DOES SINGAPORE HAVE CLEAN AIR?
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Review of Singapore’s Air Quality and Greenhouse Gas Emissions:
Current Situation and Opportunities
DOES SINGAPORE HAVE CLEAN AIR?
What do we know about Singapore's air quality and
greenhouse gas emissions?
Erik Velasco
evelasco@smart.mit.edu
ESI SEMINAR
Oct. 27, 2011.
Outline
1. Singapore’s Air Quality and Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Air quality assessment
Ambient monitoring
Emissions inventories (air toxics and greenhouse gases)
Air quality modeling
Health impacts
2. CENSAM’s projects on urban atmosphere
Sources and sinks of CO2 in a urban neighborhood of Singapore
Characterization of inhalable particles in selected microenvironments
of Singapore
Air Quality Assessment
Ambient
Monitoring
Environmental
policies
Emissions Modeling
Scientific research
Public health
Economy
EDUCATION
Sustainable Development
Blueprint
April 8th, 2009
Singapore’s air quality
compares well with major
cities with our PSI being in the
“good” range for 96% of the
days in 2008
Air pollution goals for 2020:
• PM2.5 from 16 µg/m3 to 12 µg/m3
• SO2 → 15 µg/m3 (~6 ppb)
http://app2.nea.gov.sg/psi_accessibility.aspx
Key environmental statistics 2011 USEPA
NAAQS
365
80
100
40
10
150
150
35
15
0.15
PM2.5
2007
Diurnal
variability ?
Diurnal cycle of CO and O3 in Mexico City,
averaged for all stations over 2001–2007
Stephens et al., Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 5313–5325, 2008
O3
Spatial
variability ? VOCs
PM1
Air Quality in Mexico City
Report 2009
mercury
PAHs
?
toxics
Seasonal
variability ? CO
Emission sources
Second world busiest seaport
Highly
industrialized
economy
~1 million vehicles
62.4 km/h Expressways
Average speed
Major aviation hub in Southeast 26.9 km/h Arterial roads.
Asia (4,340 weekly flights) Fake money burning
The second most
densely populated
Wildfires country
does nature NO contribute to air pollution?
Ozone
Organic aerosols
Secondary pollutants
Oxygenated volatile organic compounds
Peroxyde radicals
And many other toxic compounds
Taken from Andeae (2009), Science 326, pp. 1493
Precursor gases from primary emissions undergo chemical reaction forming secondary organic
aerosols (SOAs) in the atmosphere. Organic aerosols are also emitted directly to the atmosphere
and are know as primary organic aerosols (POAs). SOAs and POAs react and mix with each other
as well as with inorganic aerosolsAnthropogenic emissions from
combustion and non-combustion
sources @ 2000
SO2 + CO +NMHC + NOx +BC +OC
Ohara et al., An Asian emission inventory of anthropogenic
emission sources for the period 1980–2020, Atmos. Chem.
Phys., 7, 4419–4444, 2007.Anthropogenic emissions from
combustion and non-combustion
sources
Ohara et al., Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 4419–4444, 2007.Emissions per capita National level @ 2000
Emissions per capita
City levelEmissions per GDP Anthropogenic emissions normalized by GDP. The national emissions were taken from Ohara et al. (2007) and divided by the corresponding country GDP using as reference the year 2000. The GDP data (in 2005 US dollars) were obtained from the International Macroenomic Dataset compiled by USDA-ERS (2010).
Singapore’s National Climate Change Strategy, 2008
CO2 anthropogenic emissions
per capita
The national CO2 emissions correspond to the emissions reported in the United Nation’s Millennium
Development Goals Indicators updated on July 2011 (UN, 2011). The per capita carbon footprints include
contributions of CO2, CH4, N2O and F, and were adapted from (Hertwich and Peters, 2009).
Both, CO2 emissions and carbon footprints consider only contributions of fossil fuels and process emissions.
Emissions related to land-use change are excluded. The CO2 emissions do not include emissions of international
bunkers.Sijori Growth Triangle
~8 million inhabitants
1.8 million
5 million
1 millionHybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT)
model of NOAA’s Air Resources Laboratory
Yahoo! Singapore News
Transboundary The 24-h average PM10 concentration was ~150 µg m-3,
smoke haze reaching a maximum 3-hours average of 166 µg m-3 (PSI =
108, unhelthy conditions) on October 21 at 6 p.m.
Oct. 20-22, 2010~5% of adults and 20% of
children have asthma.
Prevalence of asthma in
children aged 13-14 years
Singapore 24%
USA 18%
Taiwan 13%
Malaysia 12%
Hong Kong 11%
Sept. 2011 (Pearce et al., 2007)
Cancer-related deaths have increased from 15% to 27% in the
last 30 years, with lung cancer the leading cause of cancer in men
and the second most common in women (Seow et al., 2004).DOES SINGAPORE HAVE CLEAN AIR? Singapore is far from being a smoky and polluted industrial city. However, due to the lack of publicly available air quality data, we cannot conclude that Singapore has clean air. Science-based air quality management following a multi- pollutants approach will help Singapore continue to improve its air quality, promote financial investment, local economic growth and increase international competitiveness. At the same time Singapore will reinforce its position as a livable and more sustainable city, with the unique opportunity of leading air quality and greenhouse gas management in Southeast Asia.
BUILT & NATURAL
ENVIRONMENT
Air quality
Urban atmosphere Greenhouse gases
Climatology
Characterization of Flux measurements Urban heat island
inhalable particles in of CO2 and energy
specific
microenvironmentsFlux measurements of
CO2 and energy
Telok Kurau, Singapore
22 m
Diurnal CO2 fluxes. The black line correspond to the average flux measured
during one year and the dashed lines indicate ±1 standard deviation of the
observed fluxes. The shaded areas are the estimated emissions by bottom-up
Eddy Covariance System approaches (i.e. emission factors and activity data).Characterization of inhalable particles in
selected microenvironments
The purpose of this study is to obtain Results from this study will provide information
information on the chemical and physical to the corresponding environmental and health
properties of inhalable particles in selected agencies to evaluate existing air toxics
microenvironments of Singapore using regulations and to identify areas of potential
portable and real time monitors. improvement in their air quality programs.
PM1, PM2.5, PM10 Particles # CO CO2
Conc.
Langan
pPAHs & Active T15n LI-840 &
DustTrak Surf. Area
CPC Black carbon CR1000
TSI 8534 Position
TSI-3007
Garmin
Photoelectric Aerosol Sensor GPS
& Diffusion Charger Microaethelometer
PAS 2000CE & DC2000CE MS AE51Passenger cars: 394 h-1
Taxis: 248 h-1
Aerosol pollution in Motorcycles: 105 h-1
Temp.: 27.7 ± 0.7°C
Buses: 69 h-1
bus stops Light good vehicles:
Heavy good vehicles:
195 h-1
33 h-1
RH: 78.3 ± 2.9 %
TOTAL: 1044 h-1
Little India
Jan. 13, 2011Aerosol pollution in bus stops The horizontal lines denote median, boxes denote 25th abnd 75th percentiles, and whiskers denote 5th and 95th percentiles.
Aerosol pollution in
selected
microenvironments Around Chinatown Indian temple Chinese temple Courtyard Chinese temple
Bus stop Along Orchard Rd. Hawker center
Offerings burner Incense burner
Particle # Act. Surf. Black
PM2.5 pPAHs CO PM2.5/PM10 PM1/PM2.5 BC/PM1 pPAHs/PM1
Site Conc. Area carbon
(µg m-3) (ng m-3) (ppm) (%) (%) (%) (ng µg-1)
(×103 # cm3) (mm2 m-3) (µg m-3)
Bus stop
(VivoCity)
102±28 97.6±19.0 339±89 502±215 25±13 1.4±0.4 90±4 98±1 33±9 2.8±0.5
Along Orchard Rd.
(Pedestrian)
45±28 48.9±21.6 146±96 108±99 10±10 --- 80±9 98±1 24±27 2.5±2.2
Hawker center
(Food-street Chinatown)
200±156 107.2±48.3 427±305 39±14 11±8 0.9±0.8 93±4 97±1 9±12 0.3±0.3
Around Chinatown
(2011 Chinese New Year)
52±11 31.7±14.9 113±79 29±17 3±2 --- 83±5 93±1 6±4 0.6±0.3
Inside Indian temple 55±29 23.5±3.9 120±124 22±9 3±2 --- 83±6 93±2 6±4 0.5±0.2
Inside Chinese temple 101±7 137.5±5.6 142±38 39±3 3±1 --- 96±3 99±0 3±2 0.4±0.0
Courtyard
123±38 91.8±28.9 145±60 56±14 4±2 --- 91±5 98±1 3±2 0.5±0.2
Chinese temple
Offerings burner
952±3873 48.4±30.7 328±291 123±123 16±29 --- 93±5 97±2 11±15 0.9±1.1
Indian temple
Incense burners
3661±8196 143.6±20.3 1115±382 415±298 19±28 --- 99±1 100±1 2±3 0.4±0.5
Chinese templeDiameter of average surface
Bukowiecki et al., 2002, Aerosol Science 33, 1139.
Taken from Oberdörster et al. 2005, Env, Health Persp. 113, 823Thanks for your attention
Leslie Norford Matthias Roth
Rex Britter Michelle Quak
Sok Huang Tan
Erik Velasco evelasco@smart.mit.eduYou can also read
