France is emerging as one of the leading environmental players worldwide. We have the necessary resources, the skills and the talent. The current ...
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October 2014
Ministry of Ecology, Sustainable Development and Energy
The Energy Transition a user's guide
France is emerging as one of the leading
environmental players worldwide.
We have the necessary resources,
the skills and the talent. The current
draft law and related measures
provide citizens, businesses and regions
throughout France with the means
to take action, boosting employment
with 100,000 green-growth jobs while
protecting our planet
from climate change.
www.votreenergiepourlafrance.fr
2 Bill relating to energy transition for green growth
T
he Energy Transition for Green Growth draft law and its related
action plans, are designed to give France the means to further
contribute to tackling climate change while reinforcing energy
independence by diversifying the energy mix.
The law will allow citizens, businesses and regions to take concrete
action, in order to:
Boost household purchasing power by reducing energy bills.
Protect the planet and public health.
Seize green growth opportunities, delivering a competitive advantage for today's industry
and the cutting-edge industries of the future, while securing jobs in France and improving
quality of life.
Many initiatives have already been launched, setting the stage for large-scale implementation;
the experience acquired to date has in turn directly inspired simplifications and additions
to the draft law.
The movement is underway.
By expanding and consolidating this dynamic, we can take full advantage of two major
sources of growth and jobs:
Energy savings, especially through massive incentives for investment in home renovations
and access to clean transport.
The rise of on- and offshore renewable energies, a base for technological performance
and economic growth, and which hold great potential in France and its overseas territories.
We have the assets required to make energy transition a success and become a leading
environmental player worldwide: the initiative and resourcefulness of our people, the
commitment of our local and regional officials, the calibre of our research, and the skill and
creativity of our businesses, both large and small.
Making efficient use of our resources, fostering prosperity, long-term employment and
quality of life, both today and for the future: the draft law will provide each and every one
of us with the means to be part of the solution and reap the full benefits of green growth.
Ministry of Ecology,
Sustainable Development and Energy
www.votreenergiepourlafrance.fr 3
Making a successful energy tran
PREPARING FOR THE POST-OIL ERA
Most of the energy that we consume today causes pollution, is expensive and is derived from
increasingly scarce fossil resources. The energy transition is a plan for the post-oil era and
a step towards a new French energy model, which is stronger and more sustainable in its
response to key energy supply challenges, changes in prices, the depletion of resources and
environmental protection requirements.
SETTING A GOAL
The bill sets out the major goals of this new energy model and mobilises the resources
required to achieve them. It establishes a strategy for low CO2 emissions, known as the
low-carbon strategy, in the form of a multi-year energy plan which sets out the conditions
under which the goals of the bill shall be achieved.
new management tools
Low-carbon development strategy A multi-annual energy programme
The government will set long-term The bill merges existing programming
goals (factor of 4) and emission limits periods in all energy sectors (electricity
(carbon budgets) for five-year periods, and heat) into a single instrument
which France must not exceed. To meet comprising several areas: improvement
these limits, a low-carbon strategy will of energy efficiency and energy savings;
be established over three successive security of supply; support for renewable
periods of five years. National policies energies; development and optimisation.
for transport, urban and rural planning, The multi-annual programme will be
energy production and agriculture will established over two successive periods
take this strategy into account. of five years.
For both these tools, the time periods will be 2015/2016-2018, 2019-2023, 2024-2028, etc.
4 Bill relating to energy transition for green growth
sition to build green growth
C clear objectives to be achieved
The bill sets out medium and long-term objectives in order to provide a joint framework
for action by citizens, businesses, regions and the government.
Reduce our greenhouse gas emissions by 40% between 1990 and 2030 and by 75%
between 1990 and 2050 (factor of 4). The path shall be set out in the carbon budgets.
Reduce our final energy consumption by 50% by 2050 in relation to the 2012
benchmark, while aiming to achieve an intermediate target of 20% in 2030.
Reduce our final energy consumption of fossil fuels by 30% by 2030
in relation to the 2012 benchmark.
Bring the proportion of renewable energies down to 23% of gross final energy
consumption by 2020 and to 32% of gross final energy consumption by 2030.
Bring the proportion of nuclear energy used in electricity generation down to 50%
by 2025.
Create an energy performance target to be achieved by the entire housing stock by 2050.
Combat fuel poverty.
Assert the right of access to energy for all people at a reasonable cost in relation to
household resources.
TAKING ACTION NOW
The energy transition centres on:
the government, which is adopting new management tools and is committed to working
alongside the regions through an ambitious energy transition component in the State-
Region plan contracts;
l ocal authorities , which support and run local projects with local residents. For example,
regional energy-air-climate plans shall become the exclusive competence of inter-
municipal associations and constitute a framework for action for the energy transition;
usinesses, industrial sectors in particular, which will benefit from strong support (simplified
b
procedures, reduced periods of appeal, calls for tenders, access to finance, technical support);
c itizens, who will be better informed. They will also have access to financial and technical
support to facilitate their involvement in the local production of renewable energy, the
purchase of clean vehicles, the renovation of housing and measures to combat fuel poverty.
www.votreenergiepourlafrance.fr 5
CONTENTS
8 11 14 17
Better insulation
of buildings
Developing
clean transport
Promoting
renewable
Tackling
waste
energy and promoting
the circular
economy
20 22
Simplifying
and clarifying
Optimising nuclear
safety and public
procedures information
8
11
14 17
20 22
6 Bill relating to energy transition for green growth
www.votreenergiepourlafrance.fr 7
1 BUILDINGS
Renovating buildings to save energy
Cutting bills
Creating jobs
The building sector accounted for 44% of the energy consumption in France in
2012. It is the largest energy consumer and offers significant opportunities for
energy efficiency. 123 million tonnes of CO2 are emitted by the building sector
each year.
Goals
Halve energy consumption between now and 2050.
Renovate 500,000 housing units per year.
Create 75,000 jobs in the sector throughout France.
Taking action now
ccelerating energy renovation in the housing sector.
A
Improving the performance of new builds.
Managing consumption by using active energy management support tools.
Developing positive energy regions.
8 Bill relating to energy transition for green growth
INDIVIDUALS
WIDESPREAD PROVISION OF INFORMATION FOR CONSUMERS
The deployment of smart gas (Gazpar) and electricity (Linky) meters will improve the information
given to users about their consumption.
AID FOR LOW-INCOME HOUSEHOLDS
The creation of an energy renovation guarantee fund will allow for the provision of aid for
financing works in housing.
CREATION OF A MONITORING AND MAINTENANCE RECORD FOR HOUSING
The creation of this digital record for housing will help to improve knowledge and facilitate
the performance of energy renovation works.
IMMEDIATE ACTIONS
BETTER INSULATED HOUSING AND LOWER BILLS
The Energy Transition Tax Credit (crédit d’impôt transition énergétique – CITE) allows
residents to obtain a refund of 30% of the cost of energy renovation work. The value of
the works taken into account amounts to up to €8,000 for a single person and €16,000
for a couple.
The relaunch of the interest-free eco-loan (September 2014) allows owners to benefit
from an interest-free loan of up to €30,000 for the performance of energy renovation
work.
LOCAL AUTHORITIES
A SINGLE POINT OF CONTACT FOR MUNICIPAL GROUPS
These energy-renovation platforms will provide advice, information on funding and registered
tradespeople, as well as conducting energy audits.
NEW-BUILD PUBLIC BUILDINGS
These will be exemplary on the energy level and where possible will be positive-energy
buildings.
IMMEDIATE ACTIONS
Since 1 August 2014, the savings fund of the Caisse des dépôts et consignations (French
Deposit and Consignment Office), amounting to €5 billion, has been reserved for the funding
of projects that contribute to the energy transition, at a beneficial rate.
www.votreenergiepourlafrance.fr 9
BUILDINGS
Renovating buildings to save energy
Cutting bills
Creating jobs
BUSINESSES
BUILDING SECTOR BOOSTED BY ENERGY RENOVATION
Urban planning rules are being simplified to remove obstacles to the insulation of buildings
and 75,000 jobs will be created thanks to the projects undertaken with State aid.
OVERARCHING ACTIONS
PROMOTION OF POSITIVE-ENERGY PUBLIC BUILDINGS
The draft law provides for the construction of positive-energy buildings that generate more
energy than they consume.
THIRD-PARTY FINANCING
Creation of an operational framework for third-party financing by public companies.
This allow for funds to be advanced to private individuals wishing to carry out works.
PLANNING REGULATIONS
Planning regulations will no longer restrict insulation work on buildings or renewable
energy generation facilities (these exemptions also apply to public buildings).
Planning documents will now require new-build projects to meet low-consumption and
positive energy standards.
MAJOR RENOVATIONS
The performance of major building work (e.g. re-roofing, façade renovations and exten-
sions), should be used as an opportunity to significantly improve the energy performance
of all buildings.
IMMEDIATE ACTIONS
TWO CALLS FOR PROJECTS HAVE BEEN LAUNCHED
200 positive energy regions for green growth in order to promote regions that aim to
minimise their energy requirements and then use local resources to meet these needs.
Housing energy renovation platforms to create or consolidate local platforms, in order to
facilitate and support individuals' renovation projects.
10 Bill relating to energy transition for green growthCLEAN
2 TRANSPORT
Developing green transport to improve air quality
and protect public health
The transport sector is the number one producer of greenhouse gas emissions,
accounting for 27% of France's total emissions in 2011. Road transport is a major
air polluter representing 15% of national particle emissions and 56% of nitrogen
oxide emissions.
Goals
Strengthen efforts to combat air pollution.
Reduce dependency on hydrocarbons.
Taking action now
roviding universal access to electric vehicles in France.
P
Funding clean transport.
Leading by example in the public sector.
Supporting business, research and innovation.
www.votreenergiepourlafrance.fr 11CLEAN TRANSPORT
Developing green transport to improve air quality and protect public health
INDIVIDUALS
CAR BONUS
Extend and increase the electric vehicle purchase bonus when a diesel vehicle is replaced.
This additional benefit will be paid on a means-tested basis, and priority will be given to those
areas where air quality is poor. The combined total of the bonus and conversion premium
could reach €10,000.
TRAVELEXPENSES
Employers will contribute to their employees' travel expenses for journeys made by bicycle or
electric bicycle between home and the workplace.
ELECTRIC CHARGE POINTS
From September 2014 to 31 December 2015, individuals installing charge points for elec-
tric cars will be eligible for a tax credit of 30% (Draft Budget Bill 2015).
LOCAL AUTHORITIES
CAR FLEET
The government and public bodies are required to renew their car fleets to ensure that clean
vehicles account for 50% of the fleet, prioritising electric vehicles. Local authorities are sub-
ject to the same requirement concerning 20% of their fleet.
RURAL MOBILITY PLAN
Rural regions may use consultation and planning tools that are adapted to the specificities of
the rural area.
IMMEDIATE ACTIONS
Since 1 August 2014, the €5 billion savings fund of the Caisse des dépôts et consignations
(French Deposit and Consignment Office) has been reserved for the funding of projects
that contribute to the energy transition, at a beneficial rate.
BUSINESSES
WIDESPREAD IMPLEMENTATION OF MOBILITY PLANS (PLANS DE MOBILITÉ)
These will be broadened to promote carpooling and car-sharing.
LARGE RETAILERS
Greenhouse gas emissions from transport and logistics activities in the mass retail sector
must be reduced by 10% by 2020, and by 20% by 2025.
12 Bill relating to energy transition for green growthCAR HIRE AND TAXIS
Car hire and taxi companies must renew their fleets to ensure that clean vehicles account for
10% of their fleets.
OVERARCHING ACTIONS
ELECTRIC CHARGE POINTS
The bill sets a target of 7 million electric vehicle charging points throughout France by
2030. 10,000 public charging points have been in operation since the summer of 2014.
New car parking provision will be equipped with charging points, which will also be
installed as part of car park renovation work in existing buildings. Charging points must
also be installed in car parks at existing shopping centres.
RENEWABLE ENERGY
France has set itself the target of ensuring that 10% of the energy consumed in all modes
of transport will originate from renewable sources in 2020.
TRAFFIC RESTRICTIONS
Measures to restrict traffic could be implemented in areas affected by poor air quality.
www.votreenergiepourlafrance.fr 133 RENEWABLE
ENERGY
Developing renewable energies to balance our energy sources
and develop local resources
France, including the mainland and overseas territories, benefits from exceptional
assets that will allow it to become a major producer of renewable energy.
In 2012, 14% of the energy that we consumed was of renewable origin.
Goals
D ouble the share of renewables in the French energy system over the next fifteen years.
O ptimise financial support.
M odernise the hydroelectricity generation system.
C reate jobs.
14 Bill relating to energy transition for green growthIncrease the proportion
of renewable energy in
final energy consumption to 32 % in 2030
INDIVIDUALS
INVESTING IN PROJECTS
There are incentives for residents to acquire shareholdings in limited companies involved
in local renewable energy projects.
LOCAL AUTHORITIES
FRENCH OVERSEAS COLLECTIVITIES
French Overseas Collectivities shall have greater involvement in defining the invitations
to tender in their regions.
INVESTING IN PROJECTS
Municipalities and their inter-municipal bodies shall be able to acquire shareholdings
in limited companies whose corporate purpose is the generation of renewable energy.
IMMEDIATE ACTIONS
S ince 1 August 2014, the €5 billion savings fund of the Caisse des dépôts et consignations
(French Deposit and Consignment Office) has been reserved for the funding of projects
that contribute to energy transition, at a beneficial rate.
The call for 1,500 methanisation projects in rural areas of France over 3 years has been
launched. The methanisation plan will enable energy (biogas) to be generated from
agricultural waste.
BUSINESSES
SECTORS OF EXCELLENCE
Calls for tenders for photovoltaic installations will be extended and improved to ensure
the regular and sustainable deployment of renewable energy sources.
FINANCIAL AID FOR MATURE RENEWABLE ENERGY
A new support scheme for renewable electrical energy (onshore wind and solar photovoltaic,
etc.) has been created. The electricity generated will be sold directly on the market and
benefit from a premium.
www.votreenergiepourlafrance.fr 15RENEWABLE ENERGY
Developing renewables to create a balanced energy mix
and optimise regional resources
OVERARCHING ACTIONS
HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANTS
The management of hydroelectric power plants is being modernised:
concession contracts can be consolidated within large valleys to optimise operations;
semi-public hydroelectricity companies can be created in order to bring regional authorities
more closely together to manage different uses for water and improve the transparency
and control of France's hydroelectricity facilities, while involving the participation of
companies.
SIMPLIFICATION OF PROCEDURES
New simplification measures will help reduce the costs of procedures and preliminary
studies and reduce the periods of appeal for renewable marine energies.
The draft law provides for the widespread implementation of the experiment with the
single permit for wind turbines, biogas plants and installations governed by the Water Act
(including dams).
IMMEDIATE ACTIONS
Greater support for the heat fund provides stronger backing for the production of heat from
renewable sources (biomass, geothermal, solar thermal, etc.)
16 Bill relating to energy transition for green growth4 CIRCULAR
ECOMONY
Tackling waste and promoting the circular economy,
from product design to recycling
Our economy's linear system - extract, manufacture, consume and discard - has
reached its limits.
Goals
Progressively
dissociate economic growth from the consumption of raw materials.
Reduce household waste and similar products by 10% between now and 2020.
Recover 55% of non-hazardous waste by 2020 and 60% by 2025.
Recover 70% of construction and civil engineering waste by 2020.
Halve the amounts of waste disposed of in landfill sites by 2025.
Taking action now
Involving all citizens and making businesses accountable.
Mobilising local authorities.
Developing innovative activities and creating jobs.
www.votreenergiepourlafrance.fr 17CIRCULAR ECONOMY
Tackling waste and promoting the circular economy:
from product design to recycling
INDIVIDUALS
THE END OF DISPOSABLE PLASTIC BAGS
From 1 January 2016, the distribution of disposable plastic bags will be prohibited.
The distribution of disposable plastic cutlery will be prohibited from 1 January 2020.
SORTING
Progressive harmonisation of regional authorities' collection schemes in order to facilitate the
act of sorting by citizens on a daily basis.
LOCAL AUTHORITIES
FOOD WASTE
Source separation of food waste:
Local authorities are encouraged to introduce the widespread source separation of food waste
between now and 2025 in order to use it as new resources, e.g. compost for individuals.
Tackling food waste:
Implementation of a plan to tackle food waste in collective catering departments, including
school canteens, managed by the Stateand regional authorities.
PAPER
The State shall set an example with regard to paper supplies: 25% of its paper must be
recycled from 1 January 2017 and at least 40% from 1 January 2020.
20 ZERO-WASTING ZERO-WASTE REGIONS
The first call for "Zero wasting, zero waste" (Zéro gaspillage, zéro déchet) projects was
launched in July 2014. Its goal is to commit 20 regions, on a voluntary basis, to an exem-
plary and participative approach to reducing, reusing and recycling their waste.
BUSINESSES
CONSTRUCTION AND ENGINEERING WASTE
Creating a network of professional waste collection centres for the construction and civil
engineering sectors between now and 1 January 2017, by introducing a scheme requiring
distributors to collect materials from building and civil engineering professionals at (or
near) sales outlets.
18 Bill relating to energy transition for green growthOVERARCHING ACTIONS
PROXIMITY PRINCIPLE
Strengthening the proximity principle so that waste is treated as near as possible to where it
is produced. The target is to reduce distances travelled and energy consumption.
RECOVERED WASTE
Prohibiting discrimination against materials manufactured from recovered waste, such as
recycled plastic in packaging and materials recycled from demolished buildings.
Promoting the production of energy from recovered waste which is not recyclable (urban
heating networks, etc.) and a better use of waste wood.
TACKLING PLANNED OBSOLESCENCE
Improving the design of products in order to reduce their environmental impact and increase
their lifespan.
www.votreenergiepourlafrance.fr 195 SIMPLIFICATION
Simplifying and clarifying procedures to boost efficiency
and competitiveness
In order to accelerate the deployment of all renewable energies and connect
them to national transmission and distribution networks, changes to current
legislation are required.
Goals
R
emove regulatory constraints.
20 Bill relating to energy transition for green growthINDIVIDUALS
GUARANTEEING THE BEST ELECTRICITY PRICES
Guaranteeing the best prices for consumers by implementing a new method for calculating
the regulated tariffs for the sale of electricity.
ENERGY VOUCHER
Creating an energy voucher to help low-income households pay their bills.
LOCAL AUTHORITIES
ELECTRICITY DISTRIBUTION
Strengthening the involvement of regional authorities with regard to investments in electricity
distribution grids by creating a committee for the public electricity distribution system.
COASTLINE
Authorising the installation of wind turbines in municipalities governed by the coastline
protection act (Loi littorale), subject to conditions.
OVERSEAS
Strengthening the role of French Overseas Collectivities in the governance of the energy
transition and the evolution of regions of environmental excellence (Territoires d’excellence
environnementale).
BUSINESSES
SIMPLIFICATION
Widespread implementation throughout France of the experiment with the single permit for
wind turbines, biogas plants and installations governed by the Water Act (including dams).
COMPETITIVENESS
The consumption of companies using a lot of electricity is stable and foreseeable throughout
the year. Such companies therefore benefit the electricity system, as they are able to absorb
fluctuations in electricity supply and demand. These advantages will be taken into account
through the reduction of the price share relating to electricity transport and distribution. These
companies will also be provided with incentives to reduce their consumption.
OVERARCHING ACTIONS
PROCEDURES AND TIME FRAMES
The bill sets out several clarification and simplification procedures: it will shorten deadlines
for appeal, it will clarify operator responsibilities and facilitate connections in coastal areas.
www.votreenergiepourlafrance.fr 216 NUCLEAR ENERGY
Optimising nuclear safety and public information
The bill takes additional steps in terms of providing transparency and information
to citizens on the matter of nuclear safety. It sets forth the conditions for
dismantling and storing waste in a way that is highly efficient and stringent with
regard to protecting the environment.
Goals
Clarify operator responsibilities with regard to nuclear safety.
Strengthen the role of the French Nuclear Safety Authority (ASN).
The target is to reduce the share
of nuclear-produced electricity
to
50 % by 2025
22 Bill relating to energy transition for green growthINDIVIDUALS
INFORMATION AND TRANSPARENCY
Citizens who live close to nuclear plants will be informed regularly of risks and preventive
and security measures. In the case of installations located near national borders, the Local
Information Commissions will be extended to include representatives living in neighbouring
countries.
OVERARCHING ACTIONS
CONTROL AND PENALTIES
Strengthening of the supervisory resources and powers of the Nuclear Safety Authority
(Autorité de sûreté nucléaire – ASN). It will be given more incremental supervisory and punitive
powers (administrative fines, daily penalties, possibility of making seizures, etc.).
LIFESPAN OF NUCLEAR POWER STATIONS
Creation of a stricter regulatory framework for the continued operation of nuclear facilities
that are over 40 years old.
Complete reappraisal of the supervision of the definitive shutdown of facilities: the
preference is for the dismantling of facilities as soon as possible after their shutdown.
DIVERSIFICATION OF ENERGY SOURCES
The bill makes provisions for diversifying energy sources to bring down the share of electricity
from nuclear to 50% by 2025. Installed nuclear capacity is capped at 63.2 GW (which
represents the current installed nuclear capacity).
ULTI-YEAR ENERGY PROGRAMMING (PROGRAMMATION PLURIANNUELLE DE L'ÉNERGIE –
M
PPE)
The PPE will set the share of electricity produced by each generation source (nuclear, hydraulic,
biomass, fuels, gas, wind, photovoltaic, etc.), with a target for electricity from renewable
sources to account for 32% of final energy consumption by 2030.
www.votreenergiepourlafrance.fr 237 FUNDINGTHE ENERGY TRANSITION
Significant financial resources have been secured for the bill and action plans.
INDIVIDUALS
THE ENERGY TRANSITION TAX CREDIT
Since 1 September 2014, the energy transition tax credit has put renovation works within
everyone's reach:
it is accessible to everyone: owner-occupiers and tenants. It allows for a 30% refund on the
amount of energy renovation works
it is applicable from the first renovation operation: installation of individual meters, insulation
of walls and attics, etc.
RELAUNCH OF THE INTEREST-FREE ECO-LOAN
The aim is to reach the target of 100,000 loans and initiate €2 billion of works per year:
it is accessible to all owners
it applies to work carried out by qualified professionals awarded the RGE (Reconnu garant
de l’environnement) environmental quality certification
its maximum amount is €30,000.
24 Bill relating to energy transition for green growthLOCAL AUTHORITIES
FUNDING THE ENERGY TRANSITION THROUGH THE €5 BILLION
CAISSE DES DÉPÔTS FUND
The Caisse des dépôts savings fund has been supporting key local public sector projects for
the last ten years. These loans are used to finance regional initiatives: energy renovations and
positive-energy buildings, clean transport and renewable energy.
BUSINESSES
LONG-TERM FUNDING
Long-term finance is already planned for major groups in order to support the development
of green bonds. The latest addition is the provision of finance for small and medium projects
to be developed in the regions.
DOUBLING THE VOLUME OF BPI FRANCE LOANS FOR RENEWABLE ENERGY
BPI France grants loans for funding the investments of companies that generate renewable
energy. The total value of the loans will be doubled between now and 2017, rising to €800
million per year.
ENERGY RENOVATION OF BUILDINGS OCCUPIED BY VSES AND SMES
The loans will be backed by the Energy Transition Financing Fund (Fonds de financement de
la transition énergétique).
100,000 jobs
in green growth, building and
new energies
www.votreenergiepourlafrance.fr 25GLOSSARY
BIOFUEL FOSSIL FUELS
A fuel obtained from converting plant Energy produced from fossil fuels:
oils or animal fats. Types of biofuel coal, oil and natural gas. These fuels
include biodiesel and biokerosene. of limited resources are essentially
composed of carbon (and hydrogen
BIOMASS for gas and oil). The combustion of
Refers to plants or plant-based fossil fuels emits pollutants, including
materials that can be collected to carbon dioxide (CO2).
produce energy, including wood,
biogas and straw. GREENHOUSE GAS
A gas that absorbs the infrared
CIRCULAR ECONOMY radiation emitted by the earth’s
A system of production and exchanges surface and contributes to heating
which takes into account, from the the planet.
moment of creation, the durability
and recycling of products or their PASSIVE HOUSE
components so that they can become This concept is designed to minimise
either reusable objects or new raw heat loss from the building and make
materials. The objective being to the best use of solar power. The
improve the efficiency of the use of reduction in energy bills compared
natural resources including water and to a traditional house is estimated
energy throughout the life cycle of at 80% or more.
products.
POSITIVE-ENERGY BUILDING
ENERGY EFFICIENCY A building that produces more energy
The goal is to reduce the amount (electricity, heat) than is consumed to
of energy a process or appliance run it.
uses. For a household appliance, for
example, better energy efficiency can RENEWABLE ENERGIES
be defined as less energy consumed Renewable sources of energy are
for the same service provided. wind, solar, geothermal, aerothermal,
hydrothermal, sea and hydraulic
ENERGY MIX power, plus energy produced from
This is the distribution, within a given biomass, landfill gas, sewage gas and
country or region, of the overall biogas. They are inexhaustible and
consumption of various energy sources. generate very little pollution.
26 Bill relating to energy transition for green growthMinistry of Ecology, Sustainable Development and Energy Editor: MEDDE-MLETR/M. Lambert Sub-editor: MEDDE-MLETR/M. Flégeo Design and production: MEDDE-MLETR/A. Desdoits Photo credits: MEDDE-MLETR/A. Bouissou, MEDDE-MLETR/L.Mignaux, Fotolia Ref. DICOM-CAB/PLA/14123-2 - GB - January 2015 Printing: MEDDE-MLETR/SG/SPSSI/ATL2 - Brochure printed on paper certified with the European ecolabel, www.eco-label.com www.votreenergiepourlafrance.fr 27
Take part in the
ENERGY TRANSITION for
GREEN GR WTH
at votreenergiepourlafrance.fr
Share views, ideas
and your own initiatives.
#VotreÉnergie
Ministry of Ecology,
Sustainable Development and Energy
Hôtel de Roquelaure
246 boulevard Saint-Germain
75007 Paris
Tel. 33 (0)1 40 81 21 22You can also read
