ADATTOGENI NELLO SPORT: DAL MITO AL DATO SCIENTIFICO - Arrigo F.G. Cicero Medical and Surgical Sciences Dept - Ansisa
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ADATTOGENI NELLO SPORT:
DAL MITO AL DATO
SCIENTIFICO
Arrigo F.G. Cicero
Medical and Surgical Sciences Dept.
Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna
INTRO…
L’impiego di piante o sostanze
psicoattive è un fenomeno
comune a tutta l’umanità che da
sempre ha cercato di scoprire
modi per sopravvivere alle
intemperie ambientali ed agli
stress sociali…
Definition
(Wikipedia-style)
A nontoxic substance and
especially a plant extract
that is held to increase the
body's ability to resist the
damaging effects of stress
and promote or restore
normal physiological
functioning.
A bit of «recent» history… “On March 4, 1943, Iosip Stalin have signed Order No 4654-p of the People’s Commissars Council of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics concerning research work “with the purpose of finding tonic… substances” for both soldiers and persons working in the USSR defense industry during the Second World War”
EMEA Definition
(Doc. Ref. EMEA/HMPC/102655/2007)
• An adaptogen is almost non-toxic to the recipient;
• An adaptogen tends to be non-specific in its
pharmacological properties and acts by increasing the
resistance of the organism to a broad spectrum of adverse
biological, chemical, and physical factors;
• An adaptogen tends to be a regulator having a normalizing
effect on the various organ systems of the recipient
organism;
• The effect of an adaptogen is as pronounced as deeper are
pathologic changes in the organism
How an adaptogen work ….
Perhaps…
In order to avoid confusion … …, it is necessary to differentiate the term ‘adaptogen’ from traditional herbal medicinal products of related action: • TONICS are substances, which mitigate conditions of weakness or lack of tone within the entire organism, or in particular organs. The term is typical for traditional medicine, where tonics are used in conditions of “asthenia”. The tonic effect may be characterized by multiple doses that increase general well being and work capacity. • STIMULANTS cause a temporary increase in work-capacity, which is followed by a period of decreased work-capacity. The stimulating effect may be characterized by a single dose that increases work capacity. The term is used in modern and in traditional medicine. • In contrast to stimulants, ADAPTOGENS are reputed to cause an increased work-capacity that is not followed by a decrease
Stimulants vs. Adaptogens Panossian & Wagner. Phytother Res 2005;19:819-838.
I have a dream… • An evidence-based nutraceutical and botanical science • RCTs on humans • Adequate design • Results reproducibility • ... What else?
I have a dream… • An evidence-based nutraceutical and botanical science • RCTs on humans • Adequate design • Results reproducibility • ... What else?
Overview of the molecular signalling
pathways activated in skeletal muscle in
response to endurance exercise
Free Radical
Biology and
Medicine 2016Pleiotropic effects of catechins Corti R et al. Circulation. 2009;119:1433-1441
Short term oral L-Arg improves pulmonary
vascular resistance in patients affected by
pulmonary hypertension
Nagaya N et al.
Am J Respir Crit
Care Med Vol
2001;163:887–91L-Arg aumenta FMD in acuto
indipendentemente dalla dose
Bay Y et al. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;89:77–84Beneficial effects of a long-term oral L-Arg
treatment added to a hypocaloric diet and
exercise training program in obese, insulin-
resistant T2DM patients
150
140
130
120
110 Placebo
L-Arg
100
90
80
70
WC_B WC_Post SBP_B SBP_P DBP_B DBP_P
Lucotti P et al. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2006;291:E906–12.Beneficial effects of a long-term oral L-Arg
treatment added to a hypocaloric diet and
exercise training program in obese, insulin-
resistant T2DM patients
65
60
55
50
45
40
35 Placebo
30
L-Arg
25
20
15
10
5
0
FPI_B FPI_P ADP_B ADP_P LEPT_B LEP_P
Lucotti P et al. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2006;291:E906–12.Creatine supplementation influences
body composition and substrate
utilization at rest
Eruk Huso M et al. J Appl Physiol 2002;93:2018–2022.Combined creatine and protein
supplementation promotes muscle GLUT-4
content and glucose tolerance in humans
Derave W et al. J Appl Physiol 2003; 94: 1910–1916Oxygen extraction (%) at maximal
exercise in CHF patients
% O2 Extraction (median)
60
50
40
30 Creatine
Placebo
20
10
0
Pre Post
Andrews R et al. Eur Heart J 1998; 19: 617–622Creatine supplementation during
pulmonary rehabilitation in COPD
patients
Fuld JP et al. Thorax 2005;60:531–537.Creatine supplementation
improves brain
performance: a doube-blind,
placebo-controlled, cross-
over trial
• Raven’s Advanced Progressive
Matrices (RAPMs), validated as a
measure of general ability with minimal
dependence on cultural factors.
• Wechsler Auditory backward digit span
(BDS) task, loading on both short-term
storage and verbal working memory
functions supported by mid-ventrolateral
and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex,
respectively.
Rae C et al. Proc R Soc Lond B
2003;270:2147–2150Putative determinants of the human
muscle carnosine content
Derave W et al. Sports Med 2010; 40(3):247-263b-Alanine augments muscle carnosine
content and attenuates fatigue during
repeated isokinetic contraction bouts in
trained sprinters
Derave W et al. J Appl Physiol 2007;103:1736–1743.Effects of b-alanine supplementation on the
onset of neuromuscular
fatigue and ventilatory threshold in
untrained women
Stout JR et al. Amino
Acids 2007;32:381–386Effects of 28 days of beta-alanine and
creatine monohydrate on aerobic power,
ventilatory and lactate thresholds, and
time to exhaustion
Zoeller RF et al. Amino Acids 2006Effects of P. ginseng on Muscle Damage
and Inflammation after Uphill Treadmill
Running in Humans
Am J Chin Med. 2011;39(3):441–450The effects of P. notoginseng on delayed
onset muscle soreness and muscle damage
in well-trained males: A double blind RCT
CTM 2013; 21:131—140Conclusioni • Un gran numero di nutrienti ed estratti vegetali sono stati sudiati in modelli preclinici per le potenziali attività adattogene • L’evidenza clinica è limitata • La qualità degli studi clinici disponibili è usualmente scarsa.
Per approfondimenti…
www.sinut.it
Trattato Italiano di Nutraceutica
clinica. Scripta Manent Ed. 2017You can also read
