IMPACT OF IAY ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND LIVING CONDITION OF BPL HOUSEHOLD IN DISTRICT DEHRADUN - Kaav Publications
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KAAV INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS,
COMMERCE & BUSINESS MANAGEMENT
A REFEREED BLIND PEER REVIEW QUARTERLY JOURNAL
KIJECBM/ APR-JUN (2018)/VOL-5/ISS-2/A63 PAGE NO.373-379
ISSN: 2348-4969 IMPACT FACTOR (2018) – 8.9901
UGC APPROVED IN MULTIDISCIPLINARY CATEGORY JOURNAL NO. 47663
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IMPACT OF IAY ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND LIVING
CONDITION OF BPL HOUSEHOLD IN DISTRICT DEHRADUN
1
SUNITA MEHTA
1
Guest Faculty, Govt. Degree College, Purola, Uttarkashi
ABSTRACT
The survival of the human largely hinges upon the fulfillment of basic needs. So far as the basic
necessities of a person are concerned, one need food, cloth and shelter to live in. GOI has been
implementing a large assistance program for housing for at least 3-4 decades that has evolved into what
is now known as Indira Awas Yojana (IAY). Central government has been implementing IAY as a part of
enabling approach to shelter for all. The flagship rural housing scheme IAY started by erstwhile PM
Rajiv Gandhi and now has restructured and renamed as Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana. The study is
conducted in Dehradun, capital of Uttarakhand state to analyze the impact of IAY on socio- economic
and living condition of BPL household. The study shows the positive impact of Indira Awas Yojana on
socio- economic and living condition as IAY scheme provided Better Identity, Better treatment, self
confidence, Self reliability to the beneficiaries The study is conducted with the sample of 360 Indira Awas
Yojana beneficiaries in the capital based on primary data collected through questionnaire, personal
interview , group interview and secondary data collected through information provided by BDO
Dehradun and other sources.
INTRODUCTION
With an objective of improving the housing situation in rural areas, the government of India initiated
several measures during different plan periods. The policies of Rural and urban development and housing
in India have come a long way since 1950s. The pressure of population and lack of housing and basic
services were very much evident in the early 1950s. Initially the emphasis was given to construction of
houses for weaker section during the first FYP.
During the first and second plans, the social sector including housing was accorded less
emphasis. An industrial housing scheme was introduced. The ministry of works and housing was
constituted and national building organization and town and planning organization were also set up
accordingly, during the second FYP the industrial housing scheme was widened to cover all workers. The
new schemes were introduced, namely, rural housing, slum clearance and sweeper housing. Several state
governments could come out with their own initiatives in rural housing such as INDIRAMMA, Ashraya,
Sardar Patel Awas during the recent past. During the seventh FYP the national housing bank was set up
to expand the base of housing finance. Government of India launched Indira Awas Yojana (IAY) during
1985 -86 as a sub scheme of rural landless employment guarantee programme. Since the launching of
Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (JRY) in April 1989, IAY was continued as a sub scheme of JRY. IAY was
delinked from JRY and implemented as an independent scheme from January 1996 onwards.
Several housing schemes came into existence during the Ninth Plan, namely the Credit-cum-
Subsidy Scheme, the Stream for Rural Housing and Habitat Development, the National Housing Bank,
Rural Building Centers, and the Housing and Urban Development Corporation (HUDCO), among others,
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373but greater emphasis was accorded to the Indira Awaas Yojana (IAY) rural housing scheme, which aims
at providing dwelling units free of cost to the rural poor living below the poverty line (BPL).
INDIRA AWAS YOJANA
Indira Awas Yojana is a social welfare programme, created by the Indira Government, to provide
housing for the rural poor in India. The differentiation is made between rural poor and urban poor for a
separate set of schemes operate for the urban poor. It is one of the major flagship programs of the Rural
Development Ministry to construct houses for BPL population in the villages. Under the scheme,
financial assistance worth Rs.70,000/- in plain areas and Rs.75,000/- in difficult areas (high land area) is
provided for construction of houses.
The target Groups for Houses under the IAY are below Poverty Line households living in the
rural areas belonging to scheduled castes , scheduled tribes, freed bonded laborers and non SC/ ST BPL
rural household ,widows and next of kin to Defense Personnel / paramilitary forces. The houses are
allotted in the name of the woman or jointly between husband and wife. The construction of the houses is
the sole responsibility of the beneficiary and engagement of contractors is strictly prohibited. Sanitary
latrine and smokeless chullah are required to be constructed along with each IAY house for which
additional financial assistance is provided from Total Sanitation Campaign and Rajiv Gandhi Grameen
Vidyutikaran Yojana respectively. IAY scheme has been converged with Rajiv Gandhi Grameen
Vidyutikaran Yojana (RGGVY), Total sanitation Campaign (TSC), Janshree and Aam Aadmi Bima
Yojana and Differential Rate of Interest (DRI) scheme and MGNREGA.
This scheme, operating since 1985, provides subsidies and cash assistance to people in villages to
construct their houses, themselves. IAY was aimed at providing financial assistance for construction / up
gradation of dwelling units to the poor families of scheduled caste (SC), scheduled tribes (ST) , free
bonded laborers and non SC /ST persons living below poverty line in the rural areas.
IAY was modified and implemented in two components namely:
a) Construction of new houses
b) Up gradation of katcha and unserviceable houses
As part of Indira Awas Yojana, a scheme to provide homestead sites to the landless rural BPL
households has been launched in August, 2009. Under this scheme a homestead site of 100-250 sq.mt. is
provided to those rural BPL households who have neither land nor a house site. For this purpose,
20,000/- per beneficiary is provided which will be shared by the Centre and the States in the ratio of
50:50.
OBJECTIVES
To study the Impact of Indira Awas Yojana on Socio economic condition of BPL households.
To study the Impact of Indira Awas Yojana on living condition of BPL households.
STUDY AREA AND RESERCH METHODOLOGY
The area selected for study is Dehradun district. Dehradun district of Uttarakhand state of India
lies in Garhwal region of Northern Himalayas. The study is based on primary and secondary data both.
Primary data is collected from all the six blocks of Dehradun .From each block 10 villages has been
selected. The six blocks under study are as follows; Chakrata, Kalsi, Doiwala, Raipur, Sahaspur,
Vikasnager.From every village, we have taken 10 samples and overall we have visited over 60 villages
and taken 360 samples, implies 60 samples from each Blocks. For the study interview schedule method
was used for extracting primary data.
RESEARCH FINDINGS
Impact on the income of BPL household
Table No. 1: Respondents Monthly Income after Getting Iay
OPTIONS FOR RESPONDANTS REPORTING
S. No.
RRESPONDENTS NUMBER PERCENTAGE
1 Yes 293 81.5percentage
2 No 67 18.5percentage
Total 360 100percentage
Source: Field Survey 2016
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374When the respondents were asked “Is their monthly income increased after getting IAY?” and the result
was astounding, around 81.5percentage of respondents agreed and tells "Yes" they are earning more
after getting IAY. There must be the following reason due to which they are earning more than earlier.
The reasons are:
1. Now they don't need to spend on house rent.
2. Due to better hygiene available now they are spending less on health issues.
3. They are drinking mostly supply chlorinated water which is free from bacteria.
4. They have to spend less on the maintenance of pucca house as compared to previous one.
5. Respondents are feeling more safe and secure in the pucca house, so they are ready to take the risk
for their growth.
Impact on beneficiaries’ health and medical expenses
Table 2: Medical Expences Reduced After Getting Iay Scheme
OPTIONS FOR RESPONDANTS REPORTING
S. No.
RESPONDENTS
NUMBER PERCENTAGE
1 Yes 278 77.22percentage
2 No 82 22.78percentage
Total 360 100percentage
Source: Field Survey 2016
When the respondents were asked about their health issues, Such as "Is their medical expenses
reduced after getting IAY?. The result was much satisfactory because approx three forth i.e. 77 percent of
the beneficiaries give the answer "Yes" but approx one forth of the beneficiaries said that their medical
bills are not reduced because of some problems like old age diseases etc. These could be the following
reason for improvement in the health and reduction in medical expenses.
1. Open defecation is reduced to zero because approx every house is having Latrines, so they are now
not suffering from diseases as compared to earlier.
2. Drainage of water is available in these houses so, no logging of water took place near the house
due to which diseases like dengue, malaria, are reduced.
3. They are getting fresh air in their houses because trees are planted near their houses which gives
them timber for cooking and other purposes and fodder for their cattle, due to which less
suffocation is there in houses and respiratory diseases are reduced to nil.
Table 3: Number of Rooms Available in Beneficiary’s House
NO. OF ROOMS IN RESPONDANTS REPORTING
S. No.
RESPONDENTS HOUSE NUMBER PERCENTAGE
1 ONE 133 36.94percentage
2 TWO 104 28.88percentage
3 THREE 75 20.83percentage
4 MORE THAN THREE 48 13.33percentage
Total 360 100percentage
Source: Field Survey 2016
In this Regard the study reveals that the number of rooms present in their houses, and the
condition of rooms were much satisfied after seeing the condition of houses because most of the houses
are in well-maintained conditions but the respondents are also complaining about no fund is allocated
them for maintenance of constructed houses. As under IAY only one room is constructed for
beneficiaries, but presently 63percentage of our respondents have more than a single room, that clearly
signifies that beneficiaries are developing their financial conditions exponentially.
Impact on their status after getting IAY scheme:
Table No 4: Changes Felt By The Respondent
CHANGES FELT BY RESPONDANTS REPORTING
S. No.
RESPONDENTS NUMBER PERCENTAGE
1 Better Identity 81 22.5 %
2 Better treatment 88 24.44%
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3753 Self confident 102 28.33%
4 Self reliable 89 24.72%
Total 360 100%
Source: Field Survey 2016
The study reveals that Beneficiaries have mixed responses, 22.5 percentage respondents agreed on the
point that they felt "better identity" because they have a permanent shelter now to live in, they work the
whole day and in the night they come to their home and feel like heaven. They have a permanent address
and residence now.
24.44 percentage respondents respond that they start getting "better treatment" after allotment of IAY
scheme because they are getting good treatment, which they never get in past. Their life becomes easy
now, they are getting any help easily just because of their house and now people believe on them just
because they have a permanent residence.
28.33 percent beneficiaries reported that their confidence level i.e. confidence to take risk increased
because now they have a pucca house and they do not need to think twice about where
24.72 percent of the total sample agreed that they feel "self-reliable" after getting their house because
they are not dependent on anybody to live in someone's house in bad weather conditions or any other
condition. Beneficiaries are somewhere influenced by all the options.
LIVING CONDITION
CONDITION OF HOUSE
Table No. 5: condition of house
PRESENT CONDITION RESPONDENTS REPORTING
S. No.
OF HOUSE
NUMBER PERCENTAGE
1 Good 227 63.05%
2 Bad 133 36.94%
Total
360 100%
Source: Field Survey 2016
By the survey it can be easily concluded that majority 63.05percentage of the respondent house were in
good condition .and rest of the respondent i.e 36.94percentage still live in dilapidated house. The main
reason of bad condition of houses are as follows:
1. No maintanance is provided by government authorities after building houses.
2. Building materials used by builders are not as good as it was treated.
3. Budget was not as per need to build a good pucca house, mainly in blocks like Chakrata and Kalsi
because transportation cost make these materials approx twice the actual cost.
AVAILABILITY OF BATHROOM
Table No. 6: Availability of Bathroom
AVAILABILITY RESPONDENTS REPORTING
S. No.
OF BATHROOM
NUMBER PERCENTAGE
1 Yes 351 97.5%
2 No 9 2.5 %
Total 360 100%
Source: Field Survey 2016
Almost all respondent i.e. 97.5percentage has their own separate bathroom. Apart from this fact that
some doesn’t have doors and they used curtain instead of door. some doesn’t have roof as well. and only
9 respondent i.e. 2.5percentage doesn’t have their bathroom and as the result they use their neighbours’
bathroom
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376Table No. 7: Availabilty of Latrine
AVAILABILITY OF RESPONDENTS REPORTING
S. No.
LATERINE
NUMBER PERCENTAGE
1. Yes 331 91.94%
2 No 29 8.05%
Total 360 100%
Source: Field Survey 2016
Although Uttarakhand was declared as open defecated free state yet in survey it’s found that 29
families ( i.e 8.05percentage of respondent family ) still didn’t have their separate latrine . Uttarkhand is
on their way to open defacated free as 91.94 percentage of the respondent have latrine in their home.
SHELTER DISTANCE FROM CEMENTED ROAD
Table No. 8: Distance of Beneficiary’s Shelter From Cemented Road:
RESPONDENTS REPORTING
S. No. DISTANCE
NUMBER PERCENTAGE
1 Upto 50 meters 213 59.16%
2 From 50 mtrs to 100 meters 72 20%
3 From 100 mtrs to 500 mtrs 17 4.72 %
4 More than 500 mtrs 58 16.11%
360 100%
Source: Field Survey 2016
Almost 60percentage of the beneficiaries have their house near upto 50 metres of the cemented road.
and 20 percentage and 4.72 percentage of the beneficiaries have their houses from 50 to 100 meteres and
100 to 500 mts. respectively but the shocking fact is that 16.11percentage beneficiaries has to walk more
than 500 mts. from the cemented road to their home .
Potable water sources reported by respondents with their relevant details for existing homes:
Respondents reporting
Sr. No. Category Characteristics
No. of Percentage of
Respondents Respondents
Tap 172 47.77%
Well 27 7.5%
1. Sources
Hand pump 105 29.16%
Waterfall/rivers 56 15.55%
Adequate 307 85.27%
2. Adequateness
Inadequate 53 14.72%
Individual Source
103 28.61%
(eg. Tap,well etc)
Agency for
3. Common source
Provision
(provided under 257 71.38%
Scheme)
Closeness to Upto 50 mtrs 126 35%
4.
water source From 51 to 100 mtrs 142 39.44%
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377From 101 to 500 mtrs 63 17.5%
More than 500 mtrs 29 8.055%
Drainage of Yes 234 65%
5.
water No 126 35%
The study shows that Water is available to all the respondents i.e. there is no shortage of water in
Dehradun district. But they are getting water from different sources such as Tap, Well, Hand pump,
Waterfall/rivers. 47.77percentage of respondents are dependent on tap water which is provided by the
government agencies and rest depends on other sources as well, hand pump, rivers, waterfalls etc. In
other sources, 29.16percentage people depend on handpump, 15.55percentage on rivers/waterfalls and
just 7.5percentage people depend on wells or Bawlis. Out of 100percentage people who are getting
water,85.27percentage people agree on this that they are getting adequate water, and 14.73percentage
respondents told that they are getting inadequate water means they need more quantity of water but there
were no sourses to fullfill their water need and one of the biggest reason for this issue is as follows :
1. Limited time water supply from government taps.
2. In hilly areas like Chakrata, Kalsi and some areas of Raipur block like Dwara panchayat is having
fewer sources of water, they are mainly dependent on wells for their water need, which is fully
natural and geographical location dependent zones.
Out of this number, 71.38 percentage houses or people depend on the Common source (provided under
Scheme) like tap, or water connection or handpumps and only 28.62percentage houses depend on
Individual Source (eg. Tap, well etc).
The survey reveals that most of the people are living nearby the water sources but some people
mostly from the hilly areas were living in such areas where water sources are not nearby to their houses.
For 35percentage houses, water sources are under 50 meters, 39.45percentage are living from where
water source in from 51 meters to 100 meters, for 17.5percentage houses water sources distance are
between 101 meters to 500 meters, and for 8.055percentage houses water sources are more than 500
meters far away from beneficiary's house.
8.055percentage people were those beneficiaries of IAY who were living in the geographically
isolated area of hilly areas like Kalsi, Chakrata and Dwara panchayat of Raipur Block. Their location
bound them to get less water to use.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MONTHLY INCOME AND FAMILY SIZE
HYPOTHESIS
Null Hypothesis (H0): Monthly income increased is not directly proportional to the size of family of
respondents.
Alternative Hypothesis (H1): Monthly income increased is directly proportional to the size of family of
respondents.
Table No. 9: Relationship Between Monthly Income And Size of Family
Size of Family
Monthly income Statistical
increased From 4 to From 7 10 and Total Interference (SI)
Up to 3
6 to 10 above
155 85 9
Yes 44 {43} 293 df=3
{140} {89} {21}
χ cal = 47.129
2
17 24 17
No 9 {10} 67 χ2 cri = 7.814
{32} {20} {5}
Null Hypothesis rejected.
53 172 109 26 360
Source: Field Survey 2016
Level of significance (α) =5percentage
The study shows that 81.38percentage respondents’ monthly income increased after getting IAY.
Second question is regarding their “Size of the family” and the study finds that 14.72percentage families
have up to 3 members,47.77percentage respondents have from 4 to 6 members,30.27percentage
respondent’s family size is from 7 to 10 members and only 7.22percentage families have members more
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378than 10. Out of which 83.01percentage of “Up to 3 members”, 90.11percentage of “from 4 to 6
members”, 77.98percentage of “from 7 to 10 members ”, and 34.61percentage of “10 and above” say
“Yes” for both the questions. BY using Chi-square method the Null hypothesis is rejected and
Alternative Hypothesis is accepted because Chi-square calculated value is more than that of Critical
value of Chi-square. It shows that there is relationship between these two categories of question, so we
can also say that “Monthly income increased is directly proportional to the size of the family of
respondents”.
CONCLUSION
The main aim and objective of the housing schemes is to provide housing facilities to the poorer sections
of the society by constructing low-cost houses for the poorest of the poor. No doubt to a great extent
Indira Awas Yojana was a successful Yojana for rural housing. Many thousands of individual’s dream of
housing comes true just because of Indira Awas Yojana, they get a social identity and it also helps in
country economic and social development. Although the study elucidate that IAY scheme provides Better
Identity, Better treatment, self confidence, Self reliability to the beneficiaries yet the implementation of
the scheme was not up to the mark because of Bribery , nepotism in the selection of the beneficiary ,
delay in the allotment of fund , lack of fund etc. but at last it ensures beneficiaries’ one of the basic
amenities of survival i.e. housing.
REFERENCES
Reddy Gangi Y., Raju Sekhar S. Vijay (2014). TRANSPARENT SELECTION – A CASE OF
INDIRA AWAS YOJANA (IAY) PROGRAMME. Indian Streams Research Journal, Vol. III,
Issue. XII
Kumuda D. , Performance of Indira Awas yojana (IAY) and Rural development in India. Indian
Journal of Applied research volume 4, Issue 8 , august 2014
Evaluation report on Indira Awas Yojana, Jammu and Kashmir, Planning Commission,
Government of India, 2009.
Evaluation study of Indira Awas yojana (2013), Program Evaluation Organization, Planning
commission, Government of India.
Guidelines for Indira Awas Yojana (IAY) , Government of India , Ministry Of Rural Development
, New Delhi
Rural housing: Indira Awas Yojana, member’s Reference service, Reference Note – no. 11/RN/
Ref./august /2013).
Journal and Magazine
Indian Economic Journal, Indian Economic Association
Indian Economy review, Delhi school of Economics, university of Delhi
Kurukshetra, Government of India
Yojana, Indian government
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