JACKIE ROBINSON | A Resource for Families & School Groups
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JACKIE ROBINSON | A Resource for Families & School Groups
“A life is not important Barrier breaker. Freedom rider. Globe changer.
except in the impact it You know the name, and his game.
But did you know that Jackie Robinson
H OW TO U S E T H I S G U I D E
Jackie Robinson believed that “the right
has on other lives.” was a civil rights icon? Did you
know that he stood up against racism
and injustice of all kinds, that he
of every American to first-class citizenship
is the most important issue of our time.” He
lived his life—as an athlete, activist, patriot,
entrepreneur, and family man—according
worked to create social and economic to that firm belief. One hundred years after
Robinson’s birth, social injustice and
—JACKIE ROB INSON opportunities for African Americans, inequality remain urgent issues. Highlight-
and that he believed all citizens ing major events in his life and the values
by which he lived, along with those of his
should actively participate in our wife, Rachel, who shared and continued his
American democracy? work after his death, this guide is meant to
encourage open dialogue about historic and
current events by using Robinson’s life and
On April 15, 1947, Jackie Robinson broke through
legacy as a starting point.
a major barrier in American society when he
became the first African American to play for a
It is hoped that students, teachers, and
major league baseball team, the Brooklyn Dodgers.
parents will explore this guide together,
Since baseball was one of the most popular forms
and use the questions at the end to discuss
of entertainment in 1947, all of society watched
what social justice, equal opportunity, and
as Robinson’s heroism paved the way for other
responsible citizenship mean, and should
people of color to achieve new heights.
mean, to you.
Throughout his life, even before his baseball career,
We hope you will visit the Jackie Robinson
Jackie Robinson stood up for social justice and
Museum in New York City and online, where
fair treatment for all. He was married in 1946 and,
you can experience exhibits, artifacts and
though he and his beloved wife Rachel continued
interactive activities. No matter your age,
to face racism at every turn, his activism and the
you will engage in a thrilling first-hand look
example they set led to positive change that still
into the life and lessons of Jackie Robinson,
impacts and inspires us today.
an American hero.
J AC K I E R O B I N S O N | A R E S O U R C E F O R FA M I L I E S & S C H O O L G R O U P S
1
SPRING 1936
Star high school
athlete FEB 1 , 1937
At John Muir Technical High
School, Jackie Robinson earns Pasadena
JAN 3 1 , 1919
a place on the annual Pomona
Tournament All-Star baseball
Junior
Jackie
team; wins the Southland Class
A long-jump title with a 23’, 1”
College
Jackie Robinson
Robinson leap; and captures the junior
boys’ singles championship in enrolls in Pasadena
is born the annual Pacific Coast Negro
Tennis Tournament.
Junior College, where
he continues to be a
Jack Roosevelt star athlete.
Robinson is born
to Jerry and FEB 15, 1939
Mallie Robinson
in Cairo, Georgia. Enrolling at
UCLA
While at UCLA,
Jackie Robinson excels
and letters in football,
basketball, track, and
JUN 1, 1920 baseball, still the only
JAN , 193 8 athlete in UCLA’s
Move to JUL 19, 1922
Reverend history to have lettered
Pasadena, Rachel Isum Karl Downs
in four sports. He
leaves school in his
California is born Reverend Downs, an
senior year to help his
mother support the
After a journey activist preacher, moves family and secures a
that began on Jackie’s future wife, to Pasadena where
Rachel, is born to job as Assistant Athletic
May 21, 1920, he meets Robinson Director at the National
Mallie Robinson Charles and Zelle Isum and mentors him
in Los Angeles, California. Youth Administration.
and her five children, during adolescence,
including one-year- becoming a key figure
old Jackie, arrive in Robinson’s life.
in Pasadena.
J AC K I E R O B I N S O N | A R E S O U R C E F O R FA M I L I E S & S C H O O L G R O U P S
3
AU G 2 , 1 9 4 4 OCT 23, 1945
Jackie is The Montreal
SEP 1, 1940
arrested, Royals
Jackie and later Branch Rickey, the president
Robinson acquitted
and general manager of the
Brooklyn Dodgers baseball
& Rachel Arrested by military
team, signs Jackie Robinson
to play with the Royals, the
Isum meet police at Fort Hood,
Texas, for sitting in the
Brooklyn Dodgers’ farm
team. Rickey learned about
The two are introduced front of an Army bus
Robinson’s ability from
by Ray Bartlett on the next to a fair-skinned
baseball scouts and Wendell
UCLA campus, when black woman who was
Smith, an African-American
Jackie is a senior and thought to be white,
sports reporter for the
Rachel is a freshman. Jackie Robinson
Pittsburgh Courier.
defended himself
against the court
martial and was found
not guilty of all charges.
He was honorably
discharged in 1944 A farm team is a minor-league
APR 3, 1942 after an ankle injury. team affiliated with a major
Jackie is drafted league baseball club. Many
professional players begin
into the Army SPRING 1945
their careers with a farm team
before getting called up to the
Drafted into the segregated JUN 1, 1945 affiliated major league team,
United States Army, Jackie Joining the and major league players
FEB 10, 1946
Robinson befriends prizefighter
Monarchs Rachel Isum often spend time training with
a minor league team after Jackie
Joe Louis. At Fort Riley, they
work together to challenge the Jackie Robinson joins graduates suffering an injury. Robinson
Army to include African-
American soldiers in Officer
the Kansas City Monarchs
baseball team, a Negro
from UCLA and Rachel
Candidate School (OCS), after
which Robinson is accepted
Leagues team. Rachel Isum graduates
with honors from Isum marry
into OCS and commissioned a UCLA with a Bachelor The two are married
second lieutenant. The Negro Leagues was a professional of Science degree by Reverend Downs
baseball league made up mostly of in Nursing. in Los Angeles.
African-American athletes who were
forbidden from playing on the
segregated major league teams.
J AC K I E R O B I N S O N | A R E S O U R C E F O R FA M I L I E S & S C H O O L G R O U P S
5
A P R 1 5 , 1 9 47 N OV 1 , 1 9 4 8
Breaking the YMCA in Harlem
color barrier After concluding their barnstorming
tour, Jackie Robinson and Roy
After signing a contract five JUL 12 , 1949
Campanella report for duty as
days earlier, Jackie Robinson
takes first base on Ebbets
coaches and counselors in the
Boy’s Work Department of the
All-Star Game
Field to play for the Brooklyn Harlem YMCA in New York City. Jackie Robinson is the National
Dodgers, becoming the first League’s starting second baseman
African American in modern in the MLB All-Star game, the first
baseball history to play for a At this time, many professional American to feature African-American players.
major league baseball team. athletes held jobs during baseball’s off- Other African Americans who played
season to support their families. Some players that year were his Dodgers teammates,
earned money doing “barnstorming” tours— catcher Roy Campanella and pitcher
teams of ballplayers traveling across the U.S., Don Newcombe, and the American
and sometimes Central America, playing League’s first African-American
exhibition games. player, Larry Doby, who played for
the Cleveland Indians.
OCT 4, 1946
Little World N OV 1 8 , 1 9 4 6
S E P 2 6 , 1 9 47
Series Rookie of the Year
The Montreal Royals win
Jackie Jr. Sporting News awards Jackie
the Little World Series
at the end of Jackie
is born Robinson the first-ever “Rookie of
the Year Award,” which is renamed
Robinson’s debut year Jack Roosevelt
the “Jackie Robinson Rookie of the
in professional baseball. Robinson, Jr., Year Award” in 1987.
the first child
of Rachel and
The Little World Series was the By the end of his rookie year as a Brooklyn
Jackie Robinson,
championship game played Dodger, Jackie Robinson had 12 home
between the two best minor is born. runs, a .297 batting average, and led the
league baseball teams. league in steals, with 29. He distinguished
himself throughout his decade-long
career, with an impressive .311 career
batting average.
J AC K I E R O B I N S O N | A R E S O U R C E F O R FA M I L I E S & S C H O O L G R O U P S
7
FEB 4, 1952
“Don’t let Broadcast career
him fool you. WNBC and WNBT announce
that they have signed Jackie
What he came Robinson as Director of
Community Activities, to deliver
up against, commentary on air and to
supervise the development of
youth programs in collaboration
and what we with the Police Athletic League
(PAL), the Catholic Youth
all came up Organization (CYO), the Boy
Scouts, the YMCA, and the YMHA.
against, was
FA L L 1 9 4 9
Named
very, very
JUL 18, 1949
National rough.”
House Un-American
Activities Committee League – R AC H E L R O B I N S O N
testimony MVP M AY 2 1 , 1 9 5 1
Jackie Robinson
Jackie Robinson testifies before the U.S.
House of Representatives’ Un-American
is named the MLB
JA N 1 3 , 1 9 5 0
Death threat M AY 1 4 , 1 9 5 2
Activities Committee on whether
National League’s
Most Valuable
Sharon Arriving at a hotel in Cincinnati, David
African-American soldiers should
fight in the military against communist
Player. Robinson Jackie Robinson finds two FBI
agents waiting for him because Robinson
countries. Robinson publicly disagrees
with Paul Robeson, the renowned
is born of a letter containing a death
threat against him—just one of
is born
Sharon Annetta a vast number of racist actions David, the youngest
African-American concert artist, actor
Robinson, the he faced on a daily basis. With child of Rachel and
and star athlete, who is against fighting
second child and the support of his teammates, Jackie Robinson,
the communists to defend the United
only daughter of Robinson decides to play that is born.
States government and its policies,
Rachel and Jackie day anyway.
which discriminate against people
Robinson, is born.
of color.
J AC K I E R O B I N S O N | A R E S O U R C E F O R FA M I L I E S & S C H O O L G R O U P S
9
JAN 14 , 1957 1957
SEP 28, 1955 Career change Fundraising
“He’s safe!” Jackie Robinson’s history-making
achievements in baseball were only part
The Brooklyn Dodgers trade
Jackie Robinson to the New York
for Dr. King
Jackie Robinson steals of his extraordinary life and legacy. His Giants, but Robinson had already In addition to raising funds for
the NAACP, Jackie Robinson
“Jack and I finally home plate in game
one of the 1955 World
athleticism and performance as a major
league player became a platform that
allowed him to invite all of America into a
decided to retire from baseball
and publicly announces that he travels extensively in 1957 to
raise funds for Dr. Martin Luther
felt connected to Series, creating great will become Vice President of
team momentum. conversation that would impact almost every Personnel Relations for the King, Jr’s Southern Christian
The Brooklyn Dodgers facet of our society. Throughout his years as Chock full o’Nuts corporation. Leadership Conference (SCLC)
something larger win the series in
seven games, earning
a corporate executive, civil servant, and major
figure in national politics, he would continue
While there, Robinson chairs the
NAACP’s Fight for Freedom Fund,
organization, which defends
equal rights for people of color.
than [our] struggles
to be an outspoken leader for civil and human
the Dodgers their first which raises money to fight for
rights issues.
World Championship. equal rights for people of color,
in baseball, [and and he convinces the company
to support those efforts.
Formed in 1957 after the Montgomery
Bus Boycott, SCLC’s mission was to
were] more intensely
end all forms of segregation. Today,
the organization remains focused on
economic justice and civil rights for
connected to the people of color.
destiny of our race.” DEC 8, 1956
Spingarn Medal
– R AC H E L R O B I N S O N , O N T H E L A N D M A R K The National Association for
1 9 5 4 B R O W N V. B OA R D O F E D U C AT I O N
SUPREME COURT DECISION the Advancement of Colored
People (NAACP) announces
that Jackie Robinson will
receive its highest honor,
The 1954 landmark Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board the Spingarn Medal, given
OCT 1956
of Education continues to positively impact all of society. The annually to an African
justices ruled unanimously that “racial segregation of children
in public schools is unconstitutional.” The Brown decision was
Brooklyn Dodgers’ American whose achievements
brought credit to the race.
a pivotal moment in the Civil Rights Movement. Goodwill Tour
Jackie and Rachel Robinson visit
The NAACP is a civil rights organization
Japan with the Brooklyn Dodgers
founded in 1909 to advance equal rights
for a twenty-game tour to support and justice for African Americans.
United States diplomatic and It remains an active and important
cultural relations after World War II. organization.
J AC K I E R O B I N S O N | A R E S O U R C E F O R FA M I L I E S & S C H O O L G R O U P S
11
O C T 1 7, 1 9 5 7
Little Rock 9
With the situation in Little Rock far
from resolved, Jackie Robinson joins
“He was a
1962
members of the NAACP in New York for
a telephone conversation with Daisy Bates freedom rider Voter
and seven of the nine children who had
integrated Central High, to provide
encouragement for their efforts.
before there registration
In Decatur, Georgia
were freedom and Harlem (New York
City), Jackie Robinson
serves as a central fig-
rides.” ure in voter registration
rallies and efforts.
– THE REVEREND DR. MARTIN
LUTHER KING , JR .
JAN 2 3 , 19 62
The Freedom Rides in the United States
occurred between May 4 and December 10,
Hall of
1961. African-American and white civil rights
activists took bus trips together through
Fame
FA L L 1 9 6 0
southern states such as Alabama and South induction
President Nixon Carolina to protest segregated bus terminals.
JAN 1 , 19 62 Robinson becomes
the first African
and Dr. King Jackie as American inducted
JUN 30, 1963
To campaign for Republican M AY 1 9 6 1 a visionary
into the Baseball
Hall of Fame in
Jazz for a
presidential candidate Richard
Nixon, Jackie Robinson takes a Rachel Robinson In New York’s African- Cooperstown, Cause
leave of absence from Chock full New York.
American weekly Jackie and Rachel
o’Nuts until the presidential election earns a master’s publication, Amsterdam Robinson host a jazz
Following the landmark Brown v.
Board of Education decision, a group
in November. When a hostile judge
in De Kalb County, Georgia degree News, Robinson starts
a column called “Home
concert at their home
in Stamford, Connecticut
of nine African-American high school sentences Dr. King to four months Graduating from New York to raise bail money to
students enrolled in the segregated in jail, Robinson appeals to the University (NYU) with a
Plate,” which focuses help civil rights activists
Little Rock Central High School in Nixon campaign for a direct show master’s degree in psychiatric on politics and civil who are jailed in the South.
Arkansas. After protests, President of support for the civil rights leader. nursing, Rachel Robinson later rights. In 1962, he is also The event continues and
Eisenhower sent federal troops to Nixon refuses. Robinson responds, becomes Head of Psychiatric elected to the NAACP's supports important causes
protect the students. saying, “Nixon doesn’t deserve Nursing at the Albert Einstein Board of Directors. annually until 2001.
to win.” College of Medicine.
J AC K I E R O B I N S O N | A R E S O U R C E F O R FA M I L I E S & S C H O O L G R O U P S
13
FEB 1, 1968
JAN 4 , 19 65
National
Freedom Conference
National of Christians
AU G 2 8 , 1 9 6 3
1963 Bank and Jews
1963 March Malcolm X Co-founded by
Jackie Robinson, the
Jackie serves as national
chairman of the National
Jackie Robinson and Malcolm X Freedom National
on Washington publicly denounce each other’s Bank opens. It would
Conference of Christians
and Jews’ Brotherhood
tactics on gaining equality for become the largest Week.
The Robinson family attends
African Americans. Robinson black-owned and
the “March on Washington for
believed in integration, while operated bank in
Jobs and Freedom,” at which
Malcolm X was more of a New York State. The National Conference of
Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King,
segregationist at the time. Christians and Jews was founded
Jr. gives his famous “I Have a
Nonetheless, the men maintain in 1927 to promote harmony
Dream” speech. Jackie
great respect for each other. between groups separated by
Robinson and Dr. King are
friends, despite disagreeing race and religion.
over some issues, such as the
United States' involvement in
the Vietnam War.
One of many marches that Jackie 1965
and his family joined, the 1963 FEB 28, 1964
“March on Washington, D.C.” saw
250,000 people gather in front of the Nelson Rachel FEB 8, 1966
Lincoln Memorial to shed light on Robinson Special
limited job opportunities and other Rockefeller Assistant to
social inequities faced by African Jackie Robinson as Director
Americans. Conceived of by civil
rights activists A. Philip Randolph
resigns from Chock
full o’Nuts to join
of Nursing Governor
and Bayard Rustin, and organized
with the great support of African- Nelson Rockefeller’s Rachel Robinson becomes Rockefeller
presidential campaign Director of Nursing for the Jackie Robinson is
American men and women across
as one of six deputy state mental health center appointed by New York
the country, it was where Dr. King
shared his “I Have a Dream” speech. national directors. in New Haven, Connecticut, Governor Nelson Rockefeller
and an Assistant Professor to the position of Special
at the Yale University School Assistant for Community
of Nursing. Affairs.
J AC K I E R O B I N S O N | A R E S O U R C E F O R FA M I L I E S & S C H O O L G R O U P S
15
J U N 1 7, 1 9 7 1 1982
Jackie Robinson, OC T 24 , 1972
Jackie
Jr. dies Jackie Robinson
At 24 years old, Jackie, Jr. dies Robinson postal stamp
in a car accident while driving
home from his job as Assistant passes The U.S. Postal Service
Regional Director of Daytop,
Inc, a drug rehabilitation center
away first commemorates Jackie
Robinson with a stamp in
in Seymour, Connecticut. With his wife 1982, then issues additional
Rachel present, stamps honoring his life in
Jack Roosevelt 1999, 2000, and 2013. APR 15 , 1997
Robinson dies of a
Number 42
M AY 1 9 7 3
heart attack at his
home in Stamford,
Connecticut. He is Jackie Robinson is retired
53 years old. Foundation (JRF) throughout
Rachel Robinson, along with
founding board members Martin baseball
Edelman, Charles Williams and The nation, led by
Franklin Williams, honors her President Bill Clinton,
husband’s memory by establishing celebrates the 50th
the Jackie Robinson Foundation to anniversary of Jackie
provide four-year scholarships, Robinson’s historic entry
MAR 1 , 197 1 hands-on mentoring, and leadership
DEC 1 , 1972 into baseball in an on-
War on drugs Jackie Robinson
development opportunities to talented
college students with limited finan-
field ceremony with
Rachel Robinson,
Jackie Robinson and cial resources. Having disbursed over MAR 26, 1984 President Clinton and
Jackie, Jr. appear together Construction $85 million in scholarships and direct
on a program about drug
Corporation program services which include job Presidential MLB Commissioner
Allan “Bud” Selig. MLB
abuse sponsored by the
New York State Narcotics Rachel Robinson becomes
placement, study abroad opportunities
and graduate school fellowships, JRF recognition also honors Robinson by
retiring his number, 42,
Addiction Control Commis- president of the Jackie Robinson continues to address the achievement President Ronald throughout Major League
sion for the Scotia-Glenville Construction Corporation that gap in higher education through its Reagan posthumously Baseball, the only number
school district. Jackie, Jr. she and her husband founded celebrated scholarship program. awards Jackie Robinson in baseball history to have
had become addicted to and renames it the Jackie the Presidential Medal been retired across the
drugs as a soldier during Robinson Development of Freedom, which league. The number 42 is
the Vietnam War. In 2020, JRF will expand Robinson’s Rachel Robinson
Corporation. The company legacy further with the opening of the displayed on the stadium
builds 1,600 low-to-moderate accepts on his behalf. wall of every major league
Jackie Robinson Museum in NYC.
income housing units. ball park in the United
States. 17
J AC K I E R O B I N S O N | A R E S O U R C E F O R FA M I L I E S & S C H O O L G R O U P SM AY 1 3 , 1 9 9 7 OC T 10, 2003
Jackie Congressional
Robinson Gold Medal
coins honor
The U.S. Mint The Congressional Gold
commemorates
Jackie Robinson’s life
Medal, the nation’s highest
civilian award bestowed by
JOIN US AND
by issuing silver $1 and
gold $5 coins bearing
Congress, is awarded post-
humously to Jackie Robinson. APR 1, 2013
BE INSPIRED.
his image. He is the President George W. Bush 2019
first African American
featured on a U.S.
and Congress present the
Congressional Gold Medal
“42” movie premieres JRF today
Visit us at
gold coin. (made of solid, 18 karat gold) Legendary Pictures and Warner Bros. jackierobinsonmuseum.org
premiere the motion picture “42” in The Jackie Robinson Foundation 2020
to Rachel during a ceremony continues to honor the memory of
Los Angeles, California. The film stars throughout the year for hours,
in the Capitol Rotunda on
March 2, 2005. Chadwick Boseman (known also for
portraying James Brown, Thurgood
its namesake through its celebrated
college and graduate school scholar-
The Jackie Robinson directions, and more information.
Marshall, and Marvel Studios’ Black ship programs, and with the building Museum opening
Panther on screen) and acclaimed of the Jackie Robinson Museum in
The Jackie Robinson Museum
veteran actor Harrison Ford (Stars Wars, New York City. JRF Founder Rachel
commemorates the life and legacy
Indiana Jones, etc.), and depicts Robinson, at 97 years old, remains
of this American hero by exploring
Robinson’s time in the minor leagues an active member of the board
his pioneering baseball career, his
and first year with the Brooklyn Dodgers. of directors.
commitment to service, and his work
“42” is a box office success, particularly on behalf of “first-class citizenship”
in the United States and Japan. for all Americans.
75 Varick Street | New York, NY 10013
J AC K I E R O B I N S O N | A R E S O U R C E F O R FA M I L I E S & S C H O O L G R O U P SQuestions for Discussion Resources
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