BulletinWinter 2017 Responding to Major Catastrophic Events for Dam Owners - ALSO
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Bulletin
C A N A D I A N DA M A S S O CI AT I O N Winter 2017
Vol. 28 No. 1
Responding to Major
Catastrophic Events
for Dam Owners
ALSO:
Annual Awards 2016
AGM 2016
New CDA President’s Message
2016 Finance Report
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Bulletin
C A N A D I A N DA M A S S O CI AT I O N Winter 2017
Canadian Dam Association
Association canadienne
des barrages
www.cda.ca
The Canadian Dam Association is comprised
of individuals and companies interested Vol. 28, No.1
in the safe and effective operation of
Contents
dams. Representatives of dam owners and
consultants have unique access to the
latest concepts in dams; supplier members
have access to this multi-billion dollar
industrial sector.
For membership, visit www.cda.ca.
FEATURES
Aussi disponible en français.
12 MAJOR CATASTROPHIC EVENTS FOR DAM OWNERS
CDA contact information:
Don Butcher, Executive Director 32 CDA PRESENTS AWARDS AND SCHOLARSHIPS
dbutcher@cda.ca; mailing & courier address
3-1750 The Queensway, Suite 1111 35 ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING 2016
Toronto, ON M9C 5H5
Phone: (416) 255-7076
38 2016 FINANCE REPORT
Editorial Committee
Allan Kirkham allankirkham75@gmail.com 43 CDA 2017 ANNUAL CONFERENCE
Rick Carson rcarson@kgsgroup.com
David Hansen david.hansen@dal.ca
Marno Klein
Joe Groeneveld
mklein@hydro.mb.ca
jgroeneveld@hatch.ca
DEPARTMENTS
Marion Houston houston.marion@gmail.com
7 BOARD OF DIRECTORS
Articles, information, or dates of upcoming
meetings should be forwarded by mail to: 9 PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE
Allan Kirkham, P.Eng. 36 CDA COMMITTEE OF REGULATION OF DAMS
Phone: 905.749.5751
E-mail: allankirkham75@gmail.com 37 YOUNG PROFESSIONALS BULLETIN
or by e-mail to a member of the editorial
committee as listed above.
42 ICOLD CORNER
CDA Website: Don Butcher
46 BUYERS’ GUIDE AND TRADE LIST
Editor: Shelly Neal
Project Manager: Kim Davies
Advertising Sales Director:
Trevor Perrault
Marketing: Margaux Braund
Account Representatives:
Jason Currie, David S. Evans, Brian Hoover
Layout & Design: Deb Churchill Basso | Print 2.0h!
The Bulletin is published four times per year
for the Canadian Dam Association.
Published by:
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Phone: 204.947.0222 • Fax: 204.947.2047
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©2016 Naylor (Canada) Inc. All rights reserved.
The contents of this publication may not be
reproduced, in whole or in part, without the prior
written consent of the publisher.
PUBLISHED DECEMBER 2016/CDA-Q0117/3722
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10
Canadian Dam Association • Winter 2017 5
in a matter of seconds.
Water levels can rise
Water near a dam or hydroelectric station can
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OPG is a part of communities across Ontario,
so we want you to stay clear and stay safe.
opg.com/watersafety
CDA BOARD OF DIRECTORS 2016-2017
Chad LePoudre-President
SNC-Lavalin Inc.
president@cda.ca connected
Bob Patrick-Vice President excellence in
Tetra Tech EBA Inc. all we do
vice.president@cda.ca Delivering on our
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Secretary Treasurer
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Tony Bennett-Past President customers’ every challenge
Ontario Power Generation – no matter how complex.
past.president@cda.ca Amec Foster Wheeler provides dam safety
consulting to meet our clients’ needs.
Terry Oswell-Director, British Columbia ---------------
BC Hydro
twitter.com/amec_fw
britishcolumbia.director@cda.ca linkedin.com/company/amecfw
youtube.com/user/amecfw
Javid Iqbal-Director, Alberta facebook.com/amecfw
Alberta Environment & Parks
alberta.director@cda.ca
Doug Kilgour-Director, Saskatchewan
SaskPower
saskatchewan.director@cda.ca Oil & Gas
Clean Energy
Halina Zbigniewicz-Director, Manitoba Environment & Infrastructure
Manitoba Hydro Mining
manitoba.director@cda.ca
amecfw.com
Allan Kirkham-Director, Ontario
ontario.director@cda.ca
Martin Ferland-Director, Quebec
CEHQ 789447_Amec.indd 1 2/6/16 5:43 AM
quebec.director@cda.ca
Michael Cyr-Director, New Brunswick
Vibrating Wire Piezometers
AMEC Foster Wheeler
newbrunswick.director@cda.ca for Dam Monitoring
Robert Cholock-Director, Nova Scotia
BGC Engineering
novascotia.director@cda.ca
Wendy Warford-Director, Newfoundland & Labrador
Stantec
newfoundland.director@cda.ca
Richard Trimble-Director, Territories
TetraTech EBA Ltd.
territories.director@cda.ca Why Geokon?
Andy Small-Director-at-Large
AMEC Foster Wheeler s Reliability: Excellent long-term stability
director-at-large@cda.ca
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Johanne Bilbeau-Director-at-Large (ICOLD) s Accuracy: NIST traceable
AECOM
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Herb Hawson-Director, Membership www.geokon.com/dams
Golder Associates
membership@cda.ca
1 s 603 s 448 s1562
Don Butcher-Executive Director
3-1750 The Queensway, Suite 1111 www.geokon.com
Toronto, ON M9C 5H5
T: 416.255.7076 …in Canada: 1 s 450 s 441 s 5444
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Canadian Dam Association • Winter 2017 679064_Geokon.indd 1 7 PM
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Message Message du
from the président
President
D. Chad LePoudre, P.Eng
I t is my pleasure and humble privilege to address the
CDA membership for the first time in our Bulletin maga-
zine. I did not imagine I would be writing this address
when I joined the CDA several years ago. I thank you for
your confidence in me, and I hope to continue to advance
J e suis ravi et honoré de m’adresser à nos membres pour
la première fois par l’entremise de notre magazine
Bulletin. Jamais je n’aurais cru écrire un jour ce mot
quand j’ai adhéré à l’ACB il y a plusieurs années. Je vous
remercie de votre confiance. J’espère faire avancer notre
the association as effectively as those who preceded me. association aussi bien que l’ont fait mes prédécesseurs.
After having attended CDA events as a participant for J’assiste aux activités de l’ACB depuis longtemps, mais ce
a few years, I began volunteering with our association n’est qu’en 2010 que j’ai commencé à y faire du bénévolat.
around 2010 to assist with the organization of the 2012 C’était pour l’organisation du congrès de 2012 à Saskatoon,
conference in Saskatoon as the chair of the technical com- à titre de président du comité technique. On m’a alors élu
mittee. I was elected as the Saskatchewan Director in 2012 représentant de la Saskatchewan au CA, une expérience
at the Saskatoon conference, which I found very rewarding très gratifiante après tout le travail investi dans cet évé-
following the work we all put in to make the conference nement. De là, je suis devenu secrétaire-trésorier, puis
a success. From there, I became Secretary Treasurer, and vice-président élu en 2015 au congrès de Mississauga. Et me
then elected Vice-President in 2015 at our conference in voilà président pour 2016-2017. Au départ, je voyais l’ACB
Mississauga, and continuing as President for 2016/2017. My comme une occasion de parfaire mes connaissances, afin
original interest in the CDA was as a venue to expand my de ramener ces connaissances dans mon travail (ce travail
knowledge such that I might carry that knowledge back to qui me rémunère et me permet de donner bénévolement
my day job (with thanks, the one that pays me and supports de mon temps à l’association). Ce ne sera pas une surprise
me through my volunteer efforts). It will be no surprise to pour personne : le meilleur moyen de se parfaire dans un
anyone that the most effective way to gain knowledge and domaine qui vous intéresse, c’est la participation. C’est
skills in an area that interests you is to actively participate d’ailleurs à la fois une force et un fardeau de l’ACB. En effet,
in that activity. Herein lies one of the strengths, as well as nous avons besoin que des bénévoles se manifestent parmi
the dependences, of the CDA. We rely on volunteers from our nos membres. Lorsqu’une problématique se manifeste chez
membership to actively participate. If there is an issue that nos membres, le CA s’en empare et en discute. Puis, le CA
is important to our membership, it is an issue that becomes met sur pied des comités et, éventuellement, des groupes
a discussion within the board, the various committees, and de travail pour déterminer une orientation ou rédiger des
eventually task groups are established to develop guidance recommandations. C’est là tout l’intérêt d’être membre de
and/or recommendations regarding the issue, providing l’ACB. En échange, nous comptons sur nos membres pour
value to the membership overall. In turn, we rely on a nous aider bénévolement dans ces efforts. L’une de nos
strong membership from where we may draw volunteers plus grandes initiatives consiste à chercher des façons de
for these efforts, and one of our important initiatives is to recruter des membres.
investigate and ways to encourage a greater membership. Au printemps 2015, le CA s’est doté d’un plan d’affaires
The board established a five year business plan in the quinquennal. Depuis, nous avons fait des progrès sur
spring of 2015, and we’ve seen action on almost all of the presque tous les points identifiés alors. L’un de ces points
priorities we established at that meeting. One priority in où nous avons progressé consiste à encourager la partici-
particular was to encourage greater involvement by young pation des jeunes professionnels à la vie de l’association. Je
professionals and we have seen great progress. I don’t believe ne crois pas que je serais utile à l’ACB si je la détournais du
that I would provide value to the organization if I was to plan d’affaires qu’elle s’est donné, mais (comme nous l’avons
lead the organization away from an established business entendu quelques fois au congrès de Halifax) il est important
continued on page 10 suite à la page 10
Canadian Dam Association • Winter 2017 9
Message from the President
continued from page 9
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2/9/16 past
PM issues of the
588304_K&C.indd 1 CDA Bulletin online at www.naylornetwork.com/cda-NXT/
16/05/12 4:01 AMResponding to Major Catastrophic Events for Dam Owners Published Paper Award winner from the 2015 CDA Conference John Perdikaris, P.Eng., Ontario Power Generation, Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario, Canada Steve Nash, LCol., Canadian Armed Forces (Ret’d), Kingston, ON, Canada 12 View past issues of the CDA Bulletin online at www.naylornetwork.com/cda-NXT/
ABSTRACT
This paper discusses the processes and procedures for utilities and dam owners on how
to respond to a major catastrophic event, whether it is an intentional or unintentional event.
Focusing on the relationship of disaster management to national security and the Department
of National Defense, it covers a range of potential catastrophic hazards including floods; earth-
quakes; terrorism; chemical, biological and radiological/nuclear, explosive (CBRNE) events;
and structural and equipment failures. It also addresses the distinct responsibilities of first
responders, the Canadian Forces, government departments, public agencies and dam owners
themselves. Although most utilities and dam owners have the knowledge and experience to
effectively deal with natural disasters such as earthquakes and floods, few have the experience
to assess the risks associated with terrorism or CBRNE events. It also discusses the importance
of having a plan for the media and knowing the legal obstacles and issues that may arise in a
disaster situation. Using recent case studies to provide lessons learned for future responses to
disasters, the paper gives a comprehensive overview of the emergency management process from
both an operational and strategic perspective.
RÉSUMÉ
Cet article discute des processus et des procédures pour les compagnies d’électricité et les pro-
priétaires de barrage sur la façon dont répondre à un événement catastrophique important, que
ce soit un événement intentionnel ou involontaire. Se concentrant sur la relation de la gestion de
désastre en relation à la sécurité nationale et au département de la défense nationale, il couvre
une gamme des risques de catastrophes potentiels comprenant inondations; tremblements de
terre; terrorisme; produits chimiques (CBRNE), biologiques, radiologiques/nucléaire et explosifs;
ainsi que désastres liés à la rupture d’éléments structuraux et d’équipement. Il adresse également
les responsabilités distinctes des premiers répondeurs, des forces canadiennes, des services
gouvernementaux, des agences publiques et des propriétaires de barrages eux-mêmes. Bien que,
la plupart des compagnies d’électricité et propriétaires de barrage aient la connaissance et l’ex-
périence pour traiter efficacement des désastres normaux tels que des tremblements de terre et
des inondations, peu ont l’expérience requise pour évaluer les risques liés au terrorisme ou aux
événements de CBRNE. L’article discute également de l’importance d’avoir un plan de commu-
nication pour les médias et de connaître les obstacles et les questions légales qui peuvent surgir
dans une situation de désastre. En utilisant des études de cas récentes pour fournir des leçons
pour guider de futures réponses aux désastres, le papier donne une vue d’ensemble complète du
processus de gestion d’urgence d’un point de vue opérationnel et stratégique.
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With the preponderance of Canada’s Number of large dams in Canada
water resources, it should be of no
surprise that the country has more Quebec 333
than 10,000 dams of various shapes,
Ontario 149
sizes, functions and owners/operators.
Indeed, Canada possesses more than British Columbia 131
930 ‘large’ dams (hydro-electric power Newfoundland
and Labrador 90
generation = 596 dams, multi-pur-
poses = 86 dams, tailings = 82 dams, Alberta 77
water supply = 57 dams, irrigation Saskatchewan 44
= 51 dams, flood control = 19 dams,
recreation = 7 dams, other purposes Manitoba 41
= 35 dams) according to ICOLD stan- Nova Scotia 37
dards, including some categorized
New Brunswick 16
among the world’s largest. Canada’s
596 hydro-electric dams generate Northwest Territories 11
more than 360TWh/year (producing
Yukon 4
more than 13% of global hydro-elec-
Prince Edward Island 0
tric power output); while others help
to support industrial processes and 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
contain industrial/mining tailings;
and, support agriculture, water sourc- Graph 1: Number of large (higher than 15 metres, in most cases) dams in Canada by province/
ing, flood control, recreation, and territory; data source: Environment Canada. Dams and Diversions, 2015.
navigation. Meanwhile, dam owner/
operators include federal, provincial the environment and protect property assistance and evacuation to mini-
and municipal governments, as well and the economy. The protection of life mize suffering and losses associ-
as industry, utilities, and individuals. is of paramount importance. In the ated with disasters.
Certainly, with such a cross sec- broadest sense, emergency manage- d. Recovery – to repair or restore
tion, the variance and complexity of ment raises the understanding of risks conditions to an acceptable level
the Canadian dams is clear. Given and contributes to a safer, prosperous, through measures taken
the multi-trillion dollar cost/value of sustainable, disaster resilient society after a disaster, for example return
such infrastructure and the associated in Canada.” (p.4) of evacuees, trauma counseling,
potential costs (financial and other) of Further, Public Safety Canada con- reconstruction, economic impact
dam failure, damage or other reduced siders Four Components of Emergency studies and financial assistance.
capacity, the expectation for sound Management as follows: As such, Public Safety Canada
consideration, planning and response a. Prevention and Mitigation – to seeks to integrate efforts and effects
to dam related events must be equally eliminate or reduce the risks of with provincial and territorial emer-
high. Following is a short summary of disasters in order to protect lives, gency management organizations to
most relevant processes and proced- property, the environment, and maximize emergency prevention,
ures for utilities and dam owners on reduce economic disruption. preparedness, response and recov-
how to respond to a major catastrophic b. Preparedness – to be ready to ery, but not necessarily in that order,
event, including in preventing smaller respond to a disaster and manage depending on the situation, expect-
events or series of events from becom- its consequences through measures ations and realities. (Ibid)
ing a more major disaster. taken prior to an event, for example
emergency response plans, mutual PRINCIPLES
2.0 EMERGENCY assistance agreements, resource From the same document, Public
MANAGEMENT CANADIAN inventories and training, equip- Safety Canada outlines the fol-
PERSPECTIVE ment and exercise programs. lowing principles of emergency
According to Public Safety Canada c. Response – to act during or preparedness:
document, An Emergency Management immediately before or after a a. Responsibility, including:
Framework for Canada, Second disaster to manage its consequences 1) Emergency management roles
Edition, published in 2011, through, for example, emergency and activities are carried out
“the ultimate purpose of emergency public communication, search in a responsible manner at all
management is to save lives, preserve and rescue, emergency medical levels of society in Canada.
Canadian Dam Association • Winter 2017 152) Legal and policy frameworks
and other arrangements estab-
lish guidelines and standards
to ensure that due diligence is
exercised and accountability is
respected in the conduct of emer-
gency management activities.
b. Comprehensive: insists that federal,
provincial, territorial governments
have adopted a comprehensive
approach to emergency manage-
ment which is proactive and
integrates risk-based measures,
all-hazards, partners from all parts
of society and coordinates and bal-
ances efforts across the prevention
and mitigation, preparedness,
response, and recovery functions.
c. Partnerships, based on collabora-
tion, coordination and communi-
cation including:
752916_Teledyne.indd 1 6/16/15 1:02 AM
(1) Individual citizens
(2) Communities and
municipalities
(3) Federal, provincial, territorial
governments
(4) First Nations peoples
(5) Emergency first responders
(6) Private sector (business and
industry)
(7) Volunteer and non-govern-
mental organizations
(8) Academia
(9) International organizations
(10) Allies
d. Coherency of Action: relies on com-
plementary emergency manage-
ment systems, the existence of clear
and appropriate roles, responsibil-
ities, authorities and capacities of
emergency management partners
and is based on widely shared
expectations, understanding and
790165_Oiles.indd 1 1/22/16 7:17 PM
support.
e. Risk-Based approach: recognized,
flexible and effective, allows emer-
gency management activities, pro-
grams and systems to be tailored to
address particular environments
and to accept that living with cer-
tain risks may be both prudent
and safe, while informing the four
interdependent components of
emergency management in Canada.
f. All-Hazards: suggests an all-haz-
ards approach in every jurisdiction
16
830081_PHILTEK.indd 1 View past issues of the CDA Bulletin
25/08/16 1:56 am online at www.naylornetwork.com/cda-NXT/in Canada by addressing vulner- maintenance and engagement ver- own information and resource limit-
abilities exposed by both natural sus fiscal restraints, reductions and ations. Therefore, the risk assessment
and human-induced hazards and requirements to decide what not to process is tailored to each institution
disasters. do in any given situation. or organization. Institutions and/or
g. Resilience: the capacity of a sys- More specifically with Canadian organizations may choose to assess
tem, community or society to dams, it is very likely that the vari- a portfolio of risks, as opposed to
adapt to disturbances resulting ous owners/operators and regulatory specific individual risks, which
from hazards by persevering, bodies are required each day to make enables a holistic review of risk treat-
recuperating or changing to reach decisions on what will and will not ment decisions.
and maintain an acceptable level be done to prevent, prepare, respond For dam owners the output of the
of functioning. Built through a and/or recover. Meanwhile, in the risk assessment process is a clear
process of empowering citizens, absence of unlimited funds, resour- understanding of risks, their likeli-
responders, organizations, com- ces and time, key decision makers hood and potential impact on their
munities, governments, systems and emergency management special- infrastructure (i.e. dams) and the
and society to share the respons- ists are engaged to consider, decide objective(s) or purpose(s) the infra-
ibility to keep hazards from and act in a timely, relevant and suf- structure or dam is trying to achieve.
becoming disasters. ficient manner to enable best possible It provides improved insight into the
h. Clear Communications: all levels outcomes, even when emergency or effectiveness of risk controls already
and organizations of emergency disaster strikes. in place and enables the analysis of
management should aim to be as additional risk mitigation measures.
open as possible regarding the 3.0 ALL HAZARDS RISK An all-hazards approach to risk
work each does in emergency ASSESSMENT management does not necessar-
management as well as main- Risk assessment is central to any ily mean that all hazards will be
taining same before, during and risk management process as well as assessed, evaluated and treated,
after emergencies or disasters. the emergency management plan- but rather that all hazards will be
i. Continuous Improvement: ning cycle. It is a formal, systematic considered. This part of the process
includes lessons learned and process for estimating the level of consists of three main activities:
knowledge generated from risk in terms of likelihood and conse- risk identification, risk analysis and
quantitative and qualitative quences for the purpose of informing risk evaluation. The outputs of these
information, including actual decision-making. Each institution three steps provide decision-makers
events should be used to develop and/or organization has its own with an improved understanding of
“improved practices,” which are strategic and operational objectives, the relevant risks that could affect
then shared widely. with each being exposed to its own objectives as well as the effective-
j. Ethical: considering that “there unique risks, and each having its ness of risk controls already in place.
is no role more fundamental for
FPT governments than preserv-
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of their citizens”, emergency The Industry Leader in Grouting Equipment
management decisions made
by all levels of governments
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(pp. 9 to 13).
In most cases, Emergency
Management at all levels can be
expected to be chaotic and complex
amid in extremis ongoing disasters
or emergencies. Meanwhile, com-
peting priorities, views and perspec-
tives are likely equally expected in
all four components of emergency
management. One example, often
encountered in day-to-day, non
in extremis, activities is the com-
peting requirements of repairs,
Canadian Dam Association • Winter 2017 821831_ChemGrout.indd 1 25/08/16 17
12:27 AMA risk assessment should generate Risks translate into events or organization are not. The hazard
a clear understanding of the risks, circumstances that, if they mater- risk domain can be divided into
including their uncertainties, their ialize, could negatively affect the three risk areas: the risks associated
likelihood and their potential impact achievement of an organization’s with natural hazards, geological,
on the objectives. The all-hazards or institution’s objectives. The haz- meteorological or biological includ-
risk assessment process should be ard risk domain is covered by the ing but not limited to earthquakes,
open and transparent and it should all hazard risk assessment process. landslides, floods, droughts, pan-
be tailored to the institution’s or However, the strategic risk domain, demic influenza, foot and mouth
organizations needs and should for example, political risks, repu- disease and insect infestations; the
identify any limitations such as tational risks, and the operational risks associated with intentional
insufficient information or resource risk domain; such as, the day-to-day human actions such as chemical,
constraints. issues confronting an institution or nuclear or other hazards, resulting
from deliberate actions including
terrorism and sabotage; and the
risks associated with chemical,
BUOYS - FLOATS - CHANNEL MARKERS nuclear or other hazards resulting
from accidents such as hazardous
material spill or release, explosion
and/or fire, water control structure/
dam/levee failure. The all hazard
risk assessment process focuses on
risks that may occur in the medium
term, generally one to three years.
It also encourages an all-hazards
approach when considering risks
to be assessed.
The first step in the risk assess-
ment process is to identify the haz-
ards, threats and possibly trends
and drivers, and to describe them
in risk statements. Risks should be
described in a way that conveys
Oval Round their context, point of origin and
Floats Floats potential impact. The aim is to
generate a comprehensive list of
risks based on those events that
might prevent, degrade or delay
the achievement of objectives. It
involves the identification of risk
sources, areas of impact, events and
their causes, as well as potential
consequences. Information can be
gleaned from historical data, theor-
etical analyses, and informed and
expert judgments. Risks can be
identified though several mech-
anisms: structured interviews,
brainstorming, affinity grouping,
risk source analysis, checklists and
scenario analysis. When charac-
terizing risks the scope should be
Float Collar Can & Regulatory Buoys / Channel Markers appropriately defined. Risks should
be realistic, based on drivers that
exist in the institution’s or organ-
Call l 800.899.2977 Click l www.tuffbuoy.com ization’s operating environment.
Risks are not to be confused with
18
463383_Worthington.indd 1 View past issues of 2/23/10 Bulletin
the CDA11:03:43 AM online at www.naylornetwork.com/cda-NXT/issues. Issues are events that may For instance, a pre-determined set of • Does the risk have the potential
drive risks, but are not risks in impact questions can be used to better to impact the environment in the
themselves. assess risk consequences, such as: long term?
The objective of risk analysis
is to understand the nature and • Does the risk have the potential Consequences can be expressed in
level of each risk in terms of its to impact a large geographic area? terms of monetary, technical, oper-
impact and likelihood. It provides ational, social or human impact cri-
the basis for risk evaluation and • Does the risk have the potential to teria. They can be evaluated against
decisions about risk treatment. The impact the health of the population? predetermined segments of interest
likelihood/probability of an event to the institutions, for example,
relates to evaluating factual data • Does the risk have the potential to impact to critical infrastructure
in order to better understand how impact on the Canada-US border? sectors such as food, water; impact
identified threats and hazards can
occur. Likelihood/probability can
be estimated using quantitative
techniques, qualitative techniques,
or approaches that combine the two
methods. Likelihood/probability
can be assessed quantitatively using
deterministic methods (models and
simulations) or probabilistic meth-
ods (calculating probabilities from
historical data or expert views).
Probabilistic methods provide
more information on the range of
risks and can effectively capture
uncertainty, but require more data
and resources. Qualitative analysis
is conducted where non-tangible
aspects of risk are to be considered,
or where there is a lack of adequate
information and the numerical
data or resources necessary for a
statistically significant quantita-
tive approach. It is usually used for
analyzing threats with less tangible
intent such as judgments’ on ter-837273_ConeTec.indd 1 22/10/16 12:08 am
rorism, sabotage, etc. Descriptive
scales can be formed or adjusted
to suit the circumstances, and dif-
ferent descriptions can be used for
different risks. Qualitative data can
often be estimated from interviews
with experts. Qualitative analysis
is often simpler, but also results in
high uncertainty in the results.
A risk can have many con-
sequences and/or impacts and
can affect many objectives.
Consequences and/or impacts
can be expressed quantitatively
through physical event modelling
or extrapolation from experimental
studies or past data, or qualitatively
as a descriptive representation of
the likely outcome for each risk.
Canadian Dam Association • Winter 2017 793195_Mud.indd 1 2/5/16 19
8:56 PM827573_Barnard.indd 1 11/08/16 10:24 PM
WIRELESS DATA
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Our commitment to excellence is the driving
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helped develop decades ago.
Whether collecting data from dam
monitoring instruments on-site or
We are proud of our legacy and will
remotely, RST Instruments offers two
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thermistors, potentiometers and strain accommodate
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on the 900 MHz and 2.4 GHz spread DT LINK Wireless
spectrum band (country dependent) with Data Collection
extensive open-country range through use Systems from
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info@rstinstruments.com
RST Instruments Ltd. reserves the right to change specifications without notice.
MIG0304D
20
788954_Klohn.indd 1 View
20/01/16 past
11:33 PMissues of the
819673_RST.indd 1 CDA Bulletin online at www.naylornetwork.com/cda-NXT/
6/24/16 6:47 PMon the population; national security (CRTC) issued a public notice that (NAAD) System. All three levels of
and law enforcement; economy; and it would remove regulatory barriers government worked with Pelmorex
environment. to alert services and take a volun- and private sector broadcasters to
The purpose of risk evaluation tary approach toward distribution address the actions required making
is to help make decisions about of public alerts. In June 2009, the the system operational and on June
which risks need treatment and CRTC approved an application made 9, 2010, the NAAD System was offi-
the priority for treatment imple- by Pelmorex Communications Inc., cially launched.
mentation. Risk evaluation is the which included a commitment The NAAD System is one part of
process of comparing the results to broadcast emergency alerts, a larger NPAS, and it is based on
of the risk analysis against risk cri- and established a one year limit the Common Alerting Protocol, an
teria to determine whether the level for launching the National Alert international standard for exchan-
of risk is acceptable or intolerable. Aggregation and Dissemination ging public warnings and emergency
Risk criteria are based on internal
and external contexts and reflect
the institution’s values, objectives,
resources and risk tolerance. Risks
can be prioritized by comparing
risks in terms of their individual
likelihood and impact estimates.
Risk treatment is the process of
developing, selecting and imple-
menting controls. Treatments that
deal with negative consequences are
DAM SAFETY AND
also referred to as risk mitigation,
risk elimination, risk prevention,
risk reduction, risk repression and
risk correction. Treatment options
HYDROPOWER SPECIALISTS
can include, but are not limited, to:
avoiding the risk by deciding not to GEOTECHNICAL CIVIL STRUCTURAL
continue with the activity that gives
rise to the risk; removing the source
HYDROTECHNICAL ENGINEERING
of the risk; changing the nature
or magnitude of the likelihood; • 3D printed model designs and hydraulic modeling
changing the consequences; shar-
ing the risk with another party; and • Extreme consequence concrete and earth dams
retaining the risk by choice. Risk
treatment options can be prioritized • Municipal reservoirs
by considering risk severity, effect-
iveness of risk controls, cost and • Hydropower feasibility
benefits, the horizontal nature of
the risk, and existing constraints.
• Inspections and condition assessments
These treatment options, forming
recommendations, would be used www.austinengineering.ca
to develop the risk treatment step in
the risk management or emergency
management cycle.
4.0 NATIONAL PUBLIC
ALERTING SYSTEM
Federal, Provincial and Territorial
(FPT) governments in Canada have
been working toward a National
Public Alerting System (NPAS)
for many years. In 2007, the
Canadian Radio-television and
Telecommunications Commission
Canadian Dam Association • Winter 2017 841056_Austin.indd 1 01/11/16 21
4:04 pmmessages between alerting technolo- imminent or developing hazards, such occurred to people, and possibly the
gies. Since the NAAD System became as tornadoes, wildfires or hazardous surrounding property and environ-
available in 2010, Environment chemical spills. The NAAD system ment, the event becomes known as a
Canada and all 13 provinces and/ makes available critical alerts from disaster. Natural disasters can be clas-
or territories have completed user authorized government originators to sified as either weather related and/
agreements to issue or accept emer- be aired immediately. or geo-physical. Weather related dis-
gency alerts via their Emergency asters include: floods, hail, ice bergs,
Management Organizations through 5.0 NATURAL HAZARD EVENTS sea ice, fog, landslides, avalanches,
the NAAD System. The NAAD When a natural hazard affects tornadoes, tsunamis, storm surges and
System is capable of delivering emer- Canadians to the extent that the winter storms. Geo-physical related
gency alerts to broadcast distributors community involved needs assist- events include earthquakes and vol-
that can rapidly warn the public of ance dealing with the harm that has canic eruptions. Canada borders on
three oceans, stretches across six
time zones, and encompasses moun-
tains, plains, forests and tundra. It
hosts weather patterns that range
from Arctic to moderate, from seem-
ingly endless rains to drought, from
numbing cold to heat waves. With all
those landforms and weather types,
the possibilities of severe weather and
geological events are a constant real-
ity. Two of the more common natural
disasters in Canada that can have a
negative impact towards dams include
earthquakes and floods.
RYGENEFOSSEN HYDROPOWER PLANT Earthquakes are perhaps the most
Arendal, Norway dangerous of all natural hazards. They
resulted in the loss of more than a mil-
lion lives worldwide during the 20th
century. Though they are not widely
recognized here as a major hazard,
each year more than 50 earthquakes
occur that are strong enough to be felt
by Canadians. A further 1,400 smaller
earthquakes are recorded each year.
Both the West Coast and St. Lawrence
Valley are at significant risk of a major
Smith-Root designed and installed an electric fish barrier in the tailrace of the earthquake. Many large earthquakes
Rygenefossen Hydropower Plant, diverting migrating fish species away from the have occurred in Canada’s short hist-
tunnel outlet during their annual upstream migration.
ory. Earthquakes in Cornwall, Ontario
WE PROVIDE EXPERTISE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR: in 1944; on southern Vancouver
Island, British Columbia in 1946; and
&RQWrolling the spread of invasive species
in the Saguenay region of Quebec in
&RPSrehensive watershed management 1988, have resulted in millions of
)LVKHQWrainment and impingement prevention dollars in damage. Past events have
6DIHILVKSDVVage not resulted in greater property dam-
age and heavier casualties primarily
(QGDQgered species recovery
because a large earthquake has yet to
strike a heavily populated area. The
MORE HYDROPOWER SOLUTIONS AT:
presence just off our Pacific Coast of
www.smith-root.com/barriers/hydro an active boundary between tectonic
WWW.SMITH-ROOT.COM plates makes western Canada sub-
ject to frequent and violent activity.
info@smith-rRRWFRP Vancouver, Washington, USA Structurally-damaging earthquakes
can be expected to strike somewhere
22
790555_SmithRoot.indd 1 CDA Bulletin
View past issues of the1/24/16 3:01 PM online at www.naylornetwork.com/cda-NXT/in southwestern British Columbia each In Western Canada’s mountains, how much moisture was in the soil
decade. heavy rain on steep slopes often in the fall and the extent of ground
Historically, in Canada, weather results in flooding. Rain and melt- frost. Spring rainfalls and sudden
related disasters such as floods occur ing snow in the mountains can cause warming can increase the potential of
more frequently than geological events channels to overflow or cause mud or flooding. Most Yukon and Northwest
and are the most costly natural disas- debris flows as loose debris is swept Territories floods follow spring ice
ters in terms of property damage and up. Flash floods can also happen when break-up. Many communities in the
fatalities (Figures 1 and 2). They can water breaks out from a lake that was Mackenzie River basin are subject to
occur in any region, in the countryside blocked by a glacier, earthen mass or flooding because of geography and
or in cities, at virtually any time of the a dam structure. Prairie flood sever- climate. The Mackenzie flows north.
year. They have affected hundreds of ity depends on depth of snow, snow Spring break-up begins in its southern
thousands of Canadians. Most flood- water content when it starts to melt, tributaries. Broken ice and warmer
ing occurs when the flow of water in
a river or stream exceeds its channel
capacity. Floods also occur along the
shoreline of lakes and oceans when
water rises after high runoff, storm
surge or the hammering of waves. In
Brookfield Renewable Global Footprint
addition, a flood can also occur when
a dam breaches or fails, releasing a
7 2,100 250+ 87% $25B
Countries Employees Facilities Hydroelectric Assets
surge of water. Fluctuations in water
levels are natural occurrences. People
generally relate high-water levels to
flood conditions if the water threat- One of the largest
ens homes and lives, industry and our
critical infrastructure such as dams, publicly traded, pure-play
bridges, roads, pipelines and power
sources. renewable energy businesses
Perhaps the most common cause of
flooding is the accumulation of win-
in the world
ter precipitation. Snow, sleet or hail
sits frozen for several months, only Committed to excelleence in health, safety,
to run off during the few short weeks
security and environment
of spring thaw. During this period,
heavy rain, ice jams on rivers or a Active partner in the communities near our assets
heavy snow cover and rapid melt can
cause flooding. Among the worst in
Canada’s recent history were signifi-
Strong focus on hydroelectricity
cant floods in central and southern
Alberta in June 2013 and Manitoba’s
Red River flood of May 1997. Proud of our operations in Canada
Next to spring thaw, heavy storm
rainfall is the most common cause 33 3 Enou
En ough
ou ghh cle
lean
ean
500+
+
of flooding. Heavy rains caused by Hyydr
droe
roeoele lectri
lect
le ctric
ct riic Wi
Wind
n Em
mpl
p oyyee
eess e er
energy
gy to po
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we
thunderstorms or warm, moist air ris- FFaaci
cililiti
itities
es F rm
Farmss 58
58
80,
0,00
0, 0 0 hou o seeho
hold
ldds
ing rapidly, can produce flash floods.
The tropical storms and hurricanes
of eastern Canada also carry the risk
of heavy precipitation. For example,
Hurricane Hazel, in October 1954,
deposited more than 100 mm of rain
on the Toronto area in less than 12
hours. More than 80 people died and
caused 100 million dollars in damages A sustainable presence
(1954 dollars). Today that would be
equivalent to 1 billion dollars.
Canadian Dam Association • Winter 2017 814779_Brookfield.indd 1 27/05/16 23
2:07 AMFigure 1: Historical
trends of geologic and
meteorological and
hydrologic related
disasters in Canada
(1900-2015; data source:
Canadian Disaster
Database, 2015)
Figure 2: Weather related 1400 $30,000,000,000
disasters in Canada
1200 $25,000,000,000
including occurrence
of events, costs and 1000 $20,000,000,000
fatalities (1900-2015; 800
data source: Canadian $15,000,000,000
Disaster Database, 2015) 600
400 $10,000,000,000
200 $5,000,000,000
0 $-
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
00
01
01
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
-2
-2
-2
01
11
21
31
41
51
61
71
81
91
01
11
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
19
20
20
Meteorological-Hydrologic Events Fatalities Cost Adjusted Cost
waters rush north on the Mackenzie
to where winter is still in control and
the river is frozen solid. The result is
severe ice jams and floods.
The potential for flooding exists in
many urban areas because Canadian
cities developed along rivers, lakes
and harbours due to the convenience
of commerce and transportation.
Federal, provincial and territorial
governments have designated a num-
ber of flood prone areas in Canada.
This was done to map out areas of
high flood risk, to restrict develop-
ment or redevelopment in these areas
and to encourage local authorities to
zone on the basis of flood risk (Figure
3). According to Figure 3, most of
these communities are located near Figure 3: Designated flood risk areas across Canada (1900-2015; data source: Canadian Disaster Database, 2015)
the Canada-U.S. border.
24 View past issues of the CDA Bulletin online at www.naylornetwork.com/cda-NXT/6.0 CBRNE EVENTS
While not generally a topic exception may be the chain effects front with natural or enabled growth
for most dam related Emergency of certain chemicals and molecules and density increase over time. Often
Management discussions, Chemical- on others that may exist at the inci- biological issues are growing at a true
Biological-Radiological-Nuclear- dent site. exponential rate by the time they
Explosive (CBRNE) events should be Biological – those activities or are noticed. Sometimes, sources can
part of any fulsome consideration, events which may introduce a living only be determined after the outbreak
decision making process, manage- organism(s), that is either dangerous is controlled and a reverse vector/
ment strategy and implementation or toxic to life (human or other) in its growth path is charted.
plan. own right and/or might combine with Radiological/Nuclear – those activ-
CBRNE events can be considered other life found in and around a dam ities or events which may introduce
as purposeful, nefarious, coinci- site. Biological events tend to start radiological material(s) or com-
dental and/or combined events. virtually immeasurable to small up pound(s) that is either dangerous or
Purposeful suggests a willful
human engagement in activities as
a primary, secondary, tertiary or
precursor event, but does not neces-
sarily suggest nefarious, read evil or
bad, intentions. Consider a willful
attempt to dump industrial or other
garbage at a site: The garbage may
contain something that degrades the
site or initiates a disaster, willful
but not nefarious. Meanwhile, activ-
ity to purposely degrade, damage
or destroy a dam site or its ability
to perform its function(s) could be
willful and nefarious. Coincidental,
on the other hand, suggests that
things came together in time and
space with an unexpected and/
or not seen before event/activity.
Perhaps a truck veers off a wet road
at night and plows through a guard
rail and strikes a dam component,
rendering it weakened to failure, as
a coincidental event. Now, consider
similar examples but include some
or all of the following specific com-
ponents of CBRNE.
Chemical – those activities or
events which may introduce a chem-
ical molecule(s) or compound(s) that
is either dangerous or toxic to life
(human or other) in its own right
and/or might combine with chem-
ical molecules or compounds found
in and around a dam site. Given that
many of Canada’s largest dams con-
tain industrial/mining tailings, a
chemical dam-related event should
already be included in emergency
management considerations, deci-
sions and plans. Chemical events
tend to start with higher to highest
risk rate up front with natural or
enabled dissipation over time. One
Canadian Dam Association • Winter 2017 814180_Sorensen.indd 1 25/05/16 25
7:30 PM814595_MecanHydro.indd 1 5/27/16 5:39 PM
Connecting People.
Powering Communities.
With Cannada’s largest workforce of power
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26 840908_Valard.indd 1 View past issues of the CDA Bulletin online at www.naylornetwork.com/cda-NXT/
29/10/16 12:07 amtoxic to life (human or other) in its Should local resources and deployment. Potentially, other
own right. Radiological events tend response mechanisms be unable to organization (individuals, indus-
to start with higher to highest risk contain and resolve the incident, local try/business, NGOs, allied and
rate up front with natural or enabled EM are expected to alert, inform and international groups) could become
dissipation over time. Nuclear indi- request higher order response, inte- engaged toward resolution.
cates a potentially more powerful grated across regions, provinces/terri- In the case of CBRNE incidents, the
and troublesome release of radia- tories and federal assets. For example, Canadian National CBRNE Response
tion, potentially purposeful and each province/territory has a desig- Team may be invoked. As such, the
nefarious. Consider that everything nated EM contact(s) and federal Public following applies:
natural radiates but also generally Safety maintains the Government • Headed by Royal Canadian
dissipates relatively safely and Operations Center (GOC) in Ottawa, Mountain Police on behalf of
quickly...but even the words ‘radia- manned 24/7, to enable timely aware- Canadian federal government
tion’ or ‘nuclear’ tend to evoke strong ness, requests, decisions, coordina- • Supported by Department of
feelings and worry in many to most tion and integration of support asset National Defense (Canadian Joint
citizens.
Explosive – likely the most com-
mon and most easily understood
aspect of the CBRNE effects, relat-
ing to the power with which it can
quickly and destructively dissipate
energy. Alone, it can lead to the key
event that compromises a system or
the dam structure itself. Further, it
Your Dam and
may be used in concert with other
CBRN components as a destruction,
hydropower specialist
distraction and dispersal means.
Engineering and Environmental Solutions
Explosive events tend to start with Knight Piésold specializes in dams for
higher to highest risk rate up front hydropower, mining and water storage, from
with natural or enabled dissipation VLWHLGHQWL¿FDWLRQFRQFHSWGHYHORSPHQWDQG
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Given that much of our emergency www.knightpiesold.com
management plans and response
resources are less protected and
comfortable in more singular events Hydropower | PUMPED STORAGE | MINE TAILINGS | WATER STORAGE | FLOOD CONTROL
(just a fire, just an explosion, just
a chemical spill), consideration,
decisions and plans related to more
complex combined events are gen-837010_Knight.indd 1 10/6/16 12:03 AM
erally recommended to enable best 2017
possible results. Canadian Underwater
7.0 RESPONDING TO Conference & Exhibition
EMERGENCY EVENTS
As expected across the breadth of Man & Machine Underwater
Canadian Dam owners/operators,
emergency response will tend to
be initiated by the most forward,
internal first responder resources
Conference Focus
following warning and/or incident of
note, according to local mechanisms, Save the Date Join your colleagues and industry
professionals for exhibits and
policies and procedures. Should
the local resources be sufficient March 26 - 28, 2017 technical presentations that will
address occupational diving
to engage and resolve the incident operations, as well as ROV & AUV
to desired resolution, higher order
assets may not be involved except
Ottawa, Ontario activities across North America.
by way of information and update For information on Sponsoring, Exhibiting or Speaking visit our website:
sharing via reports, etc. www.cuce.ca
Canadian Dam Association • Winter 2017 789251_Diver.indd 1 5/31/16 27
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