INDO-US STRATEGIC RELATIONS: MODI'S ROAD MAP FOR FUTURE PROSPECTS
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Mukt Shabd Journal ISSN NO : 2347-3150
INDO-US STRATEGIC RELATIONS: MODI’S ROAD
MAP FOR FUTURE PROSPECTS
Roshan Ekka
Ph.D Research Scholar, P.G Department of Political Science &
Public Administration, Sambalpur University, Odisha, India
Abstract
creation of interaction between the states. Moreover, the
Foreign policy is a dynamic concept. Thus the term establishment of the United Nations and the process of
foreign policy or foreign relation is a broad concept on decolonization, liberated many states to sovereignty and
which a country’s polices are determined and a nation’s further gave them the impetus of relationship between
foreign policy is reflected by its realistic, ambitions, states. This led to the formation of “foreign policy” to
state interest and domestic politics. So, foreign policy identify and define goals, strategies and objectives for
always attempts to influence others in accordance with interaction with one state to another states.1 The term
its own end. Foreign Policy is just like the wheels where Foreign Policy or Foreign Relation is broad concept on
all the political systems of the world work together. A which a Nation’s policies are determined. Moreover, the
nation’s foreign policy is concerned with the mind-set of country’s foreign policy is reflected by its realistic,
a nation to the other nations. Foreign policy is the road ambitions, state interest and domestic politics. India as
map where the governments of the sovereign states no doughty the creator of many international
engage themselves in the world system for organizations such as Bretton Woods Institution, League
accomplishing different aims and objectives. The of Nations, United Nations, Asian Development Bank,
Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) under the leadership of G20, NAM and so no. India’s increasingly globalised
Prime Minister Narendra Modi has shown much more position drives its economic planning to become more
determined and positive approach to construct close ties complex and more focused.2
than was witnessed in earlier time. India-USA bilateral
ties have become a “world strategic partnership” based According to Prof. F.S. North Edge, “ foreign
on the common democratic values and convergence of policy is used of political influence in order to induce
interest on bilateral, regional and global issues. The other states to exercise their law- making power in a
paper intends to study the bi-lateral relations with USA manner desired by the states concerned: it is an
and its implications to the world politics, especially after interaction between forces originating outside the
formation of the BJP led NDA regime. country’s borders and those working with them”. Here
he defines that foreign policy should always attempt to
Keywords- Foreign Policy, Modi’s Administration, influence others in accordance with the one’s own ends.
Indo-US Relation, Agreements and Treaties It must take account not only its own goals, interests,
inspirations and problems but it must consider problems
Introduction of other states.
After the agreement of Westphalia and the end of the There are different objectives in the foreign policy
first and second world wars, the International system like short range objectives, middle range objectives, long
intensified the growth of the development of nation range objectives, which includes the core objectives and
states. The end product development is therefore the are time bound if they are for short period of time, where
the states aspire to get them. A state’s foreign policy is
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very important for its well-being and it has its own foreign policy is set up just like the wheels where all the
significance to maintain a healthy relation with other political systems of the world work. Foreign policy and
countries.3 National policy are not different; both are part of it. It
consists of national initiative that strives to make friends
India was not known long before much, however it with other states. All the nations of the World often rely
received more international attention in the twenty first on foreign policies within their capacity of strength and
century. India placed its cornerstone in the pyramid of the realities of the external environment. Non- political
world powers in 1947. But within short term of three or relations also come under it. The concept of foreign
four decades, India has managed to put itself in the policy has been explained in number of ways.
forefront of developing countries to be a developed According to George Modelski the Foreign Policy is,
country. India is well known from the rest of Asian “The system of activities evolved by communities for
countries for its mountains and seas which render the changing the behavior of other states and for adjusting
country clear geographical identification.4 their own activities to the international environment”.
The current government has been building vigorous A nation’s foreign policy is concerned with the
hard work to enlarge India’s diplomatic track, promote mind-set of a nation to the other nations. Foreign policy
strong international ties, and exercise these international is the road map where the central governments of the
relationships for shared improvement and growth. This sovereign states engage themselves in the world system
method of ‘fast track diplomacy’ brought in by the for accomplishing different aims and objectives. A
Bharatiya Janta Party (BJP) government involves a much nation tries to convince other nations about its foreign
more determined and positive approach to construct policy in accordance with its goals. The effectiveness of
close ties than was witnessed in earlier times. This is persuasive power in this matter is primarily proportional
achieved through an increased number of personal visits to national strength. A nation must take into
by the Hon’ble Prime Minister, Mr. Narendra Modi to consideration not only its own goals and interests,
bordering and other countries, as well as increased desires and problems, but also the goals of the other
involvement in regional and intercontinental conferences nations too. This process includes complex non-war
and summits.5 diplomacy processes. It is also based on observations
about the traditional behavior of a state. In addition, a
Importance of Foreign Policy state cannot ignore the norms of international law and
international morality in its foreign policy, the whole
Foreign policy refers to the instrument available to a point of this preamble is that the term of foreign policy
country where it seeks to protect and advance its national cannot be studied in isolation from the factors that define
interests. The main theme of national interest is to it.7
protect territorial integrity and sovereignty and raise the
economic and social well-being of the country’s men, Historical Analysis of Indian Foreign Policy
provide opportunities for beneficial trade with different
countries in the world and develop the soft power India became free from foreign rule in 1947 and
through promulgation of the cultural assets. While during that time the world scenario was quite different.
national interests remain constant and but the content of During that time cold war was going on, on which the
foreign policy may change from time to time and system of world politics was separated into two groups;
according to the situation. Foreign policy needs to be first bloc was led by USA with the capitalist ideology
flexible and must keep constantly in alter with shifting where as the second bloc was led by the USSR with
international, national as well as environment.6 The communist ideology. At that time Jawaharlal Nehru was
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the Prime minister and he did not wish to join any bloc world would love to keep relationship in different
and adopted a new policy which was non-alignment aspects. Among the developing countries of the world
movement (NAM), the very aim of this was to maintain India has made itself a developed one in many ways like
national independence in foreign affairs and being away trade, economics, industries, military etc. so let’s look at
from the military alliance initiated under the leadership them bellow
of two supper blocs the USA and the USSR which was
the outcome of the Second world-war. Generally it was The First Period (1947-62)
the dynamic concepts which kept all the developing
countries away from supper blocs and protect their This phase is best known for the bipolar world, cold
sovereignty and keep themselves away from the tensions war led by two super camps one USA and USSR. India’s
of world war and take independent stand on international main objectives in this period were to stay away from
issues which suit them. Through this policy India these super blocs and protect its jurisdiction and restore
selected independent way for foreign policy and became its economy and strengthen its integrity. India was
a natural leader to all the newly independent Afro-Asian liberated from foreign rule in 1947 and became first
nations to be away from the cost paying of cold war bloc country to be decolonized. Therefore India led Asia and
politics. Africa in a quest for fairer world order. India played a
crucial role in constructing Non-alignment Movement in
By explaining Nehru stated that India as a huge 1961, which showed path to the all third world countries.
country, it is going to be and bound to be a country But in 1962 dispute with China brought significantly end
which desires to be in world affairs and being away from of this period and damaged the India’s position in Non-
the supper blocs India is in good status which would Alignment Movement.
bring the country’s weight in the right time which will
enhance the relation with other countries in developing The second period (1962-71)
economic or other areas in which India can easily
develop its relationship. India has always been against By the end of the 1962 war with China, India was
colonialism, imperialism and racism. In the face of trying to make a comprehensive selection of security and
unjustifiable incidents, India raised its voice, for political issues. India attempted beyond what was
example choosing Indonesian nationality against Dutch obtained from the Non-Alignment Movement on
colonialism in 1947, against unofficial occupation of National Security which led to the withdrawal of
Africa’s in Namibia and racial discrimination in South national security concerns over the defense agreement
Africa. India strongly supported the inclusion of with US in 1964. From UK and US India got external
communist China in UN. India had experienced a lot pressure on Kashmir issues (Tashkent Agreement 1965).
during British rule, so India always naturally resisted With this agreement India and Pakistan considered
such evil acts. Therefore, India supported to the freedom drawing all the troops from the battlefield before the war
struggle of Libya, Algeria, Tunisia, Malaya and other and tried to establish diplomatic relations with various
third world countries.8 sectors such as economy, refugee and other questions.
Although this agreement could not control the military
Different Periods of Indian Foreign Policy or war protocol, so Pakistan kept on showing antagonism
on Kashmir since Pakistan was the close ally of the US.
Therefore, the Indian foreign policy can be better Therefore, India at that time drew its attention towards
understood by observing the different phases or periods, the USSR.
where India constantly tried its level best to make Indian
foreign policy a suitable one where every country of the
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The third period (1971-91) now knows more about its capabilities and the world’s
expectations on India. There is a reason why India is one
India proved amazing in its use of force when it of the largest economics in the world. The importance of
freed Bangladesh in the India-Pakistan war in 1971. In India’s talent in creating and maintaining global
the meantime, it was difficult time for India since the technology may grow over time (such as the Paris
US-China-Pakistan alliance was a major threat to India Conference on Climate Change) is consistently
as it was a regional power. During this time India faced significant. By marching closer to the Ocean region
a great challenge from the US and its partners, since (SAGAR Initiatives) and the wider neighborhood (Act
India had conducted a peaceful nuclear detonation test in East policy and Think West policy), India has been able
1974, (Pokhran-1). Moreover, the fall of USSR, India’s to establish itself outside of South Asia.10
near relationship and the economic catastrophe in 1991
forced India to look back at the first principles of both Modi’s Administration
domestic and foreign policy. The combination of various
factors such as the Gulf War (1991-1992), the collapse Shri Narendra Modi was elected as the Prime
of the USSR (1991), the long term economic crisis and Minister of India in 2014, when his party won a historic
the domestic instability collectively in 1991 led to victory in the national election. His win is a very big
dispute over the payment in India.9 deal for India. Many Indians and International business
society sees him as the CEO-style leader who can defeat
The fourth period (1991-98) India’s notorious corruption and correct its economic
decline. Modi’s uprising reflects the restless trend of
The beginning of unipolar world, (led by the USA) Hindu Nationalism in India, while Modi was himself has
inspired India to change its prospective on global affairs. a record of fomenting Hindu-Muslim hostility. Fears of
This independent study focused mainly on the Modi’s religious tensions were so high at the time of his
acquisition of nuclear weapons (Pokhran-II, 1998). This election that the economist published a report in the
was the time when India has come together to unite the magazine requesting people to cast their votes against
United States, Israel and ASEAN. him. Modi feeds Muslims because he refuses to be
afraid. It educates Muslims to vote against him because
The fifth Period (1998-2013) he tortures them, published in a magazine. His Political
party, the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) is popular among
During this time, India slowly acquired the elements the urban and working class people. He is liked and
of power balancing (against the rise of China). It is much known for his Hindu-Nationalism and business
mirrored in the Indo-US Nuclear Agreement acumen.11
(Agreement-123). Simultaneously both India and China
decided to work on Climate change and trade and Narendra Modi won the general election in May
exchanging and consolidating more ties with Russia 2014 with the huge majority. The (BJP) Bharatiya
along with rendering aids to BRICS fashion in an Ajanta Party was the first to win with majority in the
important world forum. election in India in last 30 years. He won the election as
he promised to change the Indian economy, enhance
The sixth period (2013 onwards) living standards and make India as the corruption free
country. Narendra Modi himself campaigned vigorously
The sixth period is otherwise known as the for this issues related to large gatherings and rallies-
transitional geopolitics, India’s Non-Aligned policy has sometimes repeated conversations, use hologram
become now a multi-pronged. At the same time, India projections, in which he himself could not participate but
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he carefully made use of old and new media, from at a record place. This includes a number of central
newspapers, television, twitter and face book etc. He government’s decision aimed at the poor. Today, India
spoke little about the foreign policy. In addition, the BJP has the world’s largest healthcare program, Ayushman
manifesto dedicated only 3 of the 52 pages on India’s Bharat. Covering more than 50 crore Indians in this
foreign relations which left many Indian and foreign scheme to render quality and affordable medical care to
observers ponder about the views of Modi and his party. the poor and neo-middle classes.13
This view has become clear since the election. Shri Narendra Modi’s foreign policy initiatives have
Narendra Modi is now stable his office and team of civil gained the true potential and role of the world’s largest
servants and advisers. He did a number of foreign trips, democracy. He began his first term with the participation
including a meeting with Barack Obama in the United of all SAARC heads of states and invited BIMSTEC
States to address in the General Assembly. He also took leaders at the beginning of the second term. His speech
part in the BRICS summit in Brazil, the summit of the at the United Nations General Assembly was highly
Association of Southeast Asian Nations in Myanmar, praised around the world. Narendra Modi became the
group of 20 summits in Australia and travelled number first Prime Minister to visit Nepal 17 years later,
of places, Canberra, Kathmandu, Suva, Thimphu, Tokyo Australia 28 years later, Fiji years later and the
and including Washington DC. He presented himself in Seychelles UAE 34 years later. Modi attended UN,
special programmes for Indian Diaspora in Sydney BRICS, SAARC and G-20 summits where India’s
where he spoke regarding the working of his involvement and views on various global economic and
government’s internal and international strategy political issues have been widely praised.14
agendas.12
Agreements and Treaties
Shri Narendra Modi was sworn in as the Prime
Minister of India on 30 May 2019, making the beginning The Intercontinental agreements are legal
of his second term. The first Prime Minister since understandings and adherence between two or more
independence previously served as the Prime Minister of nations. The agreements between two countries is known
India from 2014 to 2019. Being the Chief Minister of as “Bilateral” where as agreements between more than
Gujarat he has served the state for long time from two countries is known as “Multilateral”. The countries
October to May 2001 to 2014. In the 2014 and 2019 which are bound by these kinds of agreements and
Parliamentary elections, Shri Narendra Modi led treaties are generally called as the “Partner States”.
Bharatiya Ajanta Party to win an absolute majority in
both cases. The last time a political party received such According to the International law and order, an
an absolute majority was in the 1984 election. agreement is any legal treaty between nations or states.
These agreements may sometimes be called as the code
Inspired by the motto “sabka saat, sabka Vikas, of behavior, contract, an accord and many more things.
sabka Viswas”, Shri Narendra Modi has created a This is what the contract and it is not just a name, which
paradigm shift in governance that leads to inclusive, makes it a deal. According to the Geneva Protocol and
development-orientated and corruption-free governance. the Biological Weapons Convention are all agreements
The Prime Minister worked quickly to achieve even though there is no word for “agreements” in its
Antyodaya’s goal or to ensure the delivery of schemes name. Under U.S law, the treaty is legitimately binding
and services to the last mile. Leading some international agreement between states which require a referendum
agencies have noted that under the leadership of Prime and “order and Authorization” of the Senate. All other
Minister Narendra Modi, India is getting out of poverty protocol (agreements in the international sense) is known
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as the Executive Agreements, but is still lawfully Government’s breakthrough continues with the former
binding on the U.S. under international law.15 people. The priority was given to the west, especially to
the United States and Israel. But the Prime Minister
Treaty may be referenced by numerous names such Narendra Modi’s personal interest introduced a new
as International Conventions, International Agreements, rigidity. The new government invited President Barack
final actions, charts, protocols, international trade unions Obama on the eve of Republic day. Prime Minister
etc. A treaty is the most organized kind of agreements Narendra Modi visited United States four times and
signed by two or more nation states. Treaties and seven meetings with the President of United states two
Conferences are the crucial documents and is one of the years later, we can say that the bilateral relations
essential aspects of international law. A treaty is, a between two countries are growing faster.19
protocol generally signed, ratified or adhered by the two
nations or more than two nation states. International Modi’s First Visit to US
treaty is fulfilled between two or more countries in a
manner prescribed and regulated by the international Narendra Modi on 24 September 2014 for the first
law.16 time visited as the Prime Minister to attract investments
and strengthen the US-India strategic partnership.
Indo- US Relation Modi’s activities include a speech at Madison Square
Garden in New York and meetings with US business
The Indian Nationalist Bharatiya Janta Party (BJP) leaders. In Washington, Modi and President Obama
designated Narendra Modi as the Prime Minister of India signed a memorandum of understanding between the
in the National Election of 2014. The President of USA Export-Import Bank and the Indian Energy Agency, it
Barak Obama congratulated him and invited him to the could most probably provide up to 1.billion to help
White House and lifted the previous visa ban. Modi had Indians to develop low-carbon energy alternatives and
been banned from entering the United States due to the export US renewable energy to India.20
2002 massacre of Muslims in the states of Gujarat.17
President Barack Obama’s Tour to India
India-USA bilateral ties have become a “world
strategic partnership” based on the common democratic The white House states that the US President
values and convergence of interest on bilateral, regional Barack Obama has made an unprecedented second visit
and global issues. In India, the government’s prime on January 24, 2015 which is regarded as the “Game
focus on good governance and development is “We Change”. Modi and Obama’s meeting would lift the
move forward together” (Chalein Saath Saath) and “Joint “Essence of Relationship” between two major
forces, Progress for All” (Sanjha Prayas, Sab ka Vikash) Democracies in the world. The Senior Director of
were adopted at the first summits of Prime Minister National Security Council for South Asia at the White
Narendra Modi and President Barack Obama in House addressed in an interview that President Barack
September 2014 and January 2015. The joint statement Obama’s visit to India on the eve of Republic Day as the
at the summit level was called Indo-US in June 2016, Special Guest. This very eve would provide an
relation with global partners in the XXI century.18 opportunity to highlight the nature of our relationship
with India. Reiner who is a key person of India and
As a result of the strategic partnership, India’s South Asia in the Security Council emphasized that it is
foreign Policy is moving from the “century of strategic a relationship in which the President has devoted a lot
autonomy to the age of multi-alignment”. In the absence time and tried to highlight the importance of
of systematic change, the policy of the Modi relationship. A Senior White House official told that this
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three-day tour of President would try to focus on key Adviser Lt. Gen. H.R. McMaster took part. Indian
areas such as Defense and Security, Clean Energy and delegation included India’s NSA Ajit Doval, Minister of
Climate Change and Nuclear Cooperation.21 Foreign affairs S. Jaishankar and Indian Ambassador to
the United States Navtej Sarna are accompanied by the
US Declares India as Major Defense Partner Prime Minister Narendra Modi.
The United States and India on 7 June 2016 signed After long meeting the leaders of both countries
new agreements on different issues like climate change, issued joint statements which highlights on certain
nuclear energy and national security and US declared important fields such as the Prime Minister Narendra
new status to India as the key defense partner. Following Modi expressed that his visit to US is a history in the
on the same day president Barack Obama and Prime chapter of Indo-US relationship. He talks with President
Minister Narendra Modi met in the White House and about the peace, stability and security in the Indo-Pacific
both in the joint statement, calling US-India defense region. Whereas the President Donald Trump expresses
relations an “anchor of stability” and announced the his willingness on exporting US energy to India for
exchange of new technologies with its closest friends India’s economic growth and includes major long-term
and partners.22 contract to buy natural gas. Narendra Modi said in a joint
statement that eliminating terrorists and safe havens
In addition to the steps taken by India to achieve its would be our goal. Modi expresses that India is
export control objectives, India agreed to access wide concerned about the growing instability in Afghanistan.
range bilateral technologies without a license. Expanding India supports peace in Afghanistan and rebuilding that
joint production and technology under India’s “Make in country is our main task. Both world leaders agreed to
India” initiatives and the Defense Technology and Trade work closely on the development of maritime trade and
Initiatives (DTTI), two countries have launched a DTTI cooperation, as well as they looked forward working on
working groups to add agreed articles including naval commerce, trade, technology, innovation and the
and air issues and many other weapons. The leaders knowledge economy are also the prime areas. Both
declared the completion of agreements on cooperation in nations are affected by terror and both leaders talked to
the field of technology with aircraft and finalizing the resolve and destroy radical Islamic terror. You are the
logistic exchange on the memorandum of Agreement oldest democracy in the world and we are the largest
(LEMOA). Other than these US-India signed democracy in the world, Modi said during talks with the
cooperation in maritime security, expressed support for United States at the delegation level. Donald Trump said
the United Nations Convention on the law of the sea, and that U.S and India will always be together in friendship
resolve the territorial conflicts peacefully.23 and respect.24
PM Modi and President Trump’s First meeting India-US Defense Cooperation
US President Donald Trump after meeting the The first US-India “two-plus-two” meeting held in
Prime Minister Narendra Modi for the first time on 27 New Delhi on 6 September 2018, it brought significant
June 2017 said that Washington and New Delhi had progress in depending and expanding bilateral defense
“never been stronger”. An hour long meetings with ties. On same day Indian foreign minister Sushma
delegates of two countries took place in the White House Swaraj and Indian defense minister Nirmala Sitaraman
Office. The US delegation included US Vice President met with US Secretary of State Michael Pompeo and US
Mike Pence, Secretary of Defense James Matties, Secretary of Defense James Mattis. President Donald
Secretary of State Rax Tillerson and National Security Trump and PM Narendra Modi instigated this new two-
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plus-two-formal dialogue at a summit in Washington last “Howdy Modi” programme organized by the Indian
year in June 2017. Diaspora in Houston.27
According to Sitaraman, the present boom in The mega even “Howdy Modi” The Indo-American
defense cooperation confirms Modi’s view that “India’s community’s meeting with Prime Minister Narendra
friendship nature with United States has overcome the Modi and US President Donald Trump in Houston on
most different issues of past”. All this was evident in Sunday focuses to the world the valuable contributions
India’s clear agreement with the Soviet Union during of Indo-Americans to the cultural, intellectual and social
cold war and with US sanctions against India over its landscape of the United States. For the first time in the
nuclear weapon programme. It took two decades to history, Prime Minister Modi and President Trump
overcome these barriers from the lifting of US sanctions shared the stage to chant “Howdy Modi” to the Indo-
in 2001, next in 2004 certain steps were taken in Americans, during this session they focused on the
strategic partnership, defense technology and trade “Common Dream, Bright Future and strengthen of US-
initiatives started in 2012 and a 10 year framework India relations.28
agreement on cooperation in the field of bilateral defense
adopted in 2005 and updated in 2015.25 Modi chants ‘Abki bar, Donald Trump Sarkar,’
Trump addresses border security vital to US, India
In addition, India and US officials have signed a
number of major defense cooperation agreements to lay It is time to fight with terrorism and those who
the groundwork for expanding and deepening security propagate terrorism. He emphasized that President
cooperation. The first bilateral military agreement was Trump stands firm in this fight, PM Modi said. Again he
the logistics exchange memorandum (LEMOA) adopted says some people have the problem of repealing Article
two years ago. During the two-to two meeting, the 370, they are the people who cannot govern their country
ministers concluded the comprehensive agreement on properly. The whole world knows them, who protect and
compatibility of communications and security, which has nurture terrorism. Article 370 deprives the people of
been under discussion for more than a decade. It allows Jammu and Kashmir of their development. Terrorism
the Indian military to utilize the most secure and separatist elements abused the situation but now the
communications with its defense equipment when they people there have the equal rights, Prime Minister Modi
contact with the US military. However, the interest of said.29
the Indian Military in the use of weapon from the United
States, the exchange of information on mutual threats Namaste Trump event in Motera Stadium, India
with the Pentagon and the achievement of cooperation
with Western countries as well as Indian services, Speaking at the Namaste Trump event on 24
disprove these objectives.26 February 2020, US President Donald Trump thanked
those gathered at Ahmadabad’s Motera Stadium for a
Howdy Modi Event in Houston, US “wonderful applause”. Namaste, and greetings to India.
Let me begin by expressing my deep gratitude to the
Prime Minister Narendra Modi and US President leader and my true friend, Prime Minister Modi. The
Donald Trump both attended a “Howdy Modi” event in first lady and I travelled only 8,000 kilometers to convey
Houston on 22 September 2019 with more than 50, 000 this message: America respects India and America loves
Indo-Americans registered. White House had officially India. Several people gathered at the Sardar Patel
confirmed that President Donald Trump can attend Stadium for the event. Five months back, the United
States welcomed the prime minister at a big football
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stadium. You met us at the largest cricket stadium in the and India have shifted their foreign policy in a greater
world. Thank you for the warm welcome. We will sense and coordinating each other as the partner states in
always keep in mind this magnificent hospitality, Donald many areas. The friendly nature and quality of work of
Trump added.30 Shri Narendra Modi and President Donald Trump are
highly valued around the world.
Attending the Namaste Trump programme at
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6. Ibid
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the Modi regime has undergone significant changes
Advanced Research and Development, 3(1), p.164.
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Prime Minister Narendra Modi himself is doing his best 8. Tripathi, Ambikesh Kumar. (2012). Contemporary
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9. Drishti, (2019, December 2). Phases of Indian
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10. Ibid, p.4.
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and largest form of democracy in the world, the USA
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https://www.vox.com/2015/5/14/18094076/narendra 24. Live Mint. (2017, Jun 27). Highlights of the first
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to-join-US-President-in-wel.html.
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25. Weitz, Richard. (2018, November 9). The Indian-
13. India. PMINDIA. (2019). Know the PM.
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14. Ibid indian-us-defense-partnership-new-steps-forward/.
15. U.S Department of Health and Human Service, 26. Ibid
(2018). Public Health Emergency Science Safety
27. Live Mint. (2019, September 17). Howdy, Modi: 10
Security, Finding the Balance together, S3: Science
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Agreements.
https://www.livemint.com/news/world/howdy-
https://www.phe.gov/s3/law/Pages/International.asp
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donald-trump-s-houston-rally-1568610786829.html.
16. Global Library Your Gateway to Knowledge.
28. NDTV. (2019, September 19). A Sneak Peek into
(2009). Introduction to Treaties, Conventions and
the Mega 'Howdy, Modi! Event on Sunday What's
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On Show, NDTV. https://www.ndtv.com/india-
http://library.jgu.edu.in/content/treaties-
news/howdy-modi-event-full-details-here-date-
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time-schedule-of-narendra-modi-donald-trump-
17. Council on Foreign Relations, (2020). U.S- India event-2103409.
Relations 1947-2020.
29. Live Mint. (2019, September 23). Howdy, Modi!’
https://www.cfr.org/timeline/us-india-relations.
event highlights: India has given farewell to Article
18. India, Ministry of External Affairs,(2017). Brief on 370, says PM Narendra Modi, Live Mint.
India-U.S Relations. https://www.livemint.com/news/india/howdy-modi-
https://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Indi in-houston-live-pm-narendra-modi-in-usa-donald-
a_US_brief.pdf. trump-latest-news-updates-1569158613377.html.
19. Chandra, Vikash. (2017) Modi Government and 30. Hindustan times. (2020, February 24). Spectacular
Changing Patterns in Indian Foreign Policy, welcome, thank you’: US President at ‘Namaste
Jadavpur Journal of International Relations, 22(2), Trump’ event, Hindustan times.
104. (https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/us-
20. Ibid president-donald-trump-pm-modi-reach-motera-
stadium-for-namaste-trump-event/story-
21. Jha, Lalit K. (2015). Barack Obama's visit to f1SfgcujMewUYImnEp3iMJ.html.
'elevate' India-US relationship, says White House,
Business Today. 31. The Economic Times.(2020, February 24). India,
https://www.businesstoday.in/topics/barack-obama- US committed to defend people from radical Islamic
india-visit-2015/barack-obama-visit-elevate-india- terrorism: Trump.
us-relationship-white-house/story/214959.html. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics
-and-nation/india-us-committed-to-defend-people-
22. Gould, Joe.(2016, June 7).US Names India 'Major from-radical-islamic-terrorism-
Defense Partner, Defense News. trump/articleshow/74282986.cms?from=mdr.
https://www.defensenews.com/home/2016/06/07/us
-names-india-major-defense-partner/.
23. Ibid
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