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High-Level Conference on
Mapping and Assessment of Ecosystems and their Services (MAES) in Europe
22 May 2014 -Brussels
Ecosystem Map
of Italy
Italian Ministry for the Environment and the Protection
of Land and Sea
Maria Carmela Giarratano
Eugenio Dupré, Eleonora Bianchi
Italian Botanical Society
Scientific coordination: Carlo Blasi
Working Group: Giulia Capotorti, Pier Carlo Zingari, Fabio Attorre,
RiccardoCopiz, Barbara Mollo, Marco Marchetti , Fausto Manes1
Content
1. The Policy framework p. 3 – 4
2. Europe and Italy p. 5 – 6
3. Background knowledge p. 7 – 11
4. The approach and method adopted p. 12 – 14
5. The outcome p. 15 – 17
6. Future steps, conclusions and remarks p. 18
7. Main references p. 19
2
1. The Policy framework
Convention on Biological Diversity CBD: Ecosystem approach, COP 5 Decision V/6
CBD COP 12 preparation: 6-17.10.2014, Pyeongchang, Republic of Korea, under EU
Italian Presidency
Italian Presidency Programme of the Council of the European Union 2014 (Semester
July - December)
EU Biodiversity Strategy to 2020: Target 2, Action 5
Italian National Biodiversity Strategy 2010 three key issues: 1. Biodiversity and
Ecosystem Services; 2. Biodiversity and Climate Change; 3. Biodiversity and Economic
Policies
Italian National Conference 2013 “The Nature of Italy” (attended by EU
Commissioner for the Environment Janez Potočnik)
Italian 1st Meeting of the MAES Working Group, Rome, University La Sapienza,
27.2.2014
3
EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2020 and the MAES WG framework
Within the framework of the Action 5 - EU Biodiversity
Strategy to 2020, and according to the consistent approach
promoted by the MAES WG, Italy has undertaken its own
process to map and assess ecosystems and their services at
the national level. The first step of the process, i.e. ‘Map
ecosystems’, is now completed for the terrestrial component
through a cooperation between the Italian Ministry for the
Environment and the Italian Botanical Society
4
2. Europe and Italy: the European perspective on ecosystem diversity
Main reference data
Natural setting
Physiography (elevation) (EU DEM, EEA )
Soil (EU soil type map 1: 1 mil, JRC)
Environmental regions (climate)
(Environmental stratification 1: 1 mil,
Metzger et al., 2005)
Potential natural vegetation (EU map 1: 2,5
mil, Bohn et al., 2000/2003)
Actual ecosystems
Land cover (Corine Land Cover III level, 2006)
Forest types (JRC forests, 2006)
Habitats (EUNIS, EEA)
Within the European context Italy shows a high environmental heterogeneity, owing
to:
Central position in the Meditarranean basin
Marked latitudinal gradient
Complex orography
Long history of human land use
5
Recent national projects on environment and biodiversity
Habitats Important Plant Areas Plant Invasion Old-growth forests
Ecoregions Land units Potential Natural Vegetation
Since the 90’s, given the need of nationally implement the Habitats Directive, a number of
projects on Italian environmental heterogeneity and biodiversity have been completed
through the cooperation between the Ministry of the Environment and the scientific
community. This background knowledge allowed to reliably build the current Map of Italian
Ecosystems
6
3. Background knowledge
Biogeographic setting Improved detail at the national level
Interpretation of the biogeographic extent of the
Continental Region along the Italian Peninsula by
different Authors, even more increased up to
2007
EEA, 2012. Biogeographic regions in Europe
Complex biogeographic influences,
from central Europe and the South as
well as from Eastern and Western
Mediterannean, characterise Italy
within the continental context
7
3. Background knowledge
Bioclimate Improved detail at the national level
Bioclimatic definition and spatialisation of thermo-
pluviometric data from 400 metereological stations.
At the highest hierarchical level (Bioclimatic Regions)
the map shows the prevalence of the Temperate
and the local importance of Transitional conditions
together with the Mediterranean ones. Lower
hierarchical levels show the complex pattern of
continentality and thermo-pluviometric belts
Temperate Region
100
90
80
70 58
60
50
40 25
30
18
20
10
0
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Metzger et al., 2005/2013. Bioclimatic types Transitional Region
for the environmental stratification of Europe
Complex pattern of 4 bioclimates,
prevalently of the Mediterranean
type, due to orographic and 3 Regions
latitudinal gradients Mediterranean
Region 8
Bioclimates
Blasi and Michetti, 2007. Phytoclimatic Map of Italy (1: 250 000) 8
3. Background knowledge
Land units (environmental stratification) Improved detail at the national level
Hierarchical classification of land in 3 Land
Regions, 24 Land Systems and 149 Land
Facets according to original national maps
on bioclimate, lithology and morphology
Mucher et al., 2010. A new European
Landscape Classification (LANMAP)
Landscape types according to
bioclimate, topography, parent
material and land use information
at the European level
9
3. Background knowledge
Potential Natural Vegetation Improved detail at the national level
Updated map of Italian Potential Natural
Vegetation produced by a very large group of
regional experts and including 279 legend codes
Bohn et al., 2000/2003. Map of the
Natural Vegetation of Europe (1:2,5 mil)
~ 10 physiognomic formations
Blasi Ed., 2010. Map
and 66 types in Italy based on of Vegetation Series of
typological and cartographic Italy (1:500.000)
information dating back to 1993
103. Background knowledge
Land cover Improved detail at the national level
Since 2000 the Italian CLC legend includes a 4th
level for forests and semi-natural areas which is
I Level
consistent with main international/national
II Level III Level IV (V) Level
3 Forest and semi 3111 Evergreen oak forests (holm and
31 Forests 311 Broadleaved forest
natural areas cork oaks)
nomenclatures (EUNIS, Global LC 2000, FAO Forest 2000, 3112 Deciduous oak forests (turkey,
downy, Italian, sessile, pedunculate
National Inventory-INFC) oaks)
3113 Mixed forests dominated by other
I Level II Level III Level
native broadleaved (maple, ash, IV (V) Level
3 Forest and semi hornbeam, flowering ash) 3111 Evergreen oak forests (holm and
31 Forests 311 Broadleaved forest
natural areas 3114 Chestnut forests cork oaks)
3115 Beech forests 3112 Deciduous oak forests (turkey,
downy, Italian, sessile, pedunculate
3116 Hygrophilous forests (willows,
poplars, alders) oaks)
3117 Woods and former plantations 3113 Mixed forests dominated by other
dominated by exotic broadleaved (black native broadleaved (maple, ash,
locust and Ailanthus altissima ) hornbeam, flowering ash)
3121 Mediterranean pines and cypress 3114 Chestnut forests
312 Coniferous forest
forests (pine, maritime pine, Aleppo pine) 3115 Beech forests
3122 Oro-Mediterranean and mountain 3116 Hygrophilous forests (willows,
pine forests (black pine and larch, Scots poplars, alders)
EEA, 2006. Corine Land Cover pine, Bosnian pine)
3117 Woods and former plantations
3123 Fir forests (silver fir and spruce) dominated by exotic broadleaved (black
locust and Ailanthus altissima )
The European legend includes 3124 Larch and/or Swiss pine forests
312 Coniferous
3125 Woods and formerforest
plantations
3121 Mediterranean pines and cypress
forests (pine, maritime pine, Aleppo pine)
12 types of forests and semi- dominated by exotic conifers (Douglas
fir, Monterey pine, white pine)
3122 Oro-Mediterranean and mountain
natural areas at the level 3 ISPRA, 2006. CLC Italia
313 Mixed forest
3131 Mixed coniferous and broadleaved
forests (seven V level subtypes)
pine forests (black pine and larch, Scots
pine, Bosnian pine)
3132 Mixed broadleaved and coniferous 3123 Fir forests (silver fir and spruce)
forests (five V level subtypes)
32 Scrub and/or herbaceous 3124 Larch and/or Swiss pine forests
321 Natural grasslands 3211 Continuous grasslands
vegetation associations
3125 Woods and former plantations
3212 Discontinuous grasslands dominated by exotic conifers (Douglas
322 Moors and heathland fir, Monterey pine, white pine)
323 Sclerophyllous vegetation 3231 High maquis
3131 Mixed coniferous and broadleaved
313 Mixed forest
3232 Low maquis and garrigues forests (seven V level subtypes)
324 Transitional woodland-shrub
3132 Mixed broadleaved and coniferous
33 Open spaces with little or no
331 Beaches, dunes, sands forests (five V level subtypes)
vegetation
32 rocks
332 Bare Scrub and/or herbaceous
321 Natural grasslands 3211 Continuous grasslands
vegetation
333 Sparsely associations
vegetated areas
334 Burnt areas 3212 Discontinuous grasslands
335 Glaciers and perpetual snow 11
322 Moors and heathland4) The approach and method adopted
MAES/EU ITALY
CLC level 3 (44 codes) CLC level 4 (67 codes)
reinterpreted on the basis of European reinterpreted on the basis of original
reference data on studies and maps at the national level
POTENTIAL VEGETATION POTENTIAL VEGETATION
CLIMATE CLIMATE
SOIL BIOGEOGRAPHY
ELEVATION LAND UNITS
PHENOLOGY
Map of EU ecosystem types Map of Italian ecosystem types
According to the need of detailed maps and databases for improving consistency at the national level, the
Ecosystem Map of Italy was based on a reintepretation of CLC level 4 on the basis of the Italian Potential
vegetaion map (279 types), Bioclimaticic map (28 classes, 8 bioclimates, 3 regions), Biogeographic
regionalisation (Blasi et al., 2007) and Land units map (149 types)
124) The approach and method adopted
1) The ideal proxy for a map of ecosystems is a map of the real vegetation cover
(sensu Westhoff and van der Maarel 1978)
2) A recent and well defined map of the real vegetation cover is NOT available for the entire
Italy (and for several European countries as well)
3) The CLC map is the best and most regularly updated available information, even if with some
limitations (i.e. for the generic typification of grasslands and broadleaved forests)
4) How to overcome CLC limitations and approximate the CLC map to a real vegetation map?
use of the CLC level 4 map geometry with a reinterpretation of the CLC classes
based on vegetation physiognomies, as reported by the map of Potential Natural
Vegetation (PNV)
5) The main goal of the MAES project is to map and assess ecosystem services:
the 279 Italian PNV types, based on floristic heterogeneity of vegetation communities, are
too detailed in terms of ecosystem service providers
suitable simplification of the PNV map (into 39 typologies) based on physiognomic,
biogeographic, and bioclimatic features
6) The resulting ecosystem types, derived from the reinterpretation of the CLC level 4 on the basis of the
simplified PNV types, could properly been expanded (up to the 279 original types) or further
merged according to specific classes of ecosystem services
134) The approach and method adopted
CLC Italia 2006, 67 types
(level 3 / 4, including some level 5
subtypes for mixed forests)
&
PNV map, 39 typologies
(simplified from 279)
=
Ecosystem Map of Italy
covering the entire national territory
(not limited to priority ecosystems)
with 90 legend classes
36 out of the 90 are forests
scale 1:100.000 (spatial resolution
mmu25ha)
145) The outcome
Correspondence between CLC classes – EU ecosystem types – Italian ecosystem types
155) The outcome
Ecosystem Map of Italy (1: 100 000)
165) The outcome
Strenght of the recognised ecosystem types in terms of ecosystem services
provision
Montane beech forests with Picea abies, Abies alba, Sorbus aucuparia, etc. of the
Alps and Prealps
3115 Beech Montane beech forests with Abies alba, Taxus baccata, Ilex aquifolium, Acer
forests lobelii, etc. of the Apennines
Montane beech forests of Sicilian mountain ranges (Madonie, Nebrodi, Etna)
Different bioclimatic setting should affect forest behaviour in
respect to several provisioning, regulation, and maintenance
services (e.g. erosion protection, water retention, C storage and
sequestration, etc.) 176) Future steps
•Crosswalk between Italian ecosystem types and EUNIS habitat classification
(different levels)
•Characterisation of ecosystems according to the faunistic component (through the
contribution of the Italian Zoological Union / UZI)
•Assessment of ecosystem conservation status
•Mapping and assessment of ecosystem services
Conclusions and remarks
•Provide a scientific approach to support International, EU, national, regional and local
policies, strategies, planning, management and practices
•Create an added value to policy implementation, linking ecology to economy, planning
and management of natural capital and green infrastructure
•Establish a scientific and technical network of practices with implementation relevance
•Promote further research, steps and targets for biodiversity mainstreaming
187) Main references
Blasi C., Frondoni R., 2011. Modern perspectives for plant sociology:
Biondi E., Blasi C., 2013. Prodromo della vegetazione d’Italia. the case of ecological land classification and the ecoregions of Italy.
Available at http://www.prodromo-vegetazione-italia.org/ Plant Biosystems 145, 30-37.
Biondi E., Blasi C., Burrascano S., Casavecchia S., Copiz R., Del Vico E., Blasi C., Marignani M., Copiz R. & Fipaldini M. (Eds), 2009. A thematic
Galdenzi D., Gigante D., Lasen C., Spampinato G., Venanzoni R., contribution to the National Biodiversity Strategy: Mapping the
Zivkovic L., 2009. Manuale Italiano di interpretazione degli habitat Important Plant Areas in Italy. MATTM, DPN. Palombi & Partner Srl,
della Direttiva 92/43/CEE. Società Botanica Italiana. MATTM, D.P.N. Roma. http:// sweb01.dbv.uniroma1.it /cirbfep/pubblicazioni.php
Available at http://vnr.unipg.it/habitat/ Blasi C., Marignani M., Copiz R., Fipaldini M., Bonacquisti S., Del Vico
Biondi E., Blasi C., Burrascano S., Casavecchia S., Copiz R., Del Vico E., E., Rosati L., Zavattero L., 2011c. Important Plant Areas in Italy: from
Galdenzi D., Gigante D., Lasen C., Spampinato G., Venanzoni R. & data to mapping. Biological Conservation 144, 220-226.
Zivkovic L., 2012. Annex I Habitats (Dir. 92/43/EEC) in Italy: diagnosis Blasi C., Michetti L., 2007. The climate of Italy. In: C. Blasi, L. Boitani,
and syntaxonomic interpretation at the alliance level. Plant Sociology, S. La Posta, F. Manes, M. Marchetti (Eds) Biodiversity in Italy, pp. 57-
49 (1): 5-37. 66. Palombi Editori, Roma.
Blasi C., 2010. La Vegetazione d’Italia con Carta delle Serie di Capotorti G., Guida D., Siervo V., Smiraglia D., Blasi C., 2012a.
Vegetazione in scala 1:500.000. Palombi & Partner S.r.L, Rome. Ecological classification of land and conservation of biodiversity at
Blasi C., Boitani L., La Posta S., Manes F., Marchetti M. (Eds), 2007. the national level: The case of Italy. BiolConserv 147, 174–183.
Biodiversity in Italy. Contribution to the National Biodiversity Strategy. Capotorti G., Zavattero L., Anzellotti I., Burrascano S., Frondoni R.,
Palombi Editori, Rome. http://www.minambiente.it /biblioteca/stato- Marchetti M., Marignani M., Smiraglia D., Blasi C., 2012b. Do National
della-biodiversita-italia-biodiversity-italy Parks play an active role in conserving the natural capital of Italy?
Blasi C., Burrascano S., Maturani A., Sabatini F.M. (eds), 2010. A Plant Biosystems 146(2), 258-265.
thematic contribution to the National Biodiversity Strategy: Old- Celesti-Grapow L., Pretto F., Brundu G., Carli E., Blasi C.
growth forests in Italy. MATTM, DPN. Palombi & Partners s.r.l., Roma. (eds), 2009. A thematic contribution to the National Biodiversity
http:// sweb01.dbv.uniroma1.it /cirbfep/pubblicazioni.php Strategy: Plant invasion in Italy, an overview. MATTM, DPN. Palombi
Blasi C., Capotorti G., Smiraglia D., Guida D., Zavattero L., Mollo B., & Partners s.r.l., Roma. http:// sweb01.dbv.uniroma1.it
Frondoni R., Copiz R., 2010. A thematic contribution to the National /cirbfep/pubblicazioni.php
Biodiversity Strategy: the Ecoregions of Italy. MATTM, DPN. Prog. ISPRA, 2010. La realizzazione in Italia del Progetto Corine Land Cover
Artiser, Roma. http:// sweb01.dbv. uniroma1.it 2006. ISPRA, RAPPORTI 131/2010. Available at
/cirbfep/pubblicazioni.php http://www.isprambiente.gov.it/it/pubblicazioni/rapporti/la-
Blasi C., Feoli E., Galante G., Incerti G., Manes F., Zaccarelli N., Zurlini realizzazione-in-italia-del-progetto-corine
G., Capotorti G., 2011d. Ecoregions of Italy and ecological services. Rosati L., Marignani M., Blasi C., 2008. A gap analysis comparing
Book of abstracts, First International Symposium of the FIP on the Natura2000 vs National Protected Area network with potential
Global Strategy for Plant Conservation. Botanical Garden of the natural vegetation. Community Ecology 9(2), 147-154.
University of Valencia, Valencia. Smiraglia D., Capotorti G., Guida D., Mollo B., Siervo V., Blasi C., 2013.
Blasi C., Filibeck G., Frondoni R., Rosati L., Smiraglia D., 2004. The Land units map of Italy. Journal of Maps 9(2), 239-244.
map of the vegetation series of Italy. Fitosociologia 41 (1), 21-25.
19Contacts
Ecosystem Map of Italy
giarratano.mariacarmela@minambiente.it
dupre.eugenio@minambiente.it
bianchi.eleonora@minambiente.it
carlo.blasi@uniroma1.it
giulia.capotorti@uniroma1.it
pzingari@gmail.com
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