FRAUD RISK MANAGEMENT IN RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS: PRACTICAL CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS - icpau
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FRAUD RISK MANAGEMENT IN RELIGIOUS
INSTITUTIONS: PRACTICAL CHALLENGES
AND SOLUTIONS
RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS
ICPAU FEBRUARY 2018
PRESENTED BY;
ALEX M.B. TWESIGYE
(MBA, BSC, ACCA, CPA-U, CISA & CGAP
LLB – ON-GOING))
atwesigye@alines.co.ug
twesigye2005@yahoo.com
075/77/71-2470088
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
Agenda 1 Definitions of key terms
2 Is Fraud in Religious Institutions Real?
3 Why Religious Institutions?
4 Challenges and Potential Solutions
5
Conclusion
Definition of key terms o Religious Institution: House of worship plus its controlled activities. Christians, Moslems, Jews, … o Fraud: is any intentional act or omission designed to deceive others, resulting in the victim suffering a loss and/or the perpetrator achieving a gain. o Risk: Exposure to the possibility of loss or injury o Management: Systematic process of minimizing potential loses / maximizing gains
Is Fraud in Religious Institutions
Real?
Brazil: Bishop Edir Macedo, Head of the Universal
Church of the Kingdom of God, and 9 of his
associates were charged with embezzling more than
$2 billion.
Canada: Televangelists Ron and Reynold Mainse
allegedly recruited investors in a Ponzi scheme.
China: A whistleblower goes to jail for speaking out
after donations for earthquake victims were stolen.
Is Fraud in Religious Institutions
Real?
Italy: Police confiscated 23 million euros in a Vatican
bank account as part of an investigation into money
laundering.
Ukraine: Pastor Sunday Adelaja charged with fraud
in promoting a business venture to his congregation
that lost $100 million.
United kingdom: Church treasurer Derek Klein
embezzled funds to pay for a stamp collection.Is Fraud in Religious Institutions
Real?
WHAT ABOUT IN UGANDA ????Why Religious Institutions? Willie Sutton, the depression- era bank robber, was asked why he kept robbing banks and he famously replied, "because that's where the money is." we expect thieves to be attracted to banks. By implication, …… because…
Why Religious Institutions? Anywhere money flows thieves and other financial parasites will gather to siphon some of it off for their own purposes. This means Christians, Jews and Muslims …… have a big challenge of fraud. Practice - most of these crimes are quietly hidden. the losses are written off or never even acknowledged, and the criminals are rarely prosecuted.
Why Religious Institutions? This presents PERFECT COMBINATION: MONEY AND SAFETY. Evolution theory. Parasitism is an inevitable feature of any thriving ecology. if there's a resource that's abundant, some species will inevitably evolve to make use of it and so it is with the social ecology.
Why Religious Institutions? Cultural evolution and sociology tell us the same thing about social resources (that is, money). Any time there is an abundant amount of money, the parasites on society, the thieves and financial leeches, will be drawn to it like flies.
What to do?
Why are Religious Institutions so
Vulnerable?
Donald
Cressey’s.
TriangleWhy are Religious Institutions so
Vulnerable?
PRESSURES AND RATIONALIZATION
Ministers, and other staff members in the institutions are
expected to work long hours on paupers’ wages for the
love of a deity, while mingling with the wealthiest of
society. These conditions can result into, desperation and
rationalization, such as “they owed it to me.”
Often, such people may face “non-shareable” financial
problems.Why are Religious Institutions so
Vulnerable?
OPPORTUNITY
ACFE’s reports show that fraud happens most frequently
in small entities with less than 100 employees — a
category that would include most houses of worship.
Because of their small size; Professionals not hired,
Experience not considered, little or no segregate of duties
or independent checks.Why are Religious Institutions so
Vulnerable?
OPPORTUNITY
Secondly, trust among employees and volunteers fuels
“church” engines. Because of the tight-knit culture,
family members and close friends are often hired, which
increases opportunities for collusion.
In most cases, a perception of consequences is not
created which is necessary to deter fraud.What should be on the radar?
FRAUD RISK ASSESSMENT
FRAUD ELEMENTS
People
Theft Act
Tools
Concealment
Processes
Methods
Focus on neutralising fraudster’s toolsPractical Challenges and Solutions Challenge. Trust. Because the work at these organizations centers on missions and philanthropic causes, it is their nature to trust and be forgiving. This creates a twofold problem: (1) these organizations may believe they are immune to fraud, and (2) it may go against religious principles to make accusations of wrongdoing. Possible Solution Possible to build accountability around trusted individuals.
Practical Challenges and Solutions Challenge. Ignoring Base Rates. Simply defined, base rates statistics show how likely an event is to occur. Despite being given the information that fraud is occurring in its industry, the institution chooses to ignore or associate with the group that will not be affected. For example, information that 20 percent of institutions will be a victim of fraud, it associates itself with the 80 percent group. Possible Solution Periodic Fraud Risk Assessments
Practical Challenges and Solutions Challenge. Overconfidence. Overconfidence is a result of two factors; a belief a person is better than others and an overestimation of the controls. There is also a belief that those involved in good deeds and noble causes are of like minds. Possible Solution Honest evaluation of controls
Practical Challenges and Solutions Challenge. Confirming Bias. Result of reliance on confirming evidence. People tend to believe only the information that supports the beliefs they already have and ignore information that contradicts this. An institution may develop complacency and believe that no one will embezzle from them because it never has happened in the past. Possible Solution Honest evaluation of exposures
Practical Challenges and Solutions Challenge. Fear of Prosecution. Religious institutions often have a difficult time accusing an individual of fraud and are particularly reluctant to take the appropriate action against these individuals. These institutions often believe they should show compassion against those who are in a difficult situation. Religious organizations also fear retaliation and possible civil action brought against them by the accused. Possible Solution Provision of adequate information
Practical Challenges and Solutions Challenge. Lack of Segregation of Duties. Lack of segregation is often a result of relying on a single individual to carry out responsibilities of the organization. Many religious organizations either lack the understanding basic concept of internal controls, and that an important control includes separation of duties or, inability to segregate duties is a result of the high level of trust that is given to individuals and the assumption that every individual is assumed to be of high moral character. Possible Solution Maker checker controls
Practical Challenges and Solutions Challenge. Lack of Qualified Individuals. As is typical in small companies, these institutions do not always hire employees with the appropriate experience and expertise. This can be attributed to the problem that the typical religious organization does not budget funds necessary to hire these qualified individuals. Possible Solution Budget and hire competent individuals
Practical Challenges and Solutions Challenge. Lack of Oversight Functions. Most rely on a volunteer board of directors or trustees to run their institution. In these situations it can cause an organization to be particularly vulnerable to fraud. Volunteer board have limitations. Possible Solution Minimal facilitation for boards
Practical Challenges and Solutions Challenge. Lack of Independent Audits. Lack of internal or external audits contribute to religious organizations’ vulnerability to fraud. Audits are more effective at deterring fraud than identifying it. Possible Solution Institute regular audits based on approved plans
Practical Challenges and Solutions Challenge. Moral decay. Society levels for what is acceptable behavior has seriously gone down. Possible Solution Right approval / disapproval
Practical Challenges and Solutions Challenge. Looks like religious institution. When in reality it is not Possible Solution Public scrutiny
Practical Challenges and Solutions Challenge. Lack of Internal Controls. Internal controls include the plans and methods used by an organization to safeguard assets. These controls are often cited as the single most important component to minimize the risk of fraud (Fraud Triangle). Possible Solution Implementation of basic internal controls (oversight, supervision, reporting, monitoring, segregation of duties and risk assessment)
CONCLUSIÓN
Thank you!
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