Consiglieri di amministrazione e top manager di fronte alla sfida della decarbonizzazione - Stefano Pareglio

 
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Consiglieri di amministrazione e top manager di fronte alla sfida della decarbonizzazione - Stefano Pareglio
Consiglieri di amministrazione
e top manager di fronte alla
sfida della decarbonizzazione
Stefano Pareglio
Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore
Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei
Chapter Zero - NedCommunity
Consiglieri di amministrazione e top manager di fronte alla sfida della decarbonizzazione - Stefano Pareglio
Climate
                                                                     Climate Costs
                           Change

            Global occurrences of extreme weather events

WRI, 2018

                      5 Warmest Years on Record Globally:

             2016         2019        2015        2017      2018
                                                                   Climate-related risks and
                                                                    opportunities for firms
Consiglieri di amministrazione e top manager di fronte alla sfida della decarbonizzazione - Stefano Pareglio
Mapping the world’s commitment to Paris Agreement
Consiglieri di amministrazione e top manager di fronte alla sfida della decarbonizzazione - Stefano Pareglio
Staying within a carbon budget: what does it mean?

“By the end of 2017, anthropogenic CO2 emissions since
the preindustrial period are estimated to have reduced the
total carbon budget for 1.5°C by approximately 2200 ± 320    IPCC 2018 (October) Special Report

GtCO2 (medium confidence) “
“[It has been estimated a] remaining carbon budget of 580
GtCO2 for a 50% probability of limiting warming to 1.5°C,
and 420 GtCO2 for a 66% probability (medium confidence)
[or, alternatively] of 770 and 570 GtCO2, for 50% and 66%
probabilities, respectively (medium confidence).”
“The remaining budget is being depleted by current
emissions of 42 ± 3 GtCO2 per year (high confidence).”
“[and] … current nationally stated mitigation ambitions as
submitted under the Paris Agreement would lead to global
greenhouse gas emissions in 2030 of 52–58 GtCO2eq yr-1
(medium confidence).”

1. No/limited overshoot: CO2 emissions must decline by
   about 45% from 2010 levels by 2030, reaching net
   zero around 2050 (2045–2055) (high confidence), and
   negative emissions from 2055.
2. Also non-CO2 emissions must be reduced by 35% by
   the end of 2050.
Consiglieri di amministrazione e top manager di fronte alla sfida della decarbonizzazione - Stefano Pareglio
What is the level of energy investments required?

                                                                          Average annual mitigation
                                                                investments/disinvestments over the 2016–2030
                                                                           (relative to the baseline)         IPCC 2018 (October) Special Report

   Average annual investments over the 2016–2050 (different
                         scenarios)

                                      +12% (vs 2°C)
                                      +900 bill (vs baseline)

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                                                                     The solid bars show the values for ‘2°C’ pathways, while the
                                                                       hatched areas show the additional investments for the
                                                                                    pathways labelled with ‘1.5°C’.
Consiglieri di amministrazione e top manager di fronte alla sfida della decarbonizzazione - Stefano Pareglio
The cost of carbon emissions is rising

Raw data from ICE via Quandl, 2020
Consiglieri di amministrazione e top manager di fronte alla sfida della decarbonizzazione - Stefano Pareglio
The Evolving Macroeconomic Risk Landscape (2016 - 2020)
                 Top 5 Global Risk in Terms of Impact
Consiglieri di amministrazione e top manager di fronte alla sfida della decarbonizzazione - Stefano Pareglio
Divestment
Global movement asking institutions to move their money out of oil,
coal and gas companies: fossil fuel divestment.
It creates «organisational stigma» (broad perception of discredit for
violating social norms)
→Revenues uncertainty
→Changes in conventions of investment decisions
Consiglieri di amministrazione e top manager di fronte alla sfida della decarbonizzazione - Stefano Pareglio
Loans to coal power companies, 2019 (USD)
                                                      CANADA   CHINA   EUROPE    JAPAN    US

CHINA                                                           EUROPE                                   US

                                                                                            CREDIT
                                                                                            SWISSE,
                                                                  BARCLAYS,              $1.105.424.43
                                                                $1.598.953.580                 3     BANK OF
                                                                                                    AMERICA,            CITI,
                                                                                   CREDIT    DEUT $1.667.613.766   $1.405.300.743
                                                                                  AGRICOLE, SCHE
                                                                                 $595.643.68 BANK
                                                                                      3       ,…                     GOLDMAN
                                                                 BNP PARIBAS, STANDARD BBVA,                          SACHS,
                                     BANK OF CHINA,             $1.053.152.559 CHARTER… $209.… JPMORGAN CHASE, $734.965.17
                                                                                                                         7
ICBC, $4.547.718.721                 $4.037.367.850                                                $1.174.543.939
                                                                                UBS,    SOC… SA…
                                                                               $207…                                 MORGAN
                                                                                           INT C                     STANLEY,
                                                                               BPCE/N   U                           $619.472.93
                                                                    HSBC,                  E… O… WELLS FARGO,
                                                                               AXITI…  N…                                0
                                                                $845.057.148                R… I… $842.020.506
                                                                JAPAN                                        CANADA
                                                                                                                    SCOTIABANK
                                                                                                      SMBC                ,
                                              CHINA                                                  GROUP          $524.789.069
                                          CONSTRUCTION                                                  ,     RBC,
AGRICULTURAL BANK OF CHINA,                   BANK,                MIZUHO,             MUFG,         $518.6 $529.5     TD,   BA
       $3.822.186.249                     $2.170.729.662        $1.330.213.304     $1.293.073.746    62.702 25.899 $236.… N…

   Banking on Climate Change, 2020
Consiglieri di amministrazione e top manager di fronte alla sfida della decarbonizzazione - Stefano Pareglio
Global SRI loans and bonds

          Sustainable debt issuance
Investment decision trends and prospects
                                                          More than 2,300 institutional
                                                          investors, signatories to the UN
                                                          Principles for Responsible
                                                          Investments (PRI) with over
                                                          AUM $80 Trillion, have
                                                          committed to incorporating ESG
                                                          issues into investment analysis.

                                                          Throughout the Covid-19
                                                          pandemic, total inflows of ESG
                                                          oriented funds remained
                                                          positive, in contrast to outflow
                                                          of generic funds signalling a
                                                          strong sustainability market
                                                          demand. Actually, inflow for
                                                          ESG oriented funds in the first
                                                          half 2020 accelerated sharply,
                                                          almost matching total yearly
                                                          2019 record (῀$21 Billion in the
                                                          US alone).
Source: Deutsche Bank, July 2020; Morningstar, May 2020
Active and passive funds inflows

      Morningstar, 2020

According to Morningstar, European ESG AUM amounts to $870 Billion (82% of
global ESG AUM), while USA ESG AUM amounts to $159 Billion.
ESG investments performance

Source: Refinitiv Eikon, Refinitiv Datastream, HSBC Climate Solutions Database, FTSE, HSBC Global Research: Climate and ESG outperforming during COVID-19 (25/03/2020)
ESG sensitivity

Source: Refinitiv Eikon, Refinitiv Datastream, HSBC Climate Solutions Database, FTSE, HSBC Global Research: Climate and ESG outperforming during COVID-19 (25/03/2020)
FSB calls for the disclosure on C-R risks/opportunities

         Financial Impact of Climate Change       Reporting themes

                                                               TCFD, 2017
The Climate Disclosure (1/2)
                                                                         Non-Binding
                                                                        Guidelines on
  NFRD                                          D.Lgs.                  Non-Financial
published                                     2016/254                 Reporting (NBG)

  2014                                         2016                          2017

The Directive 2014/95/EU on the Non-                     In 2017, the European Commission
Financial Reporting Directive (NFRD),                    published a communication regarding
adopted in Italy in 2016 by the legislative              non-binding guidelines on non-financial
decree 2016/254, introduced the                          reporting (NBG) to help companies
compulsoriness of the disclosure of non-                 disclose relevant non-financial information
financial and diversity information by                   in a more consistent and more
certain large undertakings and groups.                   comparable manner.
The Climate Disclosure (2/2)

  EU Action Plan on                                                                   Review of the Non-
                                    TEG Reports                   Taxonomy Final
Sustainable Finance +                                                                 Financial Reporting
                                   + NBG Update                       Report
 TEG’s establishment                                                                       Directive

    2018                                2019                           2020                   2021

 As part of the implementation of the EU Action Plan, the      The Final Report includes updates of the
 Technical Expert Group (TEG) published a series of specific   technical screening criteria for economic
 reports on climate-related disclosures, Climate Benchmarks    activites that contribute to climate change
 and Benchmark ESG Disclosure, EU Green Bond Standard,         mitigation and adaptation and comply with the
 and EU Taxonomy.                                              do-no-significant-harm clause. In addition, it
 The Commission published an update of the NBG in June,        introduces the necessity of a brown taxonomy,
 aimed at novating the Directive 2014/95/EU and                creating a three level performance evalutation
 integrating the TCFD framework.                               system.
Climate change impacts
   A change of perspective

European Commission, 2019
EU Action Plan
Implementation (1/5)
• Renewing the 2018 strategy on sustainable finance
In April 2020 the European Commission has promoted a public consultation on the renewed strategy on
sustainable finance (launched in March 2018 alongside the Action Plan on Financing Sustainable Growth).
The Renewed Strategy on Sustainable Finance will focus on:
1.   Strengthening the foundations for sustainable investment by creating an enabling framework, with
     appropriate tools and structures;
2.   Increasing the opportunities to have a positive impact on sustainability for citizens, financial institutions
     and corporates;
3.   Managing and fully integrating climate and environmental risks into financial institutions and the
     financial system as a whole

The consultation on the new strategy expired on the 15th of July 2020.
New Strategy planned for Q3 2020 but postponed to Q4 2020.
The European Commission explored the possibility of a legislative initiative for an EU Green Bond Standard
in the context of the public consultation on the renewed sustainable finance strategy, closed on the 15th of
July 2020, and the targeted consultation on the establishment of an EU Green Bond Standard, that builds
and consults on the work of the TEG, and is running for an extended period of 16 weeks between 12 June and
2 October 2020.
Based on the outcome of these two consultations, as well as ongoing bilateral stakeholder dialogues, the
Commission will take a decision in Q4 2020 on how to take the Green Bond Standard forward.
EU Action Plan
Implementation (2/5)

• A unified EU classification system (taxonomy)
Identify and define harmonised criteria for determining whether an economic activity should
be viewed as environmentally-sustainable. This will lay the foundations for the future
establishment of standards and labels for sustainable financial products.

•   The Regulation has been published in the Official Journal on the 22nd of June 2020;
•   The Regulation is aimed at creating a legal basis for the EU Taxonomy, and supplemented
    by delegated acts containing detailed technical screening criteria for determining the
    Taxonomy-aligned economic activities, and identifying the firms that have to draft a
    climate disclosure compliant with it;
•   The Commission services are currently preparing the delegated act, taking into account
    the requirements of the Taxonomy Regulation and the stakeholder feedback received on
    the TEG reports and on the inception impact assessment. The delegated act will be
    accompanied by an impact assessment and will be subject to stakeholder feedback for a
    period of four weeks in autumn 2020.
•   The TEG’s mandate, begun in July 2018, expired in September 2020, and it will support the
    Commission until the creation of the Platform on Sustainable finance, which will be
    encharged of updating the Taxonomy.
EU Action Plan
    Implementation (3/5)

• Investors’ duties and disclosures
Establish consistency and clarity on how institutional investors (i.e. asset managers,
insurance companies, pension funds, or investment advisors) should integrate ESG
factors when making investment decisions.

•    In December 2019, the Regulation (EU) 2019/2088 on sustainability-related disclosures in the financial
     services sector has been adopted. In order to protect end investors, the Regulation introduces
     harmonised legislative provisions for institutional investors and financial advisors on the integration of
     sustainability risks, on the consideration of adverse sustainability impacts, on sustainable investment
     objectives, or on the promotion of environmental or social characteristics, in investment
     decision-making and in advisory processes;
•    The Regulation’s adoption allows the European Supervisory Authorities (ESAs) to develop draft
     regulatory technical standards to further specify the content, methodologies and presentation of
     information in relation to disclosure-related issues (i.e. sustainability indicators with regard to climate
     and other environment-related adverse impacts, social and employee matters, respect for human rights,
     etc.);
•    The three ESAs (EBA, EIOPA and ESMA - ESAs) have issued a Consultation Paper seeking input on
     proposed environmental, social and governance (ESG) disclosure standards for financial market
     participants, advisers and products (closed on 1st September 2020).
EU Action Plan
Implementation (4/5)
• Low-carbon benchmarks
Design a new category of benchmarks, including the low-carbon benchmark or “decarbonised” version of
standard indices and the positive-carbon impact benchmarks. This new market standard should indicate
companies’ carbon footprint and provide investors with further information on portfolios’ carbon footprint

•   Two categories of low-carbon benchmarks: ( i ) a EU climate transition benchmark (EU CTB) ,
    which brings the resulting benchmark portfolio on a decarbonisation trajectory , meaning a
    measurable, science based and time bound trajectory to reduce carbon emissions ; (ii) a EU Paris
    Alignment benchmark (EU PAB) which brings investment portfolios in line with the Paris
    Agreement goal to limit the global temperature increase to 1.5˚above pre industrial levels;
•   In November 2019, the Regulation (EU) 2019/2089 on EU Climate Transition Benchmarks, Paris-
    aligned Benchmarks, and sustainability-related disclosures for benchmarks has been approved;
•   The Delegated Acts, on which the Commission has launched a public consultation, contain
    technical details on the requirements for defining benchmarks «Climate Transition» or «Paris-
    aligned»;
•   The delegated acts have been adopted on the 17th of July 2020.

Minimal Technical Requirements
In order for benchmarks to be labelled as EU Climate benchmarks, their allocation to the sectors that
highly contribute to climate change should not be less than the exposure of their underlying
investable, the Greenhouse Gas (GHG) intensity will have to be significantly lower than that of the
investable universe, they will have to reduce their carbon emissions from one year to the other, and
exclude assets that significantly harm ESG objectives.
EU Action Plan
Implementation (5/5)

• Incorporating sustainability in prudential requirements
Work towards incorporating climate risks into institutions' risk management policies and
on the potential calibration of banks' capital requirements in the Capital Requirement
Regulation and Directive to take into account climate change-related risks while
safeguarding financial stability and ensuring coherence with the EU taxonomy.

• European Banking Authority (EBA) has published in August 2019 its advice on the
  implementation of Basel III in the EU;
• The European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority (EIOPA) published in
  August 2019 an opinion on Sustainability and Solvency II. The opinion addresses the
  integration of climate-related risks in Solvency II Pillar I requirements;
• (Re)insurance undertakings are called to implement measures linked with climate-
  related risks, especially in view of a substantial impact to their business strategy.
  Consequently, EIOPA stresses the importance of scenario analysis in the undertakings’
  risk management.
The European Green Deal
Sectors of intervention

 Masoni, P., 2020
Climate strategy and energy lending policy
European Investment Bank’s moves

• The EIB will end financing for fossil fuel energy projects from the end of 2021;
• Future financing will accelerate clean energy innovation, energy efficiency and
  renewables;
• EIB Group financing will unlock EUR 1 trillion of climate action and environmental
  sustainable investment in the decade to 2030;
• EIB Group will align all financing activities with the goals of the Paris Agreement
  from the end of 2020.

                                 The new energy lending policy details five principles that will govern future EIB
                                 engagement in the energy sector:
                                 • prioritising energy efficiency with a view to supporting the new EU target under
                                   the EU Energy Efficiency Directive;
                                 • enabling energy decarbonisation through increased support for low or zero carbon
                                   technology, aiming to meet a 32% renewable energy share throughout the EU by
                                   2030;
                                 • increasing financing for decentralised energy production, innovative energy
                                   storage and e-mobility;
                                 • ensuring grid investment essential for new, intermittent energy sources like wind
                                   and solar as well as strengthening cross-border interconnections;
                                 • increasing the impact of investment to support energy transformation outside the
                                   EU.
The European Green Deal
Circular Economy
Circularity, alongside a carbon neutral economy, is an objective that requires the full mobilization of
industry, and the transition represents an important opportunity to expand sustainable and job-
intensive economic activity.
To support and accelerate the transition, the Commission has set up two instruments:
1. Circular Economy Action Plan;
2. EU Industrial Strategy.

                         Circular Economy Action Plan (March 2020)
The Action Plan intends to implement the following measures:
• Making sustainable products the norm in the EU by proposing a Sustainable Product Policy,
  aimed at restricting single-use products and ensuring products’ circular life-cycle;
• empowering the consumers by providing reliable information on products;
• taking advantage of the sectors where the potential for circularty is high: concrete actions will be
  take in various sectors such as electronics and ICT, batteries and vehicles, packaging, plastics,
  textiles, construction and buildings, and food;
• ensuring less waste by transforming it into high-quality secondary resources that benefit from a
  well-functioning market for secondary raw materials.
The European Green Deal
Industrial Strategy
               EU Industrial Strategy (March 2020)
   Three drivers:
   • Green transition;
   • Global competitiveness;
   • Digital transition.

   The Commission has identified the fundamental factors that would
   make Europe’s industrial transformation happen:
   • Deeper and more digital market
   • Upholding a global level playing field
   • Supporting industries towards climate neutrlaity
   • Building a more circular economy
   • Embedding the spirit of industrial innovation
   • Skilling and reskilling
   • Investing and financing the transition
The European Green Deal
Adopted initiatives

• Communication on the European Green Deal (non-legislative, Q4 2019);
• European Climate Law enshrining the 2050 climate neutrality objective
  (legislative, Article 192(1) TFEU, Q1 2020);
• European Green Deal Investment Plan (non-legislative, Q1 2020);
• EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030 (non-legislative, Q1 2020);
• EU Strategies for energy system integration and hydrogen (non-legislative, Q3
  2020);
• “Farm to Fork” Strategy (non-legislative, Q1 2020);
• Just Transition Fund (legislative, Article 175 TFEU, Q1 2020);
• New Circular Economy Action Plan (non-legislative, Q1 2020).
The European Green Deal
Next initiatives to be adopted
• Strategy for smart sector integration (non-legislative, expected by Q2 2020, delayed);
• 2030 Climate Target Plan (non-legislative, incl. impact assessment, Q3 2020 (Consultation closed));
• Chemicals strategy for sustainability (non-legislative, Q3 2020 (Consultation closed));
• Renovation Wave (non-legislative, Q3 2020 (Consultation closed));
• 8th Environmental Action Programme (legislative, Article 192(3) TFEU, Q4 2020);
• European Climate Pact (non-legislative, Q4 2020);
• FuelEU Maritime – Green European Maritime Space (legislative, incl. impact assessment, Article
  100(2) and/or Article 192(1) TFEU, Q4 2020);
• Offshore renewable energy (non-legislative, Q4 2020);
• ReFuelEU Aviation – Sustainable Aviation Fuels (legislative, incl. impact assessment, Article 100(2)
  and/or Article 192(1) TFEU, Q4 2020);
• Renewed Sustainable Finance Strategy (non-legislative, Q4 2020);
• Strategy for sustainable and smart mobility (non-legislative, Q4 2020);
• Empowering the consumer for the green transition (legislative, incl. impact assessment, Article
  111 TFEU, Q2 2021);
• New EU Forest Strategy (non-legislative, Q1 2021);
• New Strategy on Adaptation to Climate Change (non-legislative, Q1 2021);
• Review of the Non-Financial Reporting Directive (legislative, incl. impact assessment, Article 114
  TFEU, Q1 2021),
The Recovery Fund
Next Generation EU overview
The Commission proposed to deploy a reinforced EU budget to help repair the immediate economic and social damage
brought by the coronavirus pandemic, kickstart the recovery and prepare for a better future for the next generation.
To mobilise the necessary investments, the Commission is putting forward a two-fold response:
• Next Generation EU to boost the EU budget with new financing raised on the financial markets for 2021-2024;
• Reinforced long-term budget of the European Union for 2021-2027.
Next Generation EU of €750 billion as well as targeted reinforcements to the long-term EU budget for 2021-2027 will
bring the total financial firepower of the EU budget to €1.85 trillion.
Next Generation EU will be rolled out under three pillars:

     European Commission, 2020
Divergence in ESG Ratings
Example
     Scope divergence
Number of indicators per Categories

     Berg et al., 2019
Divergence in ESG Ratings
World Economic Forum’s Climate Governance
Principles and Guiding Questions
       Principle 1 – Climate Accountability on Boards
       The board is ultimately accountable to shareholders for the long-term stewardship of the company.
       Accordingly, the board should be accountable for the company’s long-term resilience with respect to
       potential shifts in the business landscape that may result from climate change. Failure to do so may
       constitute a breach of directors’ duties.

       Principle 2 – Command of the Climate Subject
       The board should ensure that its composition is sufficiently diverse in knowledge, skills, experience and
       background to effectively debate and take decisions informed by an awareness and understanding of
       climate-related threats and opportunities.

       Principle 3 – Board Structure
       As the stewards for long-term performance and resilience, the board should determine the most effective
       way to integrate climate considerations into its structure and committees.

       Principle 4 – Material Risk and Opportunity Assessment
       As the stewards for long-term performance and resilience, the board should determine the most effective
       way to integrate climate considerations into its structure and committees.
World Economic Forum’s Climate Governance
Principles and Guiding Questions

       Principle 5 – Strategic and Organisational Integration
       The board should ensure that climate systematically informs strategic investment planning and decision-
       making processes and is embedded into the management of risk and opportunities across the
       organisation.

       Principle 6 – Incentivisation
       The board should ensure that executive incentives are aligned to promote the long-term prosperity of the
       company. The board may want to consider including climate-related targets and indicators in their
       executive incentive schemes, where appropriate. In markets where it is commonplace to extend variable
       incentives to non-executive directors, a similar approach can be considered.

       Principle 7 – Reporting and Disclosure
       The board should ensure that material climate-related risks, opportunities and strategic decisions are
       consistently and transparently disclosed to all stakeholders – particularly to investors and, where required,
       regulators. Such disclosures should be made in financial filings, such as annual reports and accounts, and
       be subject to the same disclosure governance as financial reporting.

       Principle 8 – Exchange
       The board should maintain regular exchanges and dialogues with peers, policy-makers, investors and
       other stakeholders to encourage the sharing of methodologies and to stay informed about the latest
       climate-relevant risks, regulatory requirements etc.
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