CGuide2021-2022 - 90 years - American Coordinating Council of Norway
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American
Coordinating
C
ommunity
G
Council of
Norway
uide 2021-2022
ACCN’S 35TH
Anniversary
Independence Day
Celebration is
postponed until
.
2022
s t a t e
E m p i r e
Th e
l d i n g
bui
e a r s
90 y
www.accn.no
DIN LEVERANDØR AV AMERIKANSKE MAT VARER
Dear Reader
%
A M ERICA N
Oluf Lorentzen er en av Norges fremste
importører av amerikanske matvarer til
-2 0
TASTE
dagligvare- og storhusholdningsmarkedet.
Vi fører over 170 produkter med amerikansk
opprinnelse, i mange forskjellige varegrupper. As I write this, the city of Oslo is still forbidding numbers of people gathering for events, even the 17th of May
Nå kan du også handle direkte fra oss på celebrations have been cancelled.
oluf.no! Bruk rabattkoden “ACCN20” This means that the American Coordinating Council of Norway's 35th Independence Day celebration, in Frogner
for 20% på din neste handel! park, will have to be postponed until 2022.
The American Coordinating Council of Norway (ACCN) started the planning of this event in February of this year.
Many committees were formed, and many volunteers have been working hard, for many months.
Hundreds of hours of organization have been in vain. The many elements required for an event of this size have
been cancelled: bands, stage & sound, tents, tables, electricity, etc., etc.
We are so sorry for this, but we are optimistic and hope to see you in 2022!
I would like to thank the ACCN Board for all the hard work: ACCN Event Chair Chrys Hellem, Secretary Elaine
Christiansen, Treasurer Karin Mandeville, Raffle Chair Jeanette Førland, Advisors Jan Søderstrøm, Ole Hillestad,
& Web Designer Alexander Douglas.
In addition, a well-deserved thanks to all our Committee Chair (men/women).
The ACCN is an umbrella organization for its ten plus clubs/organizations in addition to private people who
enjoy meeting other USA fans. We have no paid employees only volunteers and are non-political, non-profit,
non-religious, and a charitable organization.
Best wishes to all for the rest of 2021. Stay healthy!
Bruce Allen
www.accn.no
chair@accn.no
Org.nr. 985 565 643
Bruce Allen
ACCN Chairman
Se hele vårt sortiment Kvalitetsvarer direkte fra VA
N E MER K
E Editor: Rande Hansen
Design and Layout: Kristin D. Haanæs
S
T
oluf.no
Printing: Merkur Grafisk AS
Production is carbon-neutral. CO2 emissions have been compensated for.
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2 3
Greetings from
To My Fellow Americans in Norway City Hall
It is my honor and privilege as Chargé d'affaires, ad interim to the Kingdom In Oslo we are privileged to have an American community. The annual
of Norway to extend best wishes to Norway’s American community as celebration of the American Independence Day in Frognerparken has
we celebrate the United States of America’s 245th Independence Day. become a major and joyful event. In light of the current health situation,
and the covid 19 virus, this year, as last year, there will unfortunately be
As I reflect on my time serving as Chargé d'affaires, a.i. for the past year, no traditional celebration.
I am reminded of my primary responsibility, which is to represent the
people of the United States and to strengthen the relationship between In 2021 the covid 19 virus must be addressed by all nations. On behalf
the United States and Norway. My priorities are to emphasize our of the City of Oslo I would like to thank the Americans in Oslo, and the
steadfast and enduring alliance with Norway; promote shared economic American Coordination Council in Norway, for your participation in our
prosperity by pursuing new avenues of trade, investment, and innova- joint efforts to stop the covid 19 virus.
tion; and build on our strong historic and people-to-people ties and
the shared values held by both our nations. While I personally serve In Norway, as well as in many other European countries, the American
as the official representative of the United States to Norway, in a very Declaration of Independence had a profound influence. The American
important sense, all of us, as Americans who live here - including all of Constitution inspired – among others, the Norwegians to create a liberal
you - serve as ambassadors for our nation ... both in our culture and and modern constitution.
in our values every day. Together, we can share more directly our proud
American heritage, fostering closer ties with our Norwegian friends and The ties between Norway and America are deep and strong. From about
partners. In particular, the American Coordinating Council of Norway is 1850 – 1920, more than 800 000 Norwegians immigrated to the USA.
a key partner in furthering this vital U.S.-Norway relationship. I thank Many came from the countryside in Norway, but also from the cities.
all of you affiliated with ACCN for the important work you do. Richard H. Riley, Chargé d'affaires, ad interim Marianne Borgen , Mayor of Oslo
Today Oslo, like many cities in USA is a multicultural city. Core values such
This year has brought with it an unprecedented global challenge in the as tolerance and respect for people from all nations are more important
form of the global pandemic – a crisis particularly concerning for expatriate Americans like all of us who have than ever. Despite our declarations and conventions – human rights are still under severe pressure in many
family and friends back home. Though the challenges are daunting, I am deeply impressed by the response of parts of the world.
the American and Norwegian people as we face this crisis together. Unprecedented challenges often bring forth
uncommon courage, and that has been on full display in Norway and the United States - by our first responders, This time of pandemic has shown us the importance of cooperation, togetherness, and respect for human
our brave medical professionals, and all who serve our communities. I know we will continue to work together dignity. We need each other, and no one can manage on their own.
and support one another in this fight, and that soon we will find our way forward to a brighter tomorrow.
My best wishes for the American Independence Day 2021.
I wish for you, your families, and your wonderful colleagues a safe journey as we walk together through this un-
precedented period in history. Though we are not able to be together this year, I know we will all be celebrating
in our hearts. Happy Independence Day from our Embassy family to yours Gratulerer med dagen!
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4 5
Run-up is arranged, where competitors run up 86 flights, 1,576 stairs.
It is the ultimate test of endurance!
Empire State Building, 90 Years Turning back Time
The Empire State ReBuilding initiative was launched with the goal of re-
storing the building to its original splendor, so that it could be preserved
for generations to come at a cost of $500 million for the restoration.
Every step of the way, the effort honors the vision of its designers and
engineers nearly a century ago.
Article by Rande Hansen
After nearly a century, many of the building’s key design elements, from
the lighting and glasswork to the marble interiors, had weathered. As
2021 marks the 90th anniversary of perhaps the most famous skyscraper of all time.
a result, some of these defining pieces were in danger of being lost.
Hovering over Fifth Avenue, between 33rd and 34th Streets in Manhattan, New York,
the Empire State Building has 102 floors and is 381 meters high (443 meters including
Today, more
the antenna). The building was completed in 1931, just 13 months after construction
than 12,000
began, and had a price tag of 45 million dollars. It remained the world’s highest
feet of histor-
building for 39 years, shoved down to 2nd place after the completion of the first of
ic glassware
the two towers in the World Trade Center.
has been rec-
reated with Painted glass located in the lobby of the
It is estimated that 4 million tourists visit the Empire State Building every year, but
m e t i c u l o u s Empire State Building
that number can have been severely reduced after the outbreak of Covid-19. The
attention to Photographer: Carol M Highsmith, 1946-
observation decks are the main attractions.
detail by a Source: Library of Congress
team of arti-
On the internet, you find many interesting facts about the Empire State. The building
sans and historians. Damaged marble has been
boasts 6500 windows and 73 elevators. As of 2020 the Empire State is the 7th tallest
removed and replaced with new stone. The result is
building in New York City, the 9th tallest in the U.S., and the 49th tallest in the world.
an ESB experience that’s faithful to the history of the
Of the 102 floors, 86 are commercially useable. The peak of the tower, the remaining
building.
16 floors, has lighting that can be color-coded to
reflect happenings in the city.
Among the building’s most striking design artifacts is the
vast mural along the Art Deco 24-foot-tall lobby ceiling
The building has its own zip code - 10118. On a clear day you have an expansive
and corridor murals, painted in metallic silver and gold.
view over 5 states, New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, Pennsylvania and Mas-
It depicts a celestial sky adorned with 23-karat gold stars,
sachusetts. It is considered to be the most photographed building in the world.
sunbursts, and gears. For decades, it welcomed visitors to
Lightening strikes the building an average of 23 times each year!
the building – however, in the 1960s, it was painted over
and covered with a dropped ceiling.
On Valentine’s Day, couples getting married on the 80th floor become members
of the Empire State Wedding Club, which offers free
In 2007, artists and historians began to recreate this mu-
admission to the observatory on your anniversary day.
ral in all its original brilliance. In total, more than 15,000
But beware of the static electricity problem - a quick kiss
square feet of canvas mural was created and installed.
with your partner may cause sparks to fly!
Two years, 20,000 working hours, and several thousand
square feet of gold and aluminum leaf later, the lobby
For the history buff, check Wikipedia and other links on
ceiling once again captivates visitors as it did on the build-
the web. A tragic incident similar to the World Trade
ing’s opening day.
Center happened on July 28, 1945. A B-25 bomber
crashed into the north side of the Empire State Build-
ing, between the 79th and 80th floors. One engine completely penetrated the building
and landed in a neighboring block, while the other engine and part of the landing gear Sources - Wikipedia and other websites with fun facts.
plummeted down an elevator shaft. Fourteen people were killed in the incident, but the
building escaped severe damage and was reopened two days later!
The building has been the backdrop of many film and TV productions. Most notable is
the King Kong film from 1933, just 2 years after the skyscraper was built. More recently, Part of the elevator lobby of the Empire State Building in midtown
The Empire State Building on fire Manhattan (borough) in New York City
Sleepless in Seattle was filmed on the Observation Deck and featured in Daleks in Manhat- following the crash, July 28, 1945 Photographer: Carol M Highsmith, 1946-,
tan, a 2007 episode of the TV series Doctor Who. Every year, the Empire State Building Source: Bettman archive, Corbis Source: Library of Congress
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6 7
Annie and her barrel being towed to shore.
“Roll Out the Barrel” … barrel. The hole used for this was plugged with a
cork, and Taylor was set adrift near the American
The 120th Anniversary of the first survivor over Niagara Falls shore, south of Goat Island. At approximately 4:30
p.m. the barrel was seen edging over the brink, only
to reappear less than a minute later, floating at the
base of the falls. Fifteen minutes later the barrel
reappeared close to the Canadian shore, where it
Article by Kristin Haanæs was dragged to a rock and the barrel lid removed.
Taylor was discovered to be alive and relatively
uninjured, except for a small gash on her head.
Ever since Niagara Falls was settled, people have been trying to The trip itself took less than twenty minutes. After
conquer the mighty Falls. Many have tried but few have succeeded. the journey, Taylor told the press: “If it was with my
People have used barrels, jet-skis, boats, parachutes and tightrope- dying breath, I would caution anyone against at-
wires to defy the rushing waters. Niagara Falls has drawn daredevils tempting the feat ... I would sooner walk up to the
of both sexes, either for the fame or for the adventure, to brave the
rapids and/or the over 160 ft drop of the falls themselves. Records
of people going over the falls began in 1850, however it wasn’t until mouth of a cannon, knowing it was going to blow me to
1901 that Niagara saw the first documented successful attempt. Over pieces than make another trip over the Fall.”
5000 people have either intentionally or accidentally been swept over
the falls with only 16 more surviving the ordeal, with those surviv- She briefly earned money speaking about her experience
ing going over the Canadian Horseshoe Falls. The honor of the first but was never able to build much wealth. She wrote a
documented survivor goes to an American school teacher, Annie memoir and returned to Niagara Falls to sell it. Her man-
Edson Taylor, who on her 63rd birthday took the plunge in a specially ager, Frank M. Russell, ran away with her barrel, and most
designed oak barrel. of her savings were used towards private detectives hired
to find it. It was eventually located in Chicago, only to per-
Annie Taylor, a Michigan school teacher, although born in central manently disappear sometime later. For many years she
New York state, decided to secure fame and financial security by go- sold mementos of her feat and posed for photographs
ing over Niagara Falls in a barrel. The Pan American Exposition was with tourists on the streets of Niagara Falls, however it
taking place in Buffalo, New York and Annie Taylor felt she would did not bring her the fortune she had hoped for. Annie
be able to attract a huge crowd. A specially constructed barrel of oak Annie Taylor and her cat with the barrel that carried Taylor passed away in 1921 aged 82, poor and destitute,
and iron was produced, them over the Falls. at the Niagara County Infirmary in Lockport, New York.
with Annie overseeing She was interred next to English-born daredevil Carlisle
the work on the perfect D. Graham (1850–1905) in the "Stunter's Rest" section of The slightly injured Taylor was pulled from the river and helped ashore by
Oakwood Cemetery in Niagara Falls, New York. astonished onlookers. Carlisle Graham (stunter) at left with moustache;
barrel. Everything from the sketches and the prototypes made
Red Hill, Sr. in hat extending hand at right
out of cardboard and string to a local company that made beer
Source: Wikipedia
kegs, Annie oversaw everything and even insisted on choosing
each piece of wood herself. The result was an uneven, oblong
barrel less than three feet at its widest, and tapered at both ends. Annie Edson Taylor grave,
Fitted with a leather harness and a mattress to protect her body, Oakwood Cemetery
it was secured with 10 metal hoops and weighted with an anvil Niagara Falls, New York
Inscription
as ballast to keep it upright in the rapids.
FIRST TO GO OVER
THE HORSESHOE FALL
There were several delays in launching Annie in the barrel since IN A BARREL AND LIVE
no one wanted to be part of a potential suicide. Two days before OCTOBER 24, 1901
her launch, the barrel was tested with Annie’s cat. The cat survived
with only a bleeding head so Annie’s stunt was ready to be tried.
On the afternoon of October 24th, 1901, on her 63rd birthday, the
barrel was put over the side of a rowboat, and Taylor climbed in,
along with her lucky heart-shaped pillow. After screwing down
the lid, friends used a bicycle tire pump to compress the air in the
From a sidewalk stand,
Taylor sold her autograph to
Illustration of Annie Taylor's perfect barrel construction the throngs of tourists who
came through Niagara Falls.
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8 9
Collections
A few of the notable objects to be seen at the Smithso-
nian are the Star-Spangled Banner, the stove pipe hat
Smithsonian Institution – 175th Anniversary worn by President Abraham Lincoln, the ruby slippers
worn by Judy Garland in The Wizard of Oz, and the
original Teddy Bear named after President Theodore
Roosevelt. More recently, the Air & Space museum
curators restored a large model of the Enterprise from
the original Star Trek tv series.
Article by Rande Hansen
Side view of "The Castle" , Photo Source: Library of Congress
On August 10, 1846, James Smithson founded the
"United States National Museum". Although the
The museum’s artifacts are not without controversy. In 1995,
original name ceased to exist as an administrative
the Air & Space museum displayed the Enola Gay, the Boeing
entity in 1967, the museum has always been better
B-29 "superfortress" used by the U.S. to drop the first atomic
known as "the Smithsonian."
bomb in World War II.
According to Wikipedia, the museum houses 154
In 2003, a Museum of Natural History exhibit, Seasons of Life
million items spread over 19 separate museums, 21
and Land, featured photographs of the Arctic National Wildlife
libraries, 9 research centers and a zoo. Branch mu-
Refuge in Alaska. Smithsonian officials feared that the subject
seums are located in Maryland, New York, Virginia,
matter was too politically controversial, based on unproven
and there are additional affiliates in 45 states, Puerto Boeing B-29 Superfortress "Enola Gay", National Air and Space
Museum, Photo Source: The Smithsonian Open Access conclusions of the impact of global warming in the Arctic.
Rico, and Panama.
Prior to the outbreak of corona, an estimated 30 Due to the present situation with Covid-19, the museum is unfortunately closed to the public. They welcome
million annual visitors have visited the Smithsonian Smithsonian Institution, 1849 visitors to their website, which includes online events, exhibitions and podcasts. What is also open to the public
- free of charge. Photo: Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. is, Smithsonian Open Access. It is an initiative that removes Smithsonian copyright restrictions from about 2.8 mil-
lion of its digital collection images and nearly two centuries of data. This means that people everywhere can now
download, transform and share this open access content for any purpose, for free, without further permission
History
from the Smithsonian. Among museums and cultural institutions, this is the largest and most interdisciplinary
As far back as 1816, the concept of a national museum was a topic of discussion. A group
open access program to date.
of Washington DC citizens met to establish the "Columbian Institute for the Promotion
of Arts and Sciences." Originally, the museum contained specimens of zoology, botany, Source: Wikipedia
archeology, fossils and such. When the Institutes charter expired in 1838, the "National
Institution" was founded in 1840.
British scientist James Smithson (1765-1829) willed his estate to his nephew Henry James
Hungerford, and when Hungerford died in 1835, it was stipulated that his estate would
pass "to the United States of America, to found at Washington, under the name of the
Smithsonian Institution, an Establishment for the increase and diffusion of knowledge
among men. "
Wikipedia is a good source
for more detailed informa-
James Smithson, founding donor
of the Smithsonian Institution
tion from the founding of the
Photo: Wikipedia Smithsonian.
Museums and buildings
"The Castle" is the original and most iconic institution
building and after 6 years of construction, it opened in
1855. It still houses the museums headquarters. Through
the years the museum has expanded to meet the needs
of the growing number of exhibits. Today, in addition to
the many affiliate museums, there is a large number of
traveling exhibitions, operated through the Smithsonian
Institution Traveling Exhibition Service. "The Castle" , Smithsonian Institution
Photo Source: Encyclopedia Britannica, Copyright: (c) Jiawangkun
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10 11
FAWCO and the AWC Oslo Movie Title Quiz
Article by Elsie Bose, FAWCO Advertising and Sponsorship Manager
Sometimes you have to wonder why or how
American movie titles are translated into
Norwegian and other languages.
Celebrating its 90th anniversary this year, FAWCO is an interna-
tional network of independent volunteer clubs and associations
Can you guess the original title in English?
comprising 58 member Clubs in 30 countries worldwide. FAWCO
serves as a resource and
a voice for its members;
seeks to improve the lives of women and girls worldwide, especially
in the areas of human rights, health, education, and the environment;
advocates for the rights of US citizens overseas; and contributes to the
global community. FAWCO is a global women’s NGO (non-governmental
organization) and, since 1997, has held special consultative status with
the UN Economic and Social Council. 1. Hjelp, vi er i popbransjen
2. Lørdagskjøret
Each quarter, FAWCO publishes an online magazine, Inspiring Women.
The magazine profiles the lives of members of FAWCO Clubs throughout 3. Aksjon Skyskraper
the world who have used their skills and talents to make an impact in
4. Patruljebil 6-Z-4 svarer ikke...
the global community. Each issue has a theme and includes interviews
with Club members all over the world. The magazine also contains 5. Døden på larveføtter
special features, tips and hints. The magazine’s interactive capability
means we can also include special video features. 6. Skapulf
7. Spionen som spermet meg
The American Women's
Club of Oslo is a member of 8. Unnskyld, hvor er Hollywood?
FAWCO, as well as the 9. Høyt skum i Hollywood
ACCN. It is a nonprofit or-
ganization whose members 10. Den ville biljakten
GATE G OD S VA TEK N IK K
participate in social and 11. Saken er biff
philanthropic activities. BYG G, A N L EGG
The club provides an opportunity for American women to connect, 12. Hvem «tenner» hvem OG U TE M IL J Ø
network, and socialize while living in Oslo. 13. Vin i vrangstrupen
If you want to learn more about The American Women’s Club of Oslo, 14. Jente med mannsmot
it was featured in one of our recent issues. To read about it and its 15. Glem ikke kamelene!
members, simply subscribe to the magazine. It’s free!
16. Gresskar i nød
Simply go to www.fawco.org and on the homepage locate Quick 17. Da han møtte henne - eller vennskap og sex
Links on the right side of the page and click on Inspiring Women.
Once you’re on the page click “Sign Up Now” and follow the instruc- 18. Snuskedans
tions. 19. Døden kjører Porsche
Link to subscription page: https://fawco.us19.list-manage.com/su 20. James Bond i Japan
bscribe?u=d007a066d34226c42d43f5443&id=e5c3451dbd
ulefos.com
Answers on page 23
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12 13
webpage, experience is not required to join a guided tour, but you should have
a normal, good physical form and not suffer from fear of heights.
Via Ferrata All Over Norway! My second climb in 2020 was the Ravnfloget via ferrata on Vega, an island off
the coast of Helgeland, north of Brønnøysund. Here, there are two routes, the
green and the black route, with
differing grades. We joined a
group on the green route and
had two experienced guides
Article by Rande Hansen coaching us along the entire
route. The 225 meter climb
takes approximately 2 hours,
Are you looking for adventure, but leery of taking big risks? Do you enjoy send- and along the route there are
ing spectacular vacation photos and selfies to your friends on social media? Via two "rest areas" with spectac-
Ferratas may just be what you are looking for! ular views over Helgeland’s
coastline, turquoise sea and
Via ferrata vs. mountain climbing rocky small islands. A short Rest stop number 2, and a chance to take some
photos and a sip from your water bottle. Don’t drop
Ever since seeing contestants scaling the via ferrata along the Odda water power distance from the peak you anything!
plant pipeline in 2010, I have had an interest in trying this special form of mountain cross a gorge on what they call a
climbing. Via ferrata is Italian and translates to «iron road». The first via ferratas "Nepal bridge." The bridge
were constructed under WWI in the Dolomites, northern Italy, to aid the infantries is essentially a tightrope
in reaching lookout points. Prior to that, in the winter of 1916, over one thousand walk with two shoulder-
soldiers succumbed to freezing weather, avalanches and fatal falls while climbing. high cables to which you
A system of ladders, metal wire steps and ropes were devised. This was the start attach your carabiners. Be-
of a new sports activity that has spread over the world. low, hikers pass under the
bridge as you inch your way
Almost at the finish line, but first, tightrope walking over
But what is the difference between via ferrata and the Nepal bridge!
over. Fortunately, there’s
mountain climbing? Via ferrata routes use steel an easier way down again.
cables, rungs or ladders fixed to the rock. These The via ferrata route starts with a steep climb The Vegatrappa is a system
iron U-shaped rungs create hand- and footholds, of 2000 wooden steps that winds its way up the mountainside. Those
where classic climbers use cracks and outsprings in the rock face to hold and stand who do not wish to climb the via ferrata can reach the summit and greet
on. It was my belief that via ferrata climbing was a safer and more secure method you on arrival!
of scaling a mountain, but according to the article in Wikipedia, that is not the case.
"People are more likely to injure themselves if they do According to "Feeding" the raven at the top of Ravnfloget.
fall, partly because of these elevated fall factors and google, there
partly because there are often rungs and steps on which are no fewer
to land." (I’m glad I didn’t read this before my first at- than 15 sites in Norway
tempt!) A good deal of the risk in climbing a via ferrata with via ferrata routes.
is in the quality of the equipment you use. There have One of the more popular
been substantial improvements in the past years to the routes is in Loen, near
harnesses a via ferrata climber uses. Stryn, which offers scal-
The first rest stop. You are hooked ing a hanging bridge 700
in on the safety cable at all times. meters over sea level. It
A via ferrata climbing set is specialized. It consists of a
lanyard and two carabiners attached to a climbing har- also boasts the tough-
ness. The lanyards are flexible and energy-absorbing. The steel wire cables that run est climb in Norway, the
parallell to the rungs are essential. They are held in place with steel rings bored into extreme Ragnarok route.
the rock. As you climb you hook one carabiner over to the new section of the steel wire After your hike, take a wel-
and then the second hook. You are essentially always secured to the rock face with come rest stop at the Sky
at least one lanyard. A good climbing helmet is also important, as loose stones and Lift restaurant before rid-
gravel can fall from above. Fantastic scenery over the archipelago. ing the lift back to town.
Scaling the mountainside
My next climb? I would really like to try the Mosjøen via ferrata and zipline. After
Via ferrata routes in Norway
scaling the mountain, the zipline propels you 700 meters across the Vefsnfjord,
I have had two via ferrata climbing experiences. The first was the Trogfjell route in Åmli in Telemark. Although
back to Mosjøen. Due to corona restrictions and the long drive from Oslo, we may
two routes are now in use, we climbed the original from 2009. It is one of the shortest in Norway, 240 meters The wooden stairs – it’s a long way down!
have to put it off for a year or two. And who am I? I’m a senior citizen, 65 years old, Photos: Rande Hansen
long with a height difference of 200 meters, but it is one of the steepest. The newer via ferrata is from 2020 has a
not particularly sporty, but with a desire to try new and exciting activities and write
shorter difference between the rungs and runs more on a diagonal route to the top of Trogfjell. According to their
about them in the Community Guide!
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14 15
remainder with water and flour, and after 24 additional hours I could begin
using the starter. The alcoholic odor had diminished and the mixture smelled
The Sourdough Craze in Norway
more "yeasty."
Another recipe to try is Patrick Ryan’s milk and plain yoghurt mixture with
flour and water. He claims that the natural yoghurt aids the sourdough by
giving it "friendly" bacteria.
Article by Rande Hansen Feeding time
Carefully fed sourdough starters can be kept
active for years. So, what happens when you
have nursed and fed your starter for months and
Everyone’s talking about it, many are baking it, and Norway
summer vacation knocks at your door? Will your
has its own minute-by-minute sourdough starter program!
starter "die" from neglect? Luckily, sourdough
What is sourdough and why has it become so popular the
hotels are on the rise in many large cities. For
last few years?
a set weekly fee your precious jar of starter will
be caringly fed and stirred while you lie on the
According to Wikipedia, sourdough breads are made by
beach or hike in the mountains. But I haven’t
fermentation of dough using naturally occurring lactobacilli
yet discovered a sourdough hotel in Norway.
and yeast. The sour taste is a result of lactic acid produced
Someone looking for a summer job?
by bacteria and it also improves the shelf-life of the product.
Those who find it difficult to digest bread made with cultured
yeast can enjoy a good sourdough bread sandwich. Getting started
The internet has all the information you need
to create your own sourdough starter to bake
A brief history lesson
delicious breads that will impress your family
Breads with sourdough have been baked for more than 5000 Coop's popup sourdough bread shop inBogstadveien in Oslo and its huge jar of starter.
and friends.
years, and it wasn’t until the late 1800s that cultured yeast
replaced sourdough starters. Even so, the popular 100% rye
breads that are common in northern Europe favor sourdough Uses for sourdough, other than bread:
starters. Rye flour has a low gluten content that doesn’t react The nutritious, tangy, and delightfully flavored loaves of bread are reason enough to keep a sourdough culture
well with yeast. Immigrants from France brought sourdough in your kitchen. But there’s much more sourdough starter can be used for besides bread.
techniques to Northern California during the Gold Rush. If 1. Sourdough Pretzels
you have visited San Francisco, you have no doubt feasted on 2. Sourdough Muffins
sourdough bread and perhaps also bread bowls filled with 3. Desserts such as Chocolate Sourdough Cake, Sourdough Applesauce Cake
fish chowder (eco-friendly serving). 4. S o u r d o u g h
Pancakes and
Subsequently, the sourdough tradition was carried into Alaska Waffles
and the Yukon territories during the Klondike Gold Rush. It 5. Sourdough
is said that the miners and settlers carried a pouch of starter Banana Bread Find your nearest coffee shop
around their neck or belt to keep it from freezing. 6. Sourdough or visit our online shop at
Tortillas
Due to the pH level in sourdough and the presence of anti- 7. Sourdough kaffebrenneriet.no
bacterial agents, sourdough breads stay fresher longer and Whole Wheat
are resistent to mold without artificial additives. Crackers
8. Main Courses
Starter such as
Sourdough starter is a fermented mixture of flour and water. Sourdough
Flour naturally contains a variety of yeasts and bacteria which Noodles and
break down the starch in the flour into glucose and maltose. Hushpuppies
Given time and a favorable temperature, the mixture will
Source: Wikipedia,
develop a culture. BBC Food
My first attempt at making a starter was inspired by British bread guru Paul Hollywood. His recipe included
5-7 sliced grapes combined with exact measurements of water and flour. And, after 3 days the mixture was
coming to life and smelled a bit "boozy." The recipe instructed me to discard half of the mixture and feed the
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16 17
k in g
CBård Greni o
The “Interesting” Life of the American Church
During the COVI D Pandemic
Article by Eric Mandeville, Past ALC President
The American Lutheran Congregating in Oslo (ALC),
or the “American Church” as it is commonly known
in the community, is a charter member of the ACCN.
For the American Church, the onset of the COVID
pandemic reads like an exciting action novel. When
the pandemic broke in Oslo, the ALC was between
called pastors and we had an Interim Pastor. On the
morning of Thursday, March 12, the Interim Pastor
and the ALC President decided that we had to shut
down the church for the upcoming Sunday worship
service due to the COVID pandemic. Later the same
day, the Norwegian government shut down the
country for the same reason. The Interim Pastor and
key volunteers did a fantastic job in transitioning the
worship service from in-person in the Sanctuary to a
remote service online only three days later.
That weekend we saw that most of the transatlantic
flights, to and from Norway, were being shut down
and national borders were in the process of clos-
ing. On Saturday, at 1:00am, during the night, we
decided that we needed to get our Interim Pastor
and his wife back to the States before it was too late.
At 3:00am Monday morning, they left the Parsonage and headed home to Minnesota. With no pastor in place,
and no ability for the Council to meet in person, the church leadership had to scramble to put in place a new way
to run and govern the church during these unusual times. The same day that the Interim Pastor left Norway, the
ALC conducted our first ALC Council meeting remotely. Here we put in place the procedures that would serve us
well for the following year of the pandemic. …. And all of this happened in a period of five days!
Our Interim Pastor kept the remote worship services going, even though he was back in the States. We also
transitioned to having our previous pastors pitch in and give the sermons. In mid-May one of our parishioners
stepped in and helped us keep the worship services going until our newly called pastor was allowed to travel to
Norway in late November.
In the late Fall, the Norwegian authorities permitted Pastor Sherri Frederikson (see the interview with her on
page 30) to travel to Oslo and she arrived November 23. After 10 days in quarantine she was able to start her
ministry and her first Sunday in the pulpit was the first Sunday of December.
Throughout the pandemic the ALC has tried to support the community in a period of fear and uncertainty. We
believe that we will come out of the pandemic strengthened. The Church has acquired technical and procedural
skills that we can take advantage of moving forward in a post-pandemic season. This will enable us to reach out
and serve the American and English-speaking communities across Norway in a better way in the years to come.
Essendropsgt. 9, 0368 OSLO
8-21 (9-20)
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18 19For Kids . . . And the Young at Heart
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20 21possibilities, Kahoot! has had the benefit of growing by
word of mouth. The ultra-scalable nature of their product
Kahoot!: is a key factor in their rapid growth. Just as important
is the engagement created by the product itself within
classrooms, businesses, and organizations. The gamifica-
A Norwegian Company’s American Success Story tion of learning material keeps students’ attention and
helps them retain important information more effectively.
Currently, Kahoot! is used by more than 8 million teachers
worldwide, including a large portion of US teachers, their
biggest market.
Article by Madeleine Brekke, AmCham Norway
The engagement, flexibility and user-friendliness of the
Kahoot-product set them apart from others in the industry.
Company Facts Together with acquired companies – including the recently
Headquarters: Oslo, Norway announced purchase of US EdTech portal Clever – Kahoot!
Founded: 2011 is becoming a well-rounded global learning platform with solutions that fit users’ needs whether at work,
Employees: Approx 300 school, or home.
Already growing before the pandemic hit, Kahoot!’s trajec-
Despite the past year’s detrimental effect on many industries, not all companies tory is fueled by an increased interest in digital, remote,
have been weakened. AmCham Norway spoke with Kahoot! COO & CMO, Lars and blended learning. The new remote lifestyle of the
Erik Grønntun, about the company’s impressive display of resilience. past year presented the company with opportunities for
adoption and adaption of new services that were not taken
Kahoot!’s digital learning platform faced a year of record-breaking growth, for granted. Grønntun is very optimistic for the company’s
including several acquisitions and reaching five billion cumulative participat- sustainable growth going forward and underscore that, to
ing players globally. “Our actual growth for 2020 exceeded our initial expecta- Lars Erik Grønntun, Kahoot! COO & CMO reach all of their ambitious goals, they “will have to con-
tions, and we have tinue to innovate and improve functionality and expand
had a strong start offerings continuously.”
to 2021 as well,” says Grønntun. “Users have shifted
to a remote working and learning environment Amongst our most rapidly expanding members, AmCham
extremely quickly during the pandemic, which has is proud to have worked with Kahoot! since 2017.
accelerated a trend to digital learning that we saw
over several years before the pandemic. The viral
word-of-mouth growth of Kahoot! continues to
impress us and shows a lot of momentum.”
Headquartered in Oslo, with offices in the US, the
UK, France, Finland, Estonia, Denmark and Spain,
Kahoot!’s US market engagement has given the
And the answers are (from the Movie Title Quiz)
company a significant boost. “The transatlantic na-
ture of Kahoot! cannot be called anything short of a
success story,” says Grønntun. “From soft launching 1. This is Spinal Tap (1984) 11. So I Married an Axe Murderer (1993)
at South by Southwest® in Texas, to having Kahoot!
employees based across the US, millions of Ameri- 2. Saturday Night Fever (1977) 12. Vampire’s Kiss (1988)
cans now use Kahoot! on a regular basis. The United 3. Die Hard (1988) 13. Bottle Shock (2008)
States is our largest market.”
4. The Onion Field (1979) 14. True Grit (1969)
Fostering Growth & Maintaining Momentum 5. The Misfit Brigade (1987) 15. The Last Remake of Beau Geste (1977)
Crucial to sustaining this accelerated growth is the 6. Monsters in the Closet (1986) 16. The Seven Year Itch (1955)
accompanying structure. To revise and develop
the Kahoot- organization, while keeping teams 7. The Spy who Shagged me (1999) 17. When Harry met Sally (1989)
dynamic and effective, was one of the first tasks 18. Dirty Dancing (1987)
8. 1941 (1979)
Grønntun faced when joining as COO last year.
9. The Party (1968) 19. No Man’s Land (1987)
Being a SaaS company with a myriad of application
Oslo Concept Store | Karl Johansgate 45 | daleofnorway.com
10. The Italian Job (1969) 20. You Only Live Twice (1967)
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22 23The response was overwhelmingly enthusiastic; Norwegian uni-
versities and research institutions in 1949 clearly understood the
Looking Back on 75 Years of the enormous value of exchanging students and scholars between
Norway and the United States, which then as now was home
Fulbright Program to the finest higher education and research institutions in the
world. And although it was acknowledged even then that the
U.S. enjoyed a “sellers' market” in the realm of higher education
and research, Norwegians were not bashful about having some-
thing to offer in return; for example, the distinguished botanist
Knut Fægri at the University of Bergen wrote, “American pollen
Article by Petter Næss, Executive Director U.S.-Norway Fulbright Foundation analysis has developed without much contact with Europe, and
remains for the most part at a relatively primitive level - which
is all the more regrettable as the challenges of pollen analysis
Happy Independence Day! in America, because of the country’s rich flora, are considerably
This year we celebrate not only the more difficult than in Europe.” Fægri went on to propose some
245th birthday of the United States, specific exchange opportunities for U.S. students to come to
and the 36th ACCN Independence Day Norway, which he hoped might help raise the level of American
celebration in Frogner Park, but also understanding in this area.
the 75th anniversary of the signing of
the Fulbright Act and the creation of On May 25, 1949, Norway’s Foreign Minister Halvard Lange, and
the United States’ flagship educational the U.S. Chargé d’affaires in Norway, Henry S. Villard, established
and cultural exchange program. Since
President Truman signs the Fulbright Act with Fulbright and the Norwegian Fulbright program by signing an “Agreement be-
1949, when Norway became the 11th Assistant Secretary of State William Benton looking on tween the government of the United States of America and the
of currently more than 160 nations to Royal Norwegian Government for the use of funds made available
enroll in this program, more than 4000 in accordance with the letter credit agreement dated June 18,
Norwegians and 1600 Americans have 1946, accepted by the Royal Norwegian government on July
made their way across the Atlantic to 29, 1946.” Participating at the signing ceremony in addition to
pursue studies and research, and to promote mutual understanding by immersing themselves in the culture Lange and Villard were Margaret Hicks-Williams, director of
of the partner nation. the Northern Europe bureau of the U.S. State Department’s
Information Service, and Norwegian Minister of Church and
When President Truman signed the Fulbright Act into law on August 1, 1946, it was the culmination of an Education, Lars Magnus Moen. The overarching objective
ingenious bit of political craftmanship by J. William Fulbright. The Senator, inspired by his years as a young of the program, as stated in the agreement that Lange and
Rhodes scholar at Oxford twenty years earlier, had great ambitions for what appeared to be a very modest Villard signed, was to “promote further mutual understand-
piece of legislation; indeed, it contained almost nothing that would alert an isolationist Congress to its lofty, ing between the peoples of the United States and Norway.”
internationalist objectives. The bill was simply presented as “Amendment to the Surplus Property Act of 1944,” That surely is as relevant today as it was seventy-five years
and its ostensible purpose was to designate the U.S. Department of State as the disposal agency for surplus ago when the program was created; although global travel,
property outside the continental United States. But more importantly, Fulbright sought to convert credit from social media and the internet have vastly increased our su-
unsaleable military materiel, ranging from obsolete army vehicles perficial familiarity with other countries and cultures, there
to field rations of rancid nuts and candy, into a fund for educational is nothing to suggest that promoting mutual understanding,
exchange. Fulbright’s inspired notion was about how to capitalize or “turning nations into people”, as Fulbright described it, is
on that credit, and present it to Congress as a “getting something less important in the world today than it was in 1946. Three
for nothing” proposition; rather than try to collect non-convertible years later Norway became the 11th country to sign a Fulbright
foreign currencies, or repossess useless war junk, he was quietly lay- agreement with the United States. Today, more than 160 The Fulbright agreement is signed by Henry S. Villard, while Lars Moen,
ing the groundwork for a grand international and cultural exchange countries participate in the program, which has more than Halvard Lange and Mrs. Margaret Hicks Williams watch.
program. After his bill was approved in Congress, Senator Kenneth 400,000 alumni around the world. Source: Arbeiderbladet, Arbeiderbevegelsens archives and library
McKellar of Tennessee had told Fulbright that had he known the
implications of the legislation, he would have voted against it: Reading assorted testimony from among the more than 4000 Norwegian and 1600 U.S. students and scholars
“Young man, that’s a very dangerous piece of legislation. You’re who have traveled between Norway and the United States during the program’s history leaves no doubt about
going to take our young boys and girls over there and expose them "A very dangerous piece of legislation, young man..." , the scholarly rewards of the program, both for individuals and institutions, and those are as relevant today as
to those foreign’isms.” Which is exactly what Fulbright had in mind. Senator Kenneth McKellar they were in 1949. What most Fulbrighters talk about however is the personally enriching and enlightening
experience of an extended study or research stay in another country.
Once President Truman had signed the legislation into law, a great deal of work had to be done to prepare and
arrange for the participation of partner governments around the world in this ambitious binational program. While fond memories and the deeply personal dividends of stays abroad are not the most compelling arguments
As part of those preparations, the Norwegian Ministry of Education circulated a letter to institutions of higher for lobbying the Norwegian Storting or the U.S. Congress for program funding, they are nonetheless immensely
education in Norway in November of 1948, announcing the impending agreement and allocation of funds for important, transformative even, for all who have had the privilege of a Fulbright grant, and that “mutual under-
scholarly exchange with the United States, and requesting input on how the funds might best be used.
Continued on page 26
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24 25Fullbright 75, continued from page 25
For the American grantees arriving in Norway from the nation which at that time had the world’s greatest uni-
standing” dimension of Fulbright has been an essential part of the program from its very beginnings. versities, and still does, the national interest factor was a bit different. In a story in Aftenposten in November of
1949, the first U.S. Fulbrighters to Norway were interviewed and asked “why did you come to Norway?” In 1949 the
In an editorial in Arbeiderbladet on May 27, 1949, welcoming the agreement signed two days earlier, and acknowledg- answers were almost exclusively of a Norway-specific nature; that first cohort of Americans had come to Norway
ing the need for such a cultural exchange program, the editor wrote about Americans: “they still have a tendency to learn about Henrik Ibsen, about Norwegian folk music, Norwegian foreign trade, Norwegian immigration to
to be a little too sure of themselves and to fail to understand other countries’ mentality and problems.” And about the United States, Norwegian mining, and the Norwegian welfare system. And of course, many of the newly ar-
Norwegians: the general Norwegian understanding [of the U.S.] is patched together of worn clichés, prejudices, rived American Fulbrighters in 1949 were eager to tell the journalist about their Norwegian heritage.
and slogans. No one expounds on the United States with more self-assurance and contempt than those who have
never been there.” How true this rings, even today. Alfred Griffin, the first African American Fulbright
grantee to Norway, had come for a comparative
Yet the reputation and renown of the Fulbright program over seven decades owes at least as much to its scholarly study of Norwegian religious folk songs and
merits as to its impact as an agent of cross-cultural understanding. Contributing to peace and understanding American spirituals. Before beginning his Fulbright
between nations is one vital goal of the program, but adding quality and innovation to the academic and research grant he had been a student and choir director at
communities is another; it is likely that Church and Education Minister Lars Magnus Moen, while standing be- the Oslo International Summer School. During the
side Foreign Minister Lange and witnessing the signing, was thinking as much about the Fulbright agreement’s two years he spent in Norway Griffin made quite
potential to raise the quality of Norwegian research and higher education, as about its possible contributions a name for himself conducting choirs and sing-
to world peace. ing and lecturing all over the country; a search in
the the Norwegian National Library’s newspaper
The very first year of Fulbright exchanges in 1949 gave some inkling of how database during these years yields nearly 60 ads
this program could have an impact and be of value to Norway; during their and articles in papers ranging geographically from
Fulbright stay in the U.S. that year, Arne Korsmo, who would become one of Agderposten in the south to Addresseavisen in the
Norway’s leading architects, and his wife Grete Prytz Kittelsen, who would north. And in 1948 and 1949 he contributed to
become an internationally known designer, met and received inspiration
Chorus Director, Al Griffin, leads the Chorus at the Fourth of July ceremonies the July 4 festivities in front of the Lincoln statue
from such luminaries as Frank Lloyd Wright, Charles and Ray Eames, Mies in Frogner Park. here in Frognerparken by conducting a choir of
van der Rohe, and American students singing Deilig er Jorden and Ja
Walter Gropius. Vi Elsker, as well as Battle Hymn of the Republic and the Star Spangled Banner.
The Norwegian Today there is still, understandably, an interest in uniquely Norwegian topics, but the research interests of the
Grete Prytz Kittelsen and Arne Korsmo chemist Otto Bas- American grantees are far more diverse, which reflects the fact that Norwegian higher education and the research
were among the first cohort of Norwegian tiansen also went community, in an international context, has perhaps more to offer than it did more than 70 years ago. American
Fulbrighters to travel to the U.S.in 1949 over on a Fu l - students and scholars come here to take advantage of unique Norwegian biobanks and datasets, to learn labora-
bright that year, tory techniques and ethical practices for human subject research, to explore various dimensions of Norwegian
to Caltech, where he worked with and became friends with education, public health services and the Norwegian welfare state, and to immerse themselves in peace and
Linus Pauling, the only person to have been awarded two conflict studies, environmental stewardship, ocean and arctic sciences, and other fields in which Norway excels.
unshared Nobel Prizes – the 1954 Nobel Prize in Chemistry And it is gratifying to note that the program is yielding more joint publications and sustained research partner-
and the 1962 Nobel Peace Prize. And on Pauling’s recom- ships across the Atlantic, which of course is in the national interest of both countries.
mendation, the Guggenheim prize winning American
chemist Kenneth Hedberg would subsequently get a Ful- Thankfully, the community of scientific collaboration spans all nations, and is not
bright to go to Norway and work in Bastiansen’s lab in Oslo. limited to Norway and the United States; that is a circumstance which benefits
not only science, but also international understanding. Yet ironically, given
Bastiansen would later play a significant role in the work the outspoken animosity towards U.S. propaganda efforts Senator Fulbright
that led to a Norwegian Nobel prize in chemistry for Odd had expressed in his book “The Arrogance of Power,” and given his relentless
Hassel in 1969, and would also become a seminal figure in cautioning against the Fulbright program being used in such efforts, the
shaping Norwegian higher education and research policy, inauguration of the program in Norway in 1949 did not serve to defuse
both as rector at the University of Oslo and as Chair of the but rather fuel international mistrust; a few weeks after the signing of
Norwegian Research Council. And that very first crop of the agreement in May of that year the Norwegian embassy in Moscow
Norwegian Fulbrighters to the U.S. also included the histo- alerted the Foreign Ministry in Oslo to an op-ed that had appeared in
rian Magne Skodvin and the geologist Christoffer Oftedal, the Soviet magazine Novoje Vremja.
both of whom would become distinguished figures in the
history of Norwegian letters and science. To this day the Entitled “The Reckless Margarita,” it appeared a few days later in
roster of Norwegian Fulbright alumni who distinguish translation in Norway in Friheten, a newspaper published by the Nor-
themselves in virtually all areas of intellectual pursuit wegian Communist Party, under the title “Mrs. Margaret’s Mission.”
continues to grow; modesty prevents us from naming The op-ed sarcastically sows doubts about the motives of Mrs. Margaret Hicks
names, but hardly a day passes when we at the Fulbright From an Aftenposten story in 1949 about the first cohort of American Williams’s “propaganda” mission to the Nordic countries and her efforts on behalf of
office do not recognize “one of ours” sharing expertise and Fulbrighters to arrive in Norway the dubious Fulbright program, which, it gleefully points out, is being foisted upon the unwitting
insights in a newspaper, journal or debate program, and Source: Aftenposten AS partner countries at their own expense - as repayment for “obsolete armaments, dented old cans of meat,
making a difference. Continued on page 28
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26 27Fullbright , continued from page 27
egg powder, indeed, whatever American businessmen have been able to dump on the Marshall-countries” (indeed
that part is not so far from the truth, as Sam Lebovic demonstrated in his 2013 article “From War Junk to Educational
Exchange”). In retrospect, the article makes for interesting reading because it is at once so understandable and
plausible in the context of its time, yet also so dead wrong; perhaps the Fulbright program’s proudest achievement
during these 75 years is that it has not succumbed to being an instrument of propaganda, or a deliberate foreign
policy tool, of either the United States or any of the partner countries. Fulbright’s mission, which distinguishes the
Fulbright program from other public diplomacy programs, of the United States or any other country, is that it is
equally concerned with “seeing the world as others see it” as with “getting others to see things our way.”
The scientific and educational collaboration promoted by the Fulbright program can and should be a powerful
antidote to mistrust between nations. A few years ago, when tensions between Norway and Russia dominated
the front pages, as they still do today, the Director of the Norwegian Institute of Marine Research celebrated in
Aftenposten 60 years of fruitful collaboration between Norwegian and Russian ocean scientists, extending through
the iciest depths of the Cold War; a collaboration, she wrote, that in its disregard for political animosities reflected
in both countries a “conviction that research is more lasting than politics.”
It is these days encouraging to be reminded of that other realm, of letters and science, in which the Fulbright pro-
gram operates, and which transcends political differences and boundaries. It is a resilient realm, and one which
has endured since Tom Paine wrote these eloquent words about letters and science in 1791, 230 years ago.
Letters, the tongue of the world, have in some measure brought all mankind acquainted, and, by an extension of their uses,
are every day promoting some new friendship. Through them distant nations became capable of conversation, and losing by
degrees the awkwardness of strangers, and the moroseness of suspicion, they learn to know and understand each other. Science,
the partisan of no country, but the beneficent patroness of all, has liberally opened a temple where all may meet. Her influence
on the mind, like the sun on the chilled earth, has long been preparing it for higher cultivation and further improvement. The
philosopher of one country sees not an enemy in the philosopher of another: he takes his seat in the temple of science, and asks
not who sits beside him.
The Fulbright FAAN, the Fulbright
Program Alumni Association of
Norway
• Norway became the 11th country God eiendomsforvaltning
• Signed into law by Presi- • Established in 1971, and
to sign a Fulbright agreement with
the United States in 1949
dent Truman in 1949 celebrates its 50th an- tuftet på mer enn 120 års erfaring
• Celebrates 75th anniver- niversary this year!
• Some 4000 Norwegian and 1600 sary this year • Governed by a Board
American alumni of the Norwegian • Builds on bilateral comprising nine Norwe-
program agreements between the gian alumni
• Managed by the U.S. Norway Ful- United States and more • Organizes several lec-
bright Foundation for Educational than 160 countries tures/events throughout
Exchange in Oslo • More than 400,000 the year
• Governed by a Board compris-
ing four Norwegian and four U.S. •
alumni worldwide
39 Fulbright alumni have
• Sponsors two annual Utvikling, drift og utleie
peer reviewed article
•
citizens
Honorary ex-officio co-chairs are
served as heads of state
or government
awards for younger and
senior researchers
av kombinasjonsbygg – butikk, lager, kontor
the U.S. Ambassador and Norwe-
gian Minister of Foreign Affairs
• 60 Fulbright alumni from
14 countries have been
• Celebrated its 40th an-
niversary in 2011 with the
i Oslo og Østlandsregionen
• Currently awards are given to app. awarded the Nobel Prize publication of a book of
45 Norwegian and 30 U.S.students • 75 Fulbright alumni are alumni reflections, Den
and scholars each year. MacArthur Foundation vanskelige kjærligheten.
• All academic disciplines Fellows L. A. Lund AS
• Application deadlines for the 2022- • 88 Fulbright alumni have
23 academic year: October 31, 2021 received Pulitzer Prizes
(Norwegians), September 15, 2021 Olav Selvaags Plass 5, Tjuvholmen,
(U.S. scholars), October 12,2021 0252 Oslo
(U.S. students) Tlf. 41 59 60 00
www.fulbright.no
post@lalund.no
lalund.no
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28 29You can also read
