Active Sustainable Travel - a Best Buy for Public Health - SPT Travel Plan Seminar Influencing Travel Choices
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Active Sustainable Travel – a
Best Buy for Public Health
SPT Travel Plan Seminar
Influencing Travel Choices
Thursday 21st February 2013
Fiona Crawford
Public Health Programme Manager
Glasgow Centre for Population Health
Policies, evidence and expert opinion Let’s Make Scotland More Active (2003) “All children and young people, including children with disabilities, should take part in at least one hour a day of physical activity. This physical activity should include physical education, play sports, exercise, dance, outdoor activities, active travel and support to be active in their daily tasks at home, at school and in the community.” Five Year Review of "Let's Make Scotland More Active” (2009) “The review group believes the creation and provision of environments that encourage and support physical activity offers the greatest potential to get the nation active.”
Foresight (2007) Walking and cycling in the course of daily life are an important component of population activity levels. ……. And………. Tackling obesity has striking similarities with tackling climate change. Both need whole societal change with cross governmental action and long term commitment. World Health Organisation (1999) ….adverse health effects of transport fall disproportionately on the most vulnerable groups in our societies. These groups include people with disabilities; the elderly; the socially excluded; children and young people; and people living and working in areas of intensified and cumulative air pollution and noise.
CO2 Air
emissions pollution
Physical activity
Osteoporosis
Injuries
And by the way…
Social capital
Infrastructure costs
“…. The solid facts are that walking and cycling benefit health while motor vehicles damage health. Walking and cycling need to be prioritised in transport planning; compact cities that minimise vehicle journeys need to be prioritised in economic and land-use planning; public transport must be significantly improved, while car travel is reduced; and leadership is needed from politicians, industry and ‘civil society.’” Social Determinants of Health, 1999
Obesity and Quality of Life
Scotland Performs National Indicator Increase the proportion of journeys to work made by public or active transport “Essentially, we want to encourage a shift from the car, particularly for short journeys, across the whole population. Not only will this reduce congestion and improve health by reducing harmful emissions, it will enable people in Scotland to live longer and healthier lives by making it easier to incorporate physical activity into daily routines.” Scotland Performs Website http://www.scotland.gov.uk/About/scotPerforms/indicators/publicTransport
Progress •Transport accounted for 26% of total Scottish emissions in 2007 - a rise of nearly 10% since 1990 •Transport’s share of total Scottish emissions increased by a greater amount in 2007 than in all previous years Source: Scottish Government. Carbon Account for Transport No. 2: 2010 Edition. Edinburgh: Scottish Government, 2010 www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2010/03/11091112/0
National Trends in School Travel
Scottish trends for travel to and from school (pupils aged 5 to 16) 1985-2006
Source : National Travel Survey
80
70
60
50
Walking
Bus
%
40
Car
30
20
10
0
1985 / 1986 1989 / 1991 1992 / 1994 1995 / 1997 1998 / 2000 2002 / 2003 2004 / 2005 2005 / 2006
YearNational Travel to Work Trends
Usual means of travel to work in Scotland, 1966-2001
Source: Census
100%
12
90% 15
20
24 24
80%
Other (e.g. taxi)
Foot
70%
Bicycle
Motor Cycle
60%
21 Car
29 Bus
46 59
50% 68
Train
40%
30%
43
20% 35
25
18
10% 12
0%
1966 1971 1981 1991 2001Mode of Travel by Income
Pedestrian Child Casualties
Rates of pedestrian child casualties (5-15 year olds) by deprivation, Glasgow and Clyde Valley, 1996-
2000 to 2002-2006
Source: Police Statistics 19
600
500
Least Deprived
400 2
Rates per 100000
3
4
5
300
6
7
8
200 9
Most deprived
100
0
1996-2000 1997-2001 1998-2002 1999-2003 2000-2004 2001-2005 2002-2006
YearAdult Road Traffic Casualties
Admissions to hospital following RTAs among adult (15+) pedestrians by deprivation quintiles,
Scotland, 1996/99 - 2005/08, Rolling 3 year totals shown as rates per 100,000 population
Source: SMR01, ISD Scotland
100.0
90.0
80.0
70.0
Rate per 100,000
60.0 Most Affluent
Quintile 2
50.0 Quintile 3
Quintile 4
40.0 Most Deprived
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
96/99 97/00 98/01 99/02 00/03 01/04 02/05 03/06 04/07 05/08
YearSafety
Pedestrian Safety • For pedestrians involved in a vehicular crash – 5% are killed at 20 mph – 50% are killed at 30 mph – 95% are killed at 40 mph • Two thirds of all crashes where pedestrians involved are killed or seriously injured (KSI) occur on roads with a speed limit of 30 mph or less
Impacts of 20mph Zones
• Good evidence of effectiveness
– Introduction of mandatory 20mph zones in
London led to significant reduction in road
casualties
– 50% drop in number of KSI children
– Reduction of casualties among cyclists also
greater in children and in KSI
Grundy et al. Effect of 20 mph traffic speed zones on road injuries in
London, 1986-2006: controlled interrupted time series analysis. BMJ
2009;339:b4469“By far the best value for money is currently coming from spending on ‘smarter choices’ (travel planning, car-reduction policies, telecommunications as alternatives to some travel, etc), local safety schemes, cycling schemes, and the best of local bus and some rail quality and reliability schemes.” (House of Commons Transport Select Committee, 2010)
What is Cycling Worth?
If x people cycle y distance on most
days, what is the value of the health
benefits that occur as a result of the
reduction in mortality due to their
increased activity?
(WHO Health Economic Tool for Cycling)What is Cycling Worth in Glasgow?
Glasgow cycle counts at all cordon sites around the city, 2009- 2012
Source: Land & Environmental Services, Glasgow City Council
4000
3500
Over £4 million 3713 2009 2010 2011 2012
3335
3000
2500
estimated annual
2776
2957 2905
2438
2664
2680
2000
1500
benefit in 2012
1000
500
0
To City From CityActive Travel - A Tale of Two Cities
http://www.europeinminiature.com
Civilising the Streets
To Sum Up • Robust evidence base for health benefits of active sustainable travel • Clear strategic commitment to active sustainable travel but less evidence of change on the ground • Many (but not all) trends moving in the wrong direction • Single outcome agreements - have they helped/can they help?
Let’s Really Get a Move On… • Rhetoric into reality on the ground • Support local ‘smarter choices’ work • Creativity • Bravery
Acknowledgements • Transport and Health Advisory Group • Bruce Whyte (GCPH) • Pete Seaman (GCPH) • Mark Livingston (University of Glasgow) More information on our website http://www.gcph.co.uk/
Thanks
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