Lecture Notes in Computer Science
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Lecture Notes in Computer Science 12853 Founding Editors Gerhard Goos Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany Juris Hartmanis Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA Editorial Board Members Elisa Bertino Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA Wen Gao Peking University, Beijing, China Bernhard Steffen TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany Gerhard Woeginger RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany Moti Yung Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
More information about this subseries at http://www.springer.com/series/7408
Ibrahim Habli Mark Sujan
• •
Simos Gerasimou Erwin Schoitsch
• •
Friedemann Bitsch (Eds.)
Computer Safety,
Reliability, and Security
SAFECOMP 2021 Workshops
DECSoS, MAPSOD, DepDevOps, USDAI, and WAISE
York, UK, September 7, 2021
Proceedings
123
Editors Ibrahim Habli Mark Sujan University of York Human Factors Everywhere Ltd. York, UK Woking, UK Simos Gerasimou Erwin Schoitsch University of York AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH York, UK Vienna, Austria Friedemann Bitsch Thales Deutschland GmbH Ditzingen, Germany ISSN 0302-9743 ISSN 1611-3349 (electronic) Lecture Notes in Computer Science ISBN 978-3-030-83905-5 ISBN 978-3-030-83906-2 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83906-2 LNCS Sublibrary: SL2 – Programming and Software Engineering © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2021 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Preface The SAFECOMP workshop day has for many years preceded the SAFECOMP con- ference, attracting additional participants. The SAFECOMP workshops have become more attractive since they started generating their own proceedings in the Springer LNCS series (Springer LNCS vol. 12853, the book in your hands; the main conference proceedings are published in LNCS vol. 12852). This meant adhering to Springer’s guidelines, i.e., the respective international Program Committee of each workshop had to make sure that at least three independent reviewers reviewed the papers carefully. The selection criteria were different from those for the main confer- ence since authors were encouraged to submit workshop papers, i.e., on work in progress and potentially controversial topics. In total, 26 regular papers (out of 34) were accepted. Additional to the accepted papers were a few invited talks in USDAI, DepDevOps, and WAISE. All workshops included an introduction written by the chairs. The workshops were organized as online (virtual) events because of uncer- tainties around COVID-19 restrictions. Four of the five workshops are sequels to earlier workshops, one is new in topic and organizing committee: • DECSoS 2021 – 16th Workshop on Dependable Smart Embedded and Cyber-Physical Systems and Systems-of-Systems, chaired by Erwin Schoitsch and Amund Skavhaug, and supported by ERCIM, EWICS, and European Horizon 2020/ECSEL JU projects. • WAISE 2021 – Fourth International Workshop on Artificial Intelligence Safety Engineering, chaired by Orlando Avila-García, Mauricio Castillo-Effen, Chih-Hong Cheng, Zakaria Chihani, and Simos Gerasimou. • DepDevOps 2021 - Second International Workshop on Dependable Development-Operation Continuum Methods for Dependable Cyber-Physical Systems, chaired by Miren Illarramendi, Haris Isakovic, Aitor Arrieta, and Irune Agirre. • USDAI 2021 – Second International Workshop on Underpinnings for Safe Distributed AI, chaired by Morten Larsen. This workshop was organized around one invited keynote and an online panel. • MAPSOD 2021 – First International Workshop on Multi-concern Assurance Practices in Software Design, chaired by Brahim Hamid, Jason Jaskolka, and Sahar Kokaly. The workshops provide a truly international platform for academia and industry. It has been a pleasure to work with the SAFECOMP chair, John McDermid, the workshop co-chair, Simos Gerasimou, the publication chair, Friedemann Bitsch, the program co-chairs, Ibrahim Habli and Mark Sujan, the workshop chairs, the Program Committees, and the authors. Thank you all for your good cooperation and excellent work! September 2021 Erwin Schoitsch
Organization
EWICS TC7 Chair
Francesca Saglietti University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany
General Chair
John McDermid University of York, UK
Program Co-chairs
Ibrahim Habli University of York, UK
Mark Sujan Human Factors Everywhere, UK
General Workshop Co-chairs
Simos Gerasimou University of York, UK
Erwin Schoitsch AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Austria
Publication Chair
Friedemann Bitsch Thales Deutschland GmbH, Germany
Local Organizing Committee
Dawn Forrester University of York, UK
Sarah Heathwood University of York, UK
Alex King University of York, UK
Industry Chair
Simon Burton Fraunhofer IKS, Germany
Workshop Chairs
DECSoS 2021
Erwin Schoitsch AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Austria
Amund Skavhaug Norwegian University of Science and Technology,
Norway
viii Organization DepDevOps 2021 Haris Isakovic TU Wien, Austria Miren Illarramendi Mondragon University, Spain Aitor Arrieta Mondragon University, Spain Irune Agirre IKERLAN, Spain MAPSOD 2021 Jason Jaskolka Carleton University, Canada Brahim Hamid University of Toulouse II, France Sahar Kokaly General Motors, Canada USDAI 2021 Morten Larsen AnyWi Technologies, The Netherlands WAISE 2021 Orlando Avila-García Arquimea Reserch Center, Spain Mauricio Castillo-Effen Lockheed Martin, USA Chih-Hong Cheng DENSO, Germany Zakaria Chihani CEA LIST, France Simos Gerasimou University of York, UK
Organization ix Gold Sponsor Intel Supporting Institutions European Workshop on Industrial Computer Systems – Reliability, Safety and Security University of York Assuring Autonomy International Programme Human Factors Everywhere Ltd Austrian Institute of Technology Thales Deutschland GmbH Lecture Notes in Computer Science (LNCS)
x Organization Chartered Institute of Ergonomics & Human Factors European Training Network for Safer Autonomous Systems Safety-Critical Systems Club European Network of Clubs for Reliability and Safety of Software-Intensive Systems German Computer Society Informationstechnische Gesellschaft
Organization xi Electronic Components and Systems for European Leadership - Austria ARTEMIS Industry Association Verband Österreichischer Software Industrie Austrian Computer Society European Research Consortium for Informatics and Mathematics
Contents 16th International ERCIM/EWICS/ARTEMIS Workshop on Dependable Smart Embedded Cyber-Physical Systems and Systems-of-Systems (DECSoS 2021) Dependable Integration Concepts for Human-Centric AI-Based Systems . . . . 11 Georg Macher, Siranush Akarmazyan, Eric Armengaud, Davide Bacciu, Calogero Calandra, Herbert Danzinger, Patrizio Dazzi, Charalampos Davalas, Maria Carmela De Gennaro, Angela Dimitriou, Juergen Dobaj, Maid Dzambic, Lorenzo Giraudi, Sylvain Girbal, Dimitrios Michail, Roberta Peroglio, Rosaria Potenza, Farank Pourdanesh, Matthias Seidl, Christos Sardianos, Konstantinos Tserpes, Jakob Valtl, Iraklis Varlamis, and Omar Veledar Rule-Based Threat Analysis and Mitigation for the Automotive Domain . . . . 24 Abdelkader Magdy Shaaban, Stefan Jaksic, Omar Veledar, Thomas Mauthner, Edin Arnautovic, and Christoph Schmittner Guideline for Architectural Safety, Security and Privacy Implementations Using Design Patterns: SECREDAS Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Nadja Marko, Joaquim Maria Castella Triginer, Christoph Striecks, Tobias Braun, Reinhard Schwarz, Stefan Marksteiner, Alexandr Vasenev, Joerg Kemmerich, Hayk Hamazaryan, Lijun Shan, and Claire Loiseaux Structured Traceability of Security and Privacy Principles for Designing Safe Automated Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Behnam Asadi Khashooei, Alexandr Vasenev, and Hasan Alper Kocademir Synchronisation of an Automotive Multi-concern Development Process . . . . . 63 Martin Skoglund, Fredrik Warg, Hans Hansson, and Sasikumar Punnekkat Offline Access to a Vehicle via PKI-Based Authentication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 Jakub Arm, Petr Fiedler, and Ondrej Bastan HEIFU - Hexa Exterior Intelligent Flying Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Dário Pedro, Pedro Lousã, Álvaro Ramos, J. P. Matos-Carvalho, Fábio Azevedo, and Luís Campos
xiv Contents Testing for IT Security: A Guided Search Pattern for Exploitable Vulnerability Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Andreas Neubaum, Loui Al Sardy, Marc Spisländer, Francesca Saglietti, and Yves Biener Formal Modelling of the Impact of Cyber Attacks on Railway Safety . . . . . . 117 Ehsan Poorhadi, Elena Troubitysna, and György Dán LoRaWAN with HSM as a Security Improvement for Agriculture Applications - Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 Reinhard Kloibhofer, Erwin Kristen, and Afshin Ameri E. 2nd International Workshop on Dependable Development-Operation Continuum Methods for Dependable Cyber-Physical System (DepDevOps 2021) Towards Continuous Safety Assessment in Context of DevOps. . . . . . . . . . . 145 Marc Zeller The Digital Twin as a Common Knowledge Base in DevOps to Support Continuous System Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158 Joost Mertens and Joachim Denil 1st International Workshop on Multi-concern Assurance Practices in Software Design (MAPSOD 2021) An Accountability Approach to Resolve Multi-stakeholder Conflicts . . . . . . . 175 Yukiko Yanagisawa and Yasuhiko Yokote Towards Assurance-Driven Architectural Decomposition of Software Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Ramy Shahin 2nd International Workshop on Underpinnings for Safe Distributed Artificial Intelligence (USDAI 2021) Integration of a RTT Prediction into a Multi-path Communication Gateway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 Josef Schmid, Patrick Purucker, Mathias Schneider, Rick vander Zwet, Morten Larsen, and Alfred Höß
Contents xv 4th International Workshop on Artificial Intelligence Safety Engineering (WAISE 2021) Improving Robustness of Deep Neural Networks for Aerial Navigation by Incorporating Input Uncertainty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 Fabio Arnez, Huascar Espinoza, Ansgar Radermacher, and François Terrier No Free Lunch: Overcoming Reward Gaming in AI Safety Gridworlds . . . . . 226 Mariya Tsvarkaleva and Louise A. Dennis Effect of Label Noise on Robustness of Deep Neural Network Object Detectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 Bishwo Adhikari, Jukka Peltomäki, Saeed Bakhshi Germi, Esa Rahtu, and Heikki Huttunen Human-in-the-Loop Learning Methods Toward Safe DL-Based Autonomous Systems: A Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 Prajit T. Rajendran, Huascar Espinoza, Agnes Delaborde, and Chokri Mraidha An Integrated Approach to a Safety Argumentation for AI-Based Perception Functions in Automated Driving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 Michael Mock, Stephan Scholz, Frédérik Blank, Fabian Hüger, Andreas Rohatschek, Loren Schwarz, and Thomas Stauner Experimental Conformance Evaluation onUBER ATG Safety Case Framework withANSI/UL 4600 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 Kenji Taguchi and Fuyuki Ishikawa Learning from AV Safety: Hope and Humility Shape Policy and Progress . . . 284 Marjory S. Blumenthal Levels of Autonomy and Safety Assurance for AI-Based Clinical Decision Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 Paul Festor, Ibrahim Habli, Yan Jia, Anthony Gordon, A. Aldo Faisal, and Matthieu Komorowski Certification Game for the Safety Analysis of AI-Based CPS . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 Imane Lamrani, Ayan Banerjee, and Sandeep K. S. Gupta A New Approach to Better Consensus Building and Agreement Implementation for Trustworthy AI Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 Yukiko Yanagisawa and Yasuhiko Yokote Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
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