From Farm to Fork . Common Practises and Food Consumers Behaviours- BSE versus Toxoplasmosis - Maria Vitale Istituto Zooprofilattico Of Sicily " ...
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From Farm to Fork .
Common Practises and Food Consumers
Behaviours-
BSE versus Toxoplasmosis
Maria Vitale
Istituto Zooprofilattico Of Sicily
“ Adelmo Mirri” Palermo
Italy
FROM THE MAXIMUM SYSTEMS
TO…
…everyday life
GENERAL LIFE
FOOD RELATED (every only?
day life) n Telegraph and
Fire discovery and control Telephone
Higher food safety !!!
n n ( communication
n )
Agricolture n Printing press
Wheel
n Steam Engine Automobile
n Antibiotics Airplanes
The Light Bulb
n Computer
n Internet
n Social network!
Milestones in religions
• BC and AC ( Anno Domine) for Christians.
• BH or AH for Muslims- (Hijra when Muhammad moved
from Mecca to Medina) (AD 622)
Milestones in society
• Before and after Agricolture
• Before and after the invention of the wheel
• Before and After Industrial revolution
In Food Safety ? Maybe in the near future Before and After Whole Genome Sequencing? • BBC and ABC for Scientist Or • BMC and AMC for Consumers • ??????
Before and After BSE Crisis commonly known as Madcow Crisis
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Affecting the central nervous system of adult cattle Causing a variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob (vCJD) disease in human No known cure for vCJD 225 cases, 177 in UK avarage age 28
Prion Diseases
Creutzfeldt-Jakob
FFI ( Fatal Familiar
Insomnia) In
humans
Scrapie in small
ruminant.
BSE in cattle
WCD (Wasting
Chronic Disease)
in cervids
History of BSE First identified in UK in 1986 In the year following the crisis the economic loss was estimated to be between £740 million and £980 million. Meat and bone meal in animal feeding was identified as the cause of BSE epidemic in 1987 In 1989, an official investigation concluded that BSE pose no threat to human
History of BSE In 1994 meat and bone meal (MBM) was banned on the feeding of ruminants first in 2001 was extended to all mammalian species In 1996, the relationship between BSE and vCJD was recognized The threat of a disease with no cure and involving particularly teenagers alarmed all Consumers
Sources of Economic Impact In E.U.
Decrease demand in beef meat
Loss of exportation (related to consumer’s behaviour)
Cost for crisis management
Feeding producing rearrangements
Cost for control
Estimate cost over 5 Billion Euros in EUWhat happened AFTER? • from Farm: Intervention in animal breeding: • Banning of animal flours from mammalian feeding • A systematic control of cattle population in all Member states was established • Effective National Informatic Anagraphic data set for cattle was implemented with a consequent reduction of cattle rustling (stealing cattle) • Breeding programs for genetic resistance in sheep for full scrapie eradication ( in the near future also for Goats)
What happened AFTER? At abbattoirs: • Elimination of Specific risk materials • (all nervous system, Limphonodes etc. ) • Sampling of Stem brains to send to the labs for rapid analysis
What happened AFTER? At Laboratories rapid analysis and negative animals were authorized for the distribution at retail stores. At sale distribution : Sale at supermarkets or at butcheries for the consumers tables (excluding vegetarians)…to fork
What happened AFTER? The European Food Safety Authority was established for risk analysis related to food of animal and vegetable origin. (2002) Panel of experts for the Controls and evaluation for Microbiology Hazards. Chemical Hazards Biotecnology Hazards
Current Situation
• Large scale
outbreak no likely
• The consumers
gain trust on
Public Authorities
controlling all
steps from Farm to
ForkWHO -OIE • One WORLD • One HEALTH
BSE versus Toxoplasmosis No Before and After Story we could say Since EVER. (neverending Story !!!!) When warm-blooded animals evolved (Big Bang and Darwin) maybe Toxoplasma was just there!!
Life cycle of T. gondii
TWO STAGES :
1: Sessuata
Sexual and Asexual
2: Asessuata
Asessuata
Sexual stage
Entero-epitelial cells of
definitive hosts
represented by Felines Cats: the definitive host strictly in
contact with humansAsexual stage
Different tissues
Intermediate and definitive hosts
Several warm-blooded host
Relevant to food safety
Cattle, sheep and goat, chikens,
swine>60% 40-60% 20-40% 10-20%
It is among us and it is diffused
But not many people feel it as hazard
Risk = Hazard + Outrage
Individual’s perception or assessment of risk
is based on a combination of hazard and
outrage
factors.
Individual react emotionally.The perception of consumers is different from the experts Source:Canadian Food Inspection Agency
Outcome Acquired Toxoplasmosis
Asymptomatic
common in immunocompetent
Mild symptoms
Fever; lymphadenopathy
Infected Occasionally in
(after birth) immunocompetent
Severe symptoms: sepsis/shock,
encephalitis, myocarditis,
hepatitis, pneumonia
Rare in immunocompetent
ChorioretinitisOcular Toxoplasmosis
• Frequently observed eye
disease
• Affects retina
• 2/3 acquired 1/3 congenital
• Treatments ineffective
• 24 % affected eyes blindRecent developments disease burden
• Presence of cysts in the brain can lead
to behavioral changes and even
psychotic diseases such as
Schizophrenia and some cases of
Epilepsy
• This would make the economic and
social impact of toxoplasmosis much
higher than previously anticipated
Fuller Torrey and Yolken 2003Interaction T. gondii
Central Nervous System
Host Manipulation
Infected mice are less afraid of cat’ odours and become easy
prays for Cats
Suicide mouse BehaviourMaybe our ancestors the monkeys dance in front of big felines when infected with T. gondii…???? Nobody has addressed this question
Risk perception in Toxoplasmosis
• only
• women become aware during pregnancy
• if they do not carry IgG against T. gondii.
• (in some countries such as Italy and France the
screening for Toxoplasma during pregnancy
• is routinaly performed.)Congenital
Toxoplasmosis in Humans
Abortion in animals
baby hydrocephalus
Abortion in animalsPregnancy over precautions
• Raw fresh produce consumption, salads and fruit
are important in pregnancy.
• Most seronegative pregnant women however
prefer to avoid eating raw vegetables.
• This behavior is adopted also by Female Doctors
in their pregnancy although they think that is not
rationale.
• Is it the best thing?‘Very safe’ food
Trust in
Cumulative percentages
food in
Europe,
2003
http://europa.eu.int/comm/research/press/2004/pr0504en.cfmPublic demand for improved
animal welfare
Regular (“bio-industry”): Organic or Free range:
Pigs allowed outside
Pigs always inside
Improved welfare but higher
Conventional feed exposure to the environment
Welfare lowEffect of farm type on toxoplasma infection of slaughter
pigs (Netherlands 2001)
700 635 660
621
600
500
400 total tested
pigs
300 infected
200
100
30 8
0
0
regular free-range organic
Kijlstra et al. Invest. Ophth. Vis. Sci, 45: 3165-9, 2004Animal Toxoplasmosis in Europe
Meat Seroprevalence with Isolation of parasite from meat cuts
animal range from naturally infected animals
Game 56% (0-100%) yes
Sheep 36% (4-92%) yes
Recent isolation of viable parasites
Cow 34% (2%-92%)
in 2 out of 207 tested samples
Goat 33% (0-77%) yes
Horse 26% (0-80%) yes
Chicken 10% (5-36%) yes
Pig 6% (0-64%) yesLa tartare in France
ITALY Piedmont
Carpaccio
Insalata di carne
cruda all’AlbeseKilling of T. gondii tissue
cysts in meat
• heat treatment
• freezing• To prevent toxoplasmosis eat always well
cooked meat!
• Anedoct: a pregnant woman tell us that she does not
taste raw sausage but she eats barbecued sausage.
But meat on barbecue is
usually undercooked in the
inner parts!Sicilian sausage
A very special dish!!!!!Consumer Education for Toxoplasmosis Several education intervention are addressed to pregnant women. They are highly motivated and behave even in a more precautious way than rationality suggests. Our interviews showed that several of them Do not care about toxoplasma after pregnancy and somehow they hope to become seropositive.
Common practices in rural areas in Italy
Back garden farming of pigs, chickens, goats.
Taste raw sausages while is «prepared» by the butcher
Consuming barbecued meat of different animals during
Open air events.
During questionnaire administration several cases
of acute Toxoplasmosis were probably related
to fresh pork sausage
In a case of Toxoplasmosis in a teeneager
T. gondii DNA was detected in a frozen sample of sausage.
(Vitale et al., Journal of Food Protection 2014)Italy is particularly sensitive to food aspect
Italian cuisine
considered
one of the best in the WORLD
Feeding the Planet is the topic
of EXPO in Milanhttp://www.ciaa.be/ciaa_summit/pages/hetherington.pdf 45
http://www.ciaa.be/ciaa_summit/pages/hetherington.pdf
Consumer Education for
Food Safety
In general
Different targets , different groups ,different messages
Food safety campaigns mainly
toward women because they
are mainly
involved in food handling and
cooking
But!What about the increasing involvement of men on
food preparation in recent years in
Developed Countries?
What about Single or
Divorced Men?
Fathers that divide
responsibilities with
mothers in baby caring
and cuisine
Male Chefs and
Masterchefs are
continuosly incresing!Pantelleria As A Study Model
For A Comprehensive Analysis On
Food Habits And Food Safety.
In a small and isolated community the basic concepts for
good nutrition and food safety topics are capillary diffused
among people of all ages.
Children of elementary schools were more involved than high
schools students in the questionnaire answers,
suggesting that probably more effective educational
interventions can be obtained by targeting the younger
populationNo conflict of Interest!
• During presentation some Advertisements
appeared
• But
• not personal interest is in place…Thanks for the attention !
Pantelleria
Zibibbo small tree grapes
Pantelleria UNESCO patrimony
since August 2014You can also read
