency,
around the world are becoming aware of the impact of the few tools, and easy operation, it is still adopted by the public
COVID-19 epidemic on the health of the population [12].
[24–26], little attention has been paid to the status of the
subjects who have continued to exercise [27]. Moreover,
there are few studies on the topic of intermittent cyclic 2.2. Physical Adaptability and Body Composition. Due to
exercise. Very few studies have explored the effects of changes in lifestyle behaviors, reduced exercise activities,
Chinese Tuina on the adaptability, performance, and increased sedentary or lying-down time, and high envi-
physical and mental health of university students partici- ronmental risks in the community caused by COVID-19,
pating in the intermittent exercise. Studies on the applica- people’s willingness to go out for exercise has decreased, and
tion and effects of intermittent cycles of different intensities university students are showing warning signs of physical
have not been found to date either. Therefore, the investi- adaptability, health, and blood pressure [2, 3, 7]. By using
gators believed that, during the current situation of the physical adaptability and body composition as the test
COVID-19 epidemic, applying the Chinese massage to criteria, we can obtain basic information on their current
university students participating in intermittent exercise of physical and mental health status.
different intensity and investigating their adaptive capacity, Physical fitness can also be referred to as the body’s
athletic performance, and physical and mental health effects ability to adapt or work [31]. People are physically fit if they
would help to understand whether Chinese massage could can adapt to their daily performance, activities, and sur-
delay or accelerate the recovery of fatigue, enhance physical roundings. It can be examined in terms of cardiopulmonaryJournal of Healthcare Engineering 3
fitness, muscle fitness, flexibility, and body composition [32]. studies [6–29], the investigators determined the topic and
Blood pressure is also one indicator and a basis for pre- experimental approach and then adopted a hybrid research
dicting the performance of an individual’s health and work method [50–54] to conduct experiments and questionnaires
capacity [33]. The better the physical fitness, the better the in succession. After obtaining data, data integration and
adaptability and performance [34]. It is an indicator of the comparison [54, 55] were conducted in a rigorous process
basic physiological ability and health of university students and sequence and examined with multivariate verification
[35, 36]. [56, 57]. The research framework is shown in Figure 1.
Based on the literature mentioned above, 4 hypotheses
are proposed in this study.
2.3. Physical and Mental Health. Physical and mental health
encompasses the aspects of an individual’s physical and
Hypothesis 1. (H1): The effect of the smart Chinese massage
psychological health and social adjustment [37], whereby the
appliance has a similar influence on the physical adaptability
physical, psychological, and social levels need to achieve a
of those who do middle- and high-intensity intermittent
state of well-being [38]. The physical and psychological
exercises.
status of the adolescent changes under the stress of life
behavior, social circumstances [2], and the COVID-19 en-
vironment [9]. Although exercise can ameliorate these Hypothesis 2. (H2): The effect of the smart Chinese massage
problems [8, 22], it can have negative physical and psy- appliance has a similar influence on the sports performance
chological effects [6, 13–16, 28, 29], and it is difficult to judge of those who do middle- and high-intensity intermittent
the effectiveness of improvements from appearance alone exercises.
[39].
The issue of human physical and mental health has Hypothesis 3. (H3): The effect of the smart Chinese massage
become a global public health issue [1, 2]. In addition to appliance has a similar influence on the body composition of
physical fitness and body composition tests, self-assessment those who do middle- and high-intensity intermittent
is also a way to evaluate an individual’s psychological per- exercises.
ception [40, 41]. Because of its scientific approach, it is one of
the best ways to self-check the current state of physical and Hypothesis 4. (H4): The effect of the smart Chinese massage
mental health [42], and it can show how people feel about appliance has a similar influence on the physical and mental
the current environment [24]. It is also judged from psy- health of those who do middle- and high-intensity inter-
chological, spiritual, and attitudinal aspects [24, 30, 43], such mittent exercises.
as anxiety, competence, enthusiasm, headache, abdominal
pain, insomnia, stomach pain, eating irregularities, and
3.2. Learning Procedures and Tools. Volunteers were first
suicidal thoughts [44, 45].
recruited and consent forms were signed. After screening
and communication, 18 people were first accepted. Later,
2.4. Tuina (Chinese Massage). Tuina, also known as Chinese due to the degree of involvement and health factors, the
massage, is one of the ancient Chinese medical and unreadable data were eliminated and 10 subjects were finally
healthcare methods [18]. It is performed by using upper selected as the main target for data analysis.
limbs, with techniques such as pushing, rubbing, kneading, The questionnaire was compiled based on the literature
squeezing, pressing, tapping, shaking, pulling, and acupoint [24, 30, 43–45], verified by three scholars, and then analyzed
massage [19] to achieve the goal of patient comfort [46]. It is using SPSS 22.0 statistical software. Questions with a
the crystal of wisdom from Chinese people’s labor and Cronbach’s alpha value of 0.7 or higher [59] were included in
disease care [18, 19]. the official questionnaire. The KMO value of the scale was
Based on the techniques, contents, and the target of 0.675, and Bartlett’s approximate χ 2 value was 195.76 with a
application, it can be used for medical, health promotion, df of 75, which was significant (p < 0.001) and considered
and sports promotion purposes [18, 19, 47]. Massage is one suitable for the factor analysis. The explained variances were
of the techniques of Tuina. Studies have confirmed that 32.95%, 23.13%, and 12.88%, respectively, and the total
massage can alleviate cardiovascular and visual diseases and variance was 68.96%. After factor analysis, all questions were
has the effect of improving physical quality [48, 49]. It is retained. The questionnaire consisted of 13 questions on
inferred that the use of Chinese massage techniques on psychological feelings (5), mental status (3), and attitude
muscles should help to improve the fatigue state produced toward life and health (5). The alpha coefficients of the three
by intermittent exercise so that sports participants can scales were 0.920, 0.929, and 0.920, respectively, and the
prolong good sports performance and behavior and sustain alpha coefficient of the total scale was 0.929. Based on the
health maintenance, so the study was conducted to verify the results of the above analysis, it was concluded that the
results. questionnaire had good reliability, as shown in Table 1.
The experimental participants were then tested for
3. Methods and Instruments physical adaptability, body composition [31–36], and
physical and mental health [24, 30, 43–45] before the ex-
3.1. Study Framework, Design, and Positioning. After reading periment. After the tests were completed, the experiment
the literature [1–49] and referring to the results of related was started. The experiment was designed for 7 weeks, 5 days4 Journal of Healthcare Engineering
H1 Physical
adaptability
H2
High-intensity athletes Sports performance
Moderate-intensity H3
Body composition
athletes
Smart medical facilities H4 Physical and mental
Chinese massage health
Figure 1: Research framework.
Table 1: Analysis of physical and mental health questionnaire.
Facet Issue M Cronbach’s α
Increase confidence 4.13 0.919
Feel scared 2.73 0.920
Psychological feelings Satisfied with work performance 3.98 0.918
Full of enthusiasm 3.98 0.920
Improve work efficiency 3.80 0.919
Feeling a headache or pressure on the head 2.70 0.917
Mental status Feel backache 3.00 0.916
Insomnia or poor sleep 3.35 0.919
Stomach pain and indigestion 2.80 0.920
Increase appetite 2.85 0.919
Life attitude and health Impatient, easy to lose temper 2.65 0.919
Feeling lost 2.60 0.918
Have thoughts of death 2.35 0.918
per week, and 1 time per day. Each time, the experiment was statistical software to analyze data from the questionnaire,
conducted in the following order: preparation for exercise (5 and the qualitative research was carried out by interviewing
minutes), body composition test (8 minutes), experiment (7 experts and respondents and obtaining their opinions. Fi-
minutes of high-intensity intermittent exercise), Chinese nally, all the data were collated and analyzed using the
massage (15 minutes), data recording (5 minutes), and in- multidimensional review method.
terview and discussion (10 minutes), totaling 50 minutes. In terms of experimental design and tools, multifunc-
After completing all the experimental sessions, the subjects’ tional cell phones, pedometers, electronic blood pressure
physical adaptability, body composition [31–36], and meters, and fully automatic height and weight meters were
physical and mental health [24, 30, 43–45] were examined. used to examine pre- and postexperimental physical fitness,
Then, the participants were asked to do sit-ups (for testing body composition items, and information on all experi-
their core muscle endurance), seated forward bend (for mental exercise processes.
testing their flexibility), standing long jump (for testing their The questionnaire and analysis tools were used to
muscular power), and exercises for testing their cardiore- compile the formal questionnaire according to the literature
spiratory endurance according to the physical fitness testing [30, 43–45, 60], and then a web-based questionnaire plat-
standards of the Ministry of Education of Taiwan [58], and form was used to collect the opinions and SPSS 22.0 for
the data on their sports performances were collected. Microsoft Windows statistical software was used to perform
the basic statistical analysis and t-test for subsequent data
comparison.
3.3. Analysis Method. A mixed-research method was used to Four experts and scholars with expertise in sports
obtain better and deeper results by multifaceted investiga- training, physiology, public health, and psychological
tion and analysis [50–53]. Three research methods were used counseling were invited to review and provide their opinions
in this study. First, the experimental research method is used based on the results of the survey.
to design the experimental process. Then, the data on the Finally, the multivariate verification analysis method was
participants’ sports performances were collected according used to integrate the information of different research
to the physical fitness testing standards of the Ministry of subjects [56, 57], research theories, and methods and to
Education of Taiwan [59] and the 7-minute HICT (as de- obtain accurate knowledge and meanings by comparing the
scribed in the paragraph of literature review). Next, the research results from multiple perspectives and multiple
quantitative research was carried out, using SPSS 26.0 data [55].Journal of Healthcare Engineering 5
3.4. Study Scope and Limitations. This study adopted a bend (q): 12–45, with a maximum of 12 (+12) for men and 45
mixed-methods approach to examine the effects of Chinese (+5) for women; standing long jump (cm): 145–236, with a
massage on physical fitness, body composition, and physical maximum of 236 (+36) for men and 146 (+7) for women;
and mental health of participants of different intermittent cardiorespiratory endurance (sec): 310–400, with a maxi-
cycle exercises using an experimental, quantitative, and mum of 390 (−65) for men and 310 (−10) for women; speed
qualitative study. The subjects were Asian Chinese university (m/s): 2.45–3.84, with a maximum of 3.75 (+0.55) for men
students, aged 20 years. Students differed in their academic and 2.58 (+0.1) for women; and maximum oxygen uptake
commitments, life stress, personal physical health, and (ml/kg/min): 37.8–43.49, with a maximum of 43.49 (+4.44)
athletic performance abilities. Questionnaire collection was for men and 39.39 (+3.56) for women. It showed that male
influenced by personal and safety considerations. Due to high-strength exercise participants showed greater perfor-
funding, time, and manpower constraints, the study was mance improvement in sit-ups, seated forward bend,
conducted with volunteers, and the tools used were of low standing long jump, cardiorespiratory endurance, and speed
cost but accurate, and the questionnaires were distributed after the experiment compared to females.
and collected using an online platform to save experimental The average for the middle-strength group was as fol-
time and cost. Therefore, due to the small sample size and the lows: sit-ups (q): 35–63, with a maximum of 42 (+12) for
unavailability of data for validation and analysis, errors may men and 63 (+34) for women; seated forward bend (q):
occur. The findings of this study cannot be extended to other 16–87, with a maximum of 16 (+1) for men and 87 (+23) for
ethnic, national, age, or occupational backgrounds. There- women; standing long jump (cm): 155–220, with a maxi-
fore, the above limitations are included as follow-up sug- mum of 220 for men (+10) and 164 for women (+5); car-
gestions for other researchers to improve the results. diorespiratory endurance (sec): 220–390, with a maximum
of 390 for men (−35) and 220 for women (−110); speed (m/
s): 2.4–3.84, with a maximum of 3.84 for men (+0.35) (+0.35)
3.5. Ethical Considerations. This research was conducted and 3.81 (+1.41) for women; and maximum oxygen uptake
using the intentional sampling method to identify the (ml/kg/min): 32.29–47.23, with a maximum of 47.23 (−1.5)
subjects combined. Therefore, all respondents agreed to for men and 43.6 (+6.66) for women. It showed that the
provide relevant data and understood the main purpose of performance of the male participants in medium-strength
the study. All questionnaires and interviews were recorded exercise was higher than that of the female ones after the
and collected from anonymous and informed respondents. experiment only in the standing long jump, and the females
performed better than the males in all other aspects.
4. Analysis of Results A comparative analysis revealed that men in the me-
dium-strength group showed better progress than coun-
4.1. Physical Adaptability Difference Analysis. According to terparts in the high-strength group in sit-ups (+12 > +10),
the formula and literature [61], the maximum heart rate was while men in the high-strength group performed better in
determined to be 200. The sample data were divided into two seated forward bend (+12 > +1), standing long jump
groups of five by strength, named as high-strength (H1) and (+36 > +1), cardiorespiratory endurance (−65 > −35), speed
medium-strength (M) groups, for subsequent investigation. (+0.55 > +0.35), and maximal oxygen uptake (+4.44 > −1.5)
The analysis showed that the preexperimental physical compared to counterparts in the medium-strength group.
adaptations of the subjects were as follows: sit-ups (q): 28–50 Women in the medium-strength group showed
(male: 30–50, female: 28–30); seated forward bend (q): 0–93 better progress than counterparts in the high-strength
(male: 0–15 times, female: 13–93); standing long jump (cm): group in sit-ups (+34 > +5), seated forward bend
138–220 (male: 180–220, female: 138–163); cardiorespira- (+23 > +5), standing long jump (+7 > +5), cardiorespiratory
tory endurance (sec): 280–450 (male: 400–455, female: endurance (−110 > 10), speed (+1.14 > +0.1), and maximal
280–330); mean speed (m/s): 2.35–3.81 (male: 2.42–3.52, oxygen uptake (+6.66 > +3.56). Therefore, for men, the
female: 2.35–2.85); and maximum oxygen uptake (ml/kg/ medium-strength group performed better in sit-ups, while
min): 35.54–48.73 (male: 35.8–48.73, female: 35.54–49.18). the high-strength group performed better than the medium-
After the experiment, the subjects’ physical adaptability strength group in seated forward bend, standing long jump,
was as follows: sit-ups (q): 32–63 (male: 40–55, female: cardiorespiratory endurance, and maximal oxygen uptake
32–63); seated forward bend (q): 12–87 (male: 12–16, female: growth; for women, the medium-strength group performed
36–87); standing long jump (cm): 145–236 (male: 208–236, better than the high-strength group in sit-ups, seated for-
female: 146–164); cardiorespiratory endurance (sec): ward bend, speed, and maximal oxygen uptake.
220–400 (male: 390–400, female: 220–330); mean speed (m/
s): 2.58–3.84 (male: 3.52–3.84, female: 3.16–3.81); and
maximum oxygen uptake (ml/kg/min): 32.29–47.23 (male: 4.2. Sports Performance Difference Analysis. As described in
38.33–47.23, female: 32.29–43.61). All samples showed the experimental design, the subjects underwent intermit-
different levels of improvement, which is consistent with the tent cyclic exercise training containing 12 movements with
literature [62, 63]. The results are shown in Table 2. an exercise cycle of 30 seconds of exercise and 10 seconds of
In the high-strength group, the postexperimental aver- rest for a total of 5 times a week for 7 weeks. Each exercise
ages were as follows: sit-ups (q): 28–55, with a maximum of was followed by a Chinese massage session. This study was
55 (+10) for men and 35 (+5) for women; seated forward conducted to test the effectiveness of Chinese Tuina in6 Journal of Healthcare Engineering
Table 2: Differences in physical adaptability of experimental subjects before and after the experiment.
H1 (male) H2 (male) H3 (male) H4 (female)
Before After DIFF Before After DIFF Before After DIFF Before After DIFF
P1 43 45 +2 30 40 +10 50 55 +5 30 35 +5
P2 0 12 +12 10 12 +2 13 12 −1 40 42 +2
P3 220 232 +12 180 208 +28 200 236 +36 140 146 +6
P4 443 400 −43 455 390 −65 450 400 −50 330 310 −20
V (m/s) 3.38 3.75 +0.37 3.29 3.84 +0.55 3.33 3.75 +0.42 2.42 2.58 +0.16
VO2max 37.42 38.36 +0.94 38.33 40.33 +1 39.05 43.49 +4.44 35.8 37.8 +2
H5 (female) M1 (male) M2 (female) M3 (female)
P1 28 32 +4 30 42 +12 30 36 +6 30 36 +6
P2 40 45 +5 15 16 +1 50 53 +3 13 36 +23
P3 138 145 +7 210 220 +10 160 164 +4 150 155 +5
P4 340 330 −10 425 390 −35 330 270 −60 330 220 −110
V (m/s) 2.35 2.45 +0.1 3.52 3.84 +0.32 2.42 2.96 +0.54 2.40 3.81 +1.41
VO2max 35.83 39.39 +3.56 48.73 47.23 −1.5 39.99 38.52 −1.47 43.60 43.61 +0.01
M4 (female) M5 (female)
P1 29 35 +6 29 63 +34
P2 93 87 −6 61 63.5 +2.5
P3 163 163 +0 150 163 +13
P4 301 253 −48 280 275 −5
V (m/s) 2.65 3.16 +0.51 2.85 2.91 +0.06
VO2max 49.18 42.52 +6.66 35.54 32.29 −3.25
Physical adaptability-test items: P1: sit-ups, P2: seated forward bend, P3: standing long jump, P4: cardiorespiratory endurance (sec), H: high-strength, and M:
medium-strength.
restoring exercise fatigue [14, 19] and whether it could affect females. In addition, the growth margin of exercise per-
the exercise performance of participants with different in- formance was different between male and female subjects,
tensities of intermittent exercise cycles [17]. and the enhancement of maximal oxygen uptake was also
It was found that both groups showed different levels of different. In men, there was a significant increase in maximal
improvement in exercise performance after the experimental oxygen uptake, while in women, the maximal oxygen uptake
period, which is consistent with the literature [17]. showed a small increase and was stable during the exercise
However, it took 2 weeks (10 days) of acclimatization for period, as shown in Figure 2 (H1–H5).
the medium-strength group to show growth in performance. Lastly, the data of different strength groups were ana-
At the end of the training period, men’s performance growth lyzed. It was found that both groups showed significant
was small but stable, while women’s growth was larger than improvement in exercise performance and maximal oxygen
men’s, but it was not stable. uptake. In the high-strength group, the growth margin was
The relationship between exercise performance and obvious with steady improvement in all exercise perfor-
oxygen intake of the experimental exercise items in the mance as well as steady growth in maximal oxygen uptake.
medium-strength group (M) was further investigated. It was In the medium-strength group, although there was an in-
found that the maximum increase of high leg was the largest, crease in performance and a change in maximal oxygen
while the increase of other items was small. In addition, uptake which was stable for a long period of time, the
although the maximum oxygen intake of males increased changes were fluctuating and the increase in the next im-
steadily, it took 30 days to increase significantly, while the provement was small.
maximum oxygen intake of females also increased steadily It was also found that the squatting performance of the
and eventually changed, but the process was fluctuating or high-strength group increased by 5 times and decreased by 1
not obvious. time after 9 training sessions. In the leg lifts, after 20 training
In addition, the exercise performance of the medium- sessions, there was an increase of 6 times and a decrease of 2
strength group started to improve after the adaptation pe- times. The maximum oxygen intake showed a steady growth
riod of 1 week (5 days). At the end of the adaptation period, of 8 times, but the growth of other items was unstable. Squat
men showed high and stable growth in exercise perfor- performance in the medium-strength group showed an
mance, while women also showed growth in exercise per- increase of 4 times and a decrease of 1-2 times after 5
formance, but the growth was smaller and highly stable. training sessions. For the leg lift, after 8 training sessions,
The relationship between exercise performance and there was an initial growth cycle of 4 increases and 1 de-
oxygen intake of the experimental items in the high-strength crease, which was gradually extended. In the 21st session,
group was then investigated. It was found that the growth there was a steady increase in leg lift performance with 8
rate of the high leg raise was the greatest, while that of the increases and 3 decreases. In terms of maximal oxygen
other items was small. The growth margin only started to uptake, there were 4 increases and 1-2 decreases in the first
manifest after 5 sessions for males and after 7 sessions for period, but the changes were not significant. It was only afterJournal of Healthcare Engineering 7
120 80
70
100
60
80
50
60 40
30
40
20
20
10
0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
Jumping jacks VO2max Jumping jacks VO2max
Squat Abdominal crunch Squat Abdominal crunch
Push-up and rotation High knees Push-up and rotation High knees
Push-up Step-up onto chair Push-up Step-up onto chair
Triceps dip on chair Lunge Triceps dip on chair Lunge
High strength 1 (male) Medium strength 1 (male)
90 100
80 90
70 80
70
60
60
50
50
40
40
30
30
20 20
10 10
0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
Jumping jacks VO2max Jumping jacks VO2max
Squat Abdominal crunch Squat Abdominal crunch
Push-up and rotation High knees Push-up and rotation High knees
Push-up Step-up onto chair Push-up Step-up onto chair
Triceps dip on chair Lunge Triceps dip on chair Lunge
High strength 2 (male) Medium strength 2 (female)
100 50
90 45
80 40
70 35
60 30
50 25
40 20
30 15
20 10
10 5
0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
Jumping jacks VO2max Jumping jacks VO2max
Squat Abdominal crunch Squat Abdominal crunch
Push-up and rotation High knees Push-up and rotation High knees
Push-up Step-up onto chair Push-up Step-up onto chair
Triceps dip on chair Lunge Triceps dip on chair Lunge
High strength 3 (male) Medium strength 3 (female)
120 60
100 50
80 40
60 30
40 20
20 10
0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
Jumping jacks VO2max Jumping jacks VO2max
Squat Abdominal crunch Squat Abdominal crunch
Push-up and rotation High knees Push-up and rotation High knees
Push-up Step-up onto chair Push-up Step-up onto chair
Triceps dip on chair Lunge Triceps dip on chair Lunge
High strength 4 (female) Medium strength 4 (female)
(a)
Figure 2: Continued.8 Journal of Healthcare Engineering
120 140
100 120
100
80
80
60
60
40
40
20 20
0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
Jumping jacks VO2max Jumping jacks VO2max
Squat Abdominal crunch Squat Abdominal crunch
Push-up and rotation High knees Push-up and rotation High knees
Push-up Step-up onto chair Push-up Step-up onto chair
Triceps dip on chair Lunge Triceps dip on chair Lunge
High strength 5 (female) Medium strength 5 (female)
(b)
Figure 2: Growth curve analysis of experimental subjects’ exercise performance.
30 training sessions that maximal oxygen uptake started to showed more significant changes in all items except height
increase. This result is similar to the literature [14] but with (weight +2 > +0.3, blood pressure D: −29 > −0.3, S: −17 > −7,
different changes in time and cycle. and BMI −0.7 > −0.03) than women in the high-strength
group. It can be seen that, in the high-strength group, men
had greater changes in weight, blood pressure, and BMI than
4.3. Body Composition Difference Analysis. Intermittent women but not in height. In the medium-strength group,
cyclic exercise can improve health [8] in a time-saving and women had more significant changes in body weight, blood
fast-acting manner [28, 29]. Although it produces fatigue pressure (diastolic blood pressure), and BMI than men, ex-
[8, 28], with the help of massage, fatigue can be relieved [19], cept for systolic blood pressure. In addition, men in the high-
cardiovascular disease can be stabilized [23], and physio- strength group showed greater changes in body weight and
logical status can be restored [20]. It was found that all BMI than those in the medium-strength group, and women
subjects showed changes in body weight, blood pressure, and in the medium-strength group showed more significant
BMI, although there was no change in height. Body weight changes in all items than those in the high-strength group.
ranged from 50.1 to 64.7 kg in men and from 50.3 to 56 kg in
women. Diastolic blood pressure ranged from 75 to 81 and
systolic blood pressure ranged from 112 to 120 in men and 4.4. Physical and Mental Health Perception Difference
diastolic blood pressure ranged from 69 to 78 and systolic Analysis. Although intermittent cycle exercise produces
blood pressure ranged from 94 to 111 in women. BMI fatigue, it is less time-consuming and achieves quicker re-
ranged from 17.7 to 21.61 in men and from 17.71 to 21.48 in sults [28, 29], and applying massage afterward can stabilize
women. The results are in accordance with the literature [23] cardiovascular disease conditions [23], relieve fatigue [19],
and are shown in Table 3. and improve physical and mental health [8]. As shown in
The differences in body composition of different strength Table 3, the analysis of the pre- and postexperimental
groups were analyzed next. In the high-strength group, the questionnaires revealed that there were significant differ-
height ranged from 157 to 173, and, after the experiment, ences (p < 0.05) on the issues of headache or head pressure,
there was no change in the weights of both men and women. back pain, feeling of loss, and having suicidal thoughts. This
The mean body weight was 50.1–64.7, diastolic blood pressure indicates that the subjects had different feelings about
was 69–79 and systolic blood pressure was 112–120, and BMI headaches or head pressure, back pain, the feeling of loss,
was 18.4–21.61. Although there were changes in both men and thoughts of death before and after the experiment, and
and women, the changes were greater in men than in women there were significant improvements after the experiment.
(body weight, −1.8 > −0.3; blood pressure, D: −12 > −0.3, S: There was a significant difference (p < 0.05) between the
16 > −7; BMI, −0.6 > −0.03). In the medium-strength group, strength groups on the issues of fear, headache or head
height ranged from 153 to 173, and there was no change in pressure, and overeating but not others. This means that the
males and females. The diastolic blood pressure was 60–81 subjects had different feelings on the issues of fear, headache
and the systolic blood pressure was 94–116, and the BMI was or head pressure, and overeating in different strength
17.7–21.48. Except for systolic blood pressure (−47 > −17), the groups, and the change was greater in the high-strength
changes were more pronounced in women than in men group than in the medium-strength group.
(weight 0.2 > −0.9, diastolic blood pressure −29 > −19, and There was a significant difference only in insomnia or
BMI −0.7 > −0.3). In addition, men in the high-strength sleeplessness by gender (p < 0.05). This means that there
group showed greater changes in body weight and BMI were different feelings of insomnia or sleeplessness among
(−1.8 > −0.9, −0.6 > −0.3) than men in the medium-strength the subjects of different genders, and they were more pro-
group. In contrast, women in the medium-strength group nounced in men than in women, as shown in Table 4.Journal of Healthcare Engineering 9
Table 3: Pre-post analysis of experimental subjects’ body composition.
H1 (male) H2 (male) H3 (male) H4 (female)
Before After DIFF Before After DIFF Before After DIFF Before After DIFF
cm 165 165 0 176 176 0 173 173 0 157 157 0
kg 49.5 50.1 +0.6 62.2 63.4 +1.2 66.5 64.7 −1.8 51.4 51.1 −0.3
D 70 75 +5 84 76 −8 90 79 −12 72 69 −0.3
kPa
S 115 112 −3 136 120 −16 128 118 −10 114 107 −7
BMI 18.18 18.40 +0.22 20.08 20.46 +0.38 22.21 21.61 −0.6 20.76 20.73 −0.03
H5 (female) M1 (female) M2 (female) M3 (female)
cm 157 157 0 173 173 0 163 163 0 168 168 0
kg 51.4 51.1 −0.3 62.3 61.2 −0.9 52.5 53.0 +0.5 58 56 −2
D 72 69 −0.3 100 81 −19 73 76 +3 74 78 +4
kPa
S 114 107 −7 163 116 −47 103 111 +8 117 108 −9
BMI 20.76 20.73 −0.03 18.0 17.7 −0.3 19.75 19.94 +0.16 20.54 19.84 −0.7
M4 (female) M5 (female)
cm 173 173 0 153 153 0
kg 53.75 53 −0.75 50.5 50.3 −0.2
D 67 73 +6 89 60 −29
kPa
S 114 108 −6 111 94 −17
BMI 17.96 17.71 −0.15 21.57 21.48 −0.09
H: high-strength; M: medium-strength.
4.5. Discussion cardiorespiratory endurance, speed, and maximal oxygen
uptake compared to counterparts in the high-strength group.
4.5.1. Differences in Physical Adaptability. We believe that,
due to innate physiological advantages, men have better
muscle composition and athletic performance than women. 4.5.2. Exercise Performance Differences. The goal of the
Women’s athletic performance and intensity are not com- intermittent cycle exercise mode is to perform the cardio-
parable to men’s, but they have better willpower to learn respiratory aerobic exercise to train the core muscles of the
[64], higher tolerance, and higher physical standards [65] lumbar and back such as the rectus abdominis and the
than men. As a result, men in the high-strength group oblique muscles in the lower and lateral back and to
showed better performance improvement in sit-ups, seated strengthen the pear-shaped muscles of the buttocks and the
forward bend, standing long jump, cardiorespiratory en- quadriceps and gastrocnemius muscles of the lower thighs in
durance, and speed after the experiment compared to a short period of time [14]. Because of the high intensity of
women. In the medium-strength group, men only out- the exercise, it has a great effect on stimulating physiological
performed women in standing long jump, while women adaptability and cardiorespiratory endurance [28]. Due to
outperformed men in all other items. physiological differences, the muscle structure of males is
In addition, sit-ups strengthen the core of the abdominal more developed than that of females, and the BMI values of
muscles and muscle endurance; open and closed jump can females in the sample group of this study were mostly below
improve cardiorespiratory endurance; leg lifts and squats can 20; the exercise performance of subjects of both genders
increase the strength and agility of the lower limbs; stride increased after the experiment but with different results.
movements can extend the lower back to help improve flex- Furthermore, although the frequency of the lower limb
ibility. However, in order to achieve the effect, it is necessary to exercise pattern was high in the experiment, it had the
carry out various exercises intensively and frequently within a advantage of requiring fewer exercise tools and less space
limited period of time, which is difficult for women with in- [14], which is suitable for university students who lack time
herent physiological conditions and sports performance lim- and space as they only need to practice frequently for a short
itations. Women have higher physical standards, are persistent, period of time [8, 9]. The higher the frequency and intensity
and have a strong will to learn [64]. Although they cannot of exercise, the better the effect, but it also produces faster
engage in high-intensity exercise, they are willing to do it and greater fatigue [29] and even results in a cyclical per-
effectively and efficiently as long as it can improve their formance of exercise and fatigue [14]. Chinese massage
physical and mental health. As a result, men in the medium- techniques are diversified, with pressure and compression
strength group improved better in sit-ups than counterparts in techniques helping to stimulate pain and massage and
the high-strength group, and men in the high-strength group pushing techniques helping to relieve stiff muscles and
improved better in seated forward bend, standing long jump, promote blood circulation [48, 49], which have a great effect
cardiorespiratory endurance, rate, and maximal oxygen uptake on relieving muscle fatigue. Because men have a higher
compared to counterparts in the medium-strength group. tolerance than women, Chinese massage techniques can be
Women in the medium-strength group had better improve- used to fully apply pressure to muscle areas to relieve muscle
ments in sit-ups, seated forward bend, standing long jump, fatigue after sports training. Although women had weaker10 Journal of Healthcare Engineering
Table 4: Physical and mental health perception difference analysis.
Capture time Diff- intensities
Facet Issue M Gender
(before : after) (high : medium)
Increase confidence 4.13 (4.00 : 4.25) (4.2 : 4.6) (4.50 : 4.38)
Feel scared 2.73 (3.20 : 2.25) (2.6 : 3.6)∗ (5.00 : 2.63)
Psychological
Satisfied with work performance 3.98 (3.95 : 4.00) (3.8 : 4.8) (5.00 : 4.13)
feelings
Full of enthusiasm 3.98 (3.95 : 4.00) (3.8 : 4.6) (4.50 : 4.13)
Improve work efficiency 3.80 (3.95 : 3.65) (3.6 : 4.6) (4.50 : 4.00)
Feeling a headache or pressure on the head 2.70 (3.25 : 2.15)∗∗∗ (2.8 : 3.6)∗∗ (5.00 : 2.75)
(3.35 :
Mental status Feel backache 3.00 (2.6 : 3.4)∗ (4.50 : 2.63)
2.65)∗∗∗
∗
Insomnia or poor sleep 3.35 (3.55 : 3.15) (3.2 : 3.6) (5.00 : 3.00)∗
Stomach pain and indigestion 2.80 (3.25 : 2.35) (2.8 : 3.4) (4.50 : 2.75)
Increase appetite 2.85 (3.30 : 2.40) (2.4 : 3.6)∗ (5.00 : 2.50)
Life attitude
Impatient, easy to lose temper 2.65 (3.20 : 2.10) (2.4 : 3.4) (4.50 : 2.50)
and health
Feeling lost 2.60 (3.25 : 1.95)∗ (2.2 : 3.6) (5.00 : 2.38)
Have thoughts of death 2.35 (3.10 : 1.60)∗∗ (1.6 : 3.4) (4.50 : 2.00)
∗ ∗∗ ∗∗∗
p < 0.05, p < 0.001, and p < 0.00.
muscles, they were more persistent in learning and more physiological status in a short period of time, resulting in no
cooperative. Therefore, the exercise performance and change in height of the subjects. However, there were
maximum oxygen intake of both groups were significantly changes in body weight, blood pressure, and BMI in the
improved. In the high-strength group, there was a 1-2-week high-intensity group, and the changes in body weight, blood
adaptation period, and the men experienced rapid and pressure, and BMI were greater for men than for women. In
steady progress, while the women experienced steady but the medium-intensity group, the changes in body weight,
small progress, and the overall growth in exercise perfor- diastolic blood pressure, and BMI were more pronounced in
mance and maximal oxygen uptake was more obvious. In the women than in men. In addition, men in the high-intensity
medium-strength group, the change was small, and the group had greater changes in weight and BMI compared to
growth margin was not significant in the next improvement, counterparts in the medium-intensity group. Women in the
and men showed small and stable improvement, while medium-intensity group showed more significant changes
women showed larger but unstable improvement compared compared to counterparts in the high-intensity group.
to men and had different exercise cycles with different time
and maintenance frequency, and their maximum oxygen
intake also started to change only after different time points 4.5.4. Physical and Mental Health Perception Differences.
of training. There are already physical and mental health hazards among
college students due to their lifestyle patterns, habits, and
behaviors [2], and the impact of the COVID-19 epidemic [1]
4.5.3. Body Composition Differences. The 7-minute inter- makes them even more serious [1–7]. Although intermittent
mittent cycle exercise mode aims to build muscle strength in cyclic exercise can improve physical and mental health
the lumbar and abdominal regions, lower back, buttocks, [8, 13], it can also provide short-term, effective exercise
and lower thigh by performing cardiorespiratory aerobic results for university students [10]. Combination with the
exercise for short periods of time [14]. In order to achieve massage skills and techniques of Chinese Tuina can also
these results, it is necessary to perform frequent and intense promote blood circulation, relieve postexercise fatigue, and
exercises with a certain intensity to stimulate physiological restore athletic performance [48, 49]. Therefore, it was
adaptability and improve cardiorespiratory endurance [28], verified that the subjects had different feelings of headache
and the improvement of body composition of all subjects or head pressure, back pain, feeling of loss, and thoughts of
can be verified. death before and after the experiment, and the improvement
Men have a better innate physiological structure and was obvious after receiving the experiment.
exercise performance than women, and massage can pro- Furthermore, exercise is effective in improving physical
mote fatigue metabolism and stabilize and reestablish ex- and mental health [8, 13] and has a stabilizing effect on
ercise performance [48, 49]. Therefore, men in the high- mental and emotional well-being [16]. Although fatigue is
strength group obtained long-term stable exercise results easily produced [16, 29, 31], the use of sports massage can
and improved physical and mental health. In women who effectively relieve the fatigue phenomenon by accelerating
were not able to cope with high-intensity exercise patterns blood circulation [48, 49] and restoring muscle strength
due to their innate physiological disadvantages, a long-term [46]. Additionally, the higher the intensity of sports en-
and stable medium-intensity exercise program provided the gagement, the better the physical and psychological well-
physiologically required amount of exercise. However, for being and physical fitness [13, 14]. This led to different
men, medium-strength exercise did not meet the physio- perceptions of emotional feelings such as fear, headache or
logical needs and therefore could not be used to improve the head stress, and overeating among subjects of differentJournal of Healthcare Engineering 11
strength groups, and the change was greater in the high- experiment showed that there were differences in
strength group than in the medium-strength group. exercise performances between men and women.
Nevertheless, due to the frequent and intense nature of Therefore, it is recommended that the researchers of
intermittent cyclic exercise [14], fatigue can occur even follow-up studies analyze the relevant data based on
though massage can be used to reduce fatigue [29, 48, 49]. different genders, exercise intensities, and age
Men are more likely to accumulate fatigue because of the groups.
emphasis on personal sports performance and increased
commitment to sports in a competitive environment [65], Data Availability
and their sleep quality is greatly affected by the stress caused
by their daily routine and pattern as well as by their No data support is provided.
schoolwork. Therefore, insomnia or sleeplessness is felt
differently by gender, and it is more pronounced in men Conflicts of Interest
than in women.
All authors have no conflicts of interest.
5. Conclusion and Suggestion
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