Na#ons and Na#onalisms in Europe: Is Scotland Heading for Independence? - Caroline Gray, University of Liverpool
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Na#ons
and
Na#onalisms
in
Europe:
Is
Scotland
Heading
for
Independence?
Caroline
Gray,
University
of
Liverpool
caroline.gray@liverpool.ac.uk
Scotland
in
the
Middle
Ages:
The
Shaping
of
a
Kingdom
• Malcolm
III
(House
of
Canmore),
king
of
Scotland
from
1058
to
1093.
• Founded
Canmore
dynasty
(1034-‐1290)
that
broadly
merged
Scotland
into
the
shape
it
is
today.
• The
Canmores
held
onto
the
throne
more-‐or-‐less
undisputed
un#l
the
line
ran
out
in
1290.
The
ScoVsh
Wars
of
Independence
• Disputed
succession
in
Scotland
from
1290.
• ScoVsh
lords
asked
King
Edward
I
of
England
to
choose
new
ScoVsh
King
(John
Balliol)
• BUT
Edward
I
considered
himself
overlord
of
the
Scots
and
angered
them
by
trying
to
BATTLES
take
control.
1.
Inverurie
(1307)
2.
Methven
(1306)
3.
Pass
of
Brander
(1307)
• Edward’s
a]empts
to
take
over
Scotland
by
4.
Dalry
(1306)
5.
Dupplin
Moor
(1332)
military
force
in
the
late
13th
and
early
14th
6.
S#rling
Bridge(1297)
centuries
led
to
the
Sco$sh
Wars
of
7.
Bannockburn
(1314)
8.
Falkirk
(1298)
Independence
(the
English
eventually
lost).
9.
Dunbar
(1296)
10.
Loudon
Hill
(1307)
The
ScoVsh
Wars
of
Independence
WILLIAM
WALLACE
LOST…
• Wallace
led
uprising
against
English
King
Edward
I.
• Won
ba]le
of
S#rling
Bridge
(1297)
but
beaten
at
Falkirk
(1298).
• ScoVsh
nobles
(including
Robert
the
Bruce
at
first)
were
ambivalent
in
their
support
for
Wallace.
…
BUT
ROBERT
THE
BRUCE
WON
• Had
himself
crowned
King
of
Scotland
in
1306.
• Retribu#on
from
Edward
I
(who
died
in
1307),
followed
by
son
Edward
II.
• Bruce
won
at
Bannockburn
(1314),
but
Edward
II
s#ll
didn’t
give
up.
Treaty
of
Edinburgh
1328:
Edward
III
gave
up
claims
to
Scotland.
Recognised
Robert
the
Bruce
as
king
of
a
free,
independent
Scotland.
Union
of
the
Crowns,
1603
• Centuries
of
Anglo-‐ScoVsh
intermi]ent
figh#ng
con#nued.
• A
new
opportunity
to
join
the
English
and
ScoVsh
lines
came
when
Elizabeth
I
of
England
died
with
no
clear
successor.
• James
VI
of
Scotland
(great
grandson
of
James
IV,
King
of
Scots,
and
Margaret
Tudor,
eldest
daughter
of
Henry
VII
of
England)
was
the
only
suitable
successor
to
the
Crowns
of
England
and
Ireland.
King
James
• Union
of
the
Crowns,
March
25th
1603.
James
VI
of
Scotland
also
became
James
I
of
England.
• Scotland
and
England
remained
separate
states
with
separate
parliaments,
but
shared
the
same
monarch.
Union
of
the
Crowns
…
Parliamentary
Union
too?
• BUT
King
James
also
wanted
to
unite
the
English
and
Sco$sh
parliaments
and
become
‘King
of
Great
Britain
and
Ireland’.
• Both
the
English
and
ScoVsh
parliaments
opposed
the
idea.
• The
two
parliaments
never
agreed
to
a
parliamentary
union
during
King
James’
reign.
• King
James
started
crea#ng
a
new
na#onal
flag
but
England
and
Scotland
disputed
which
cross
should
be
on
top.
Treaty
of
Union,
1707:
The
‘Kingdom
of
Great
Britain’
is
Born
• Queen
Anne
of
England,
Scotland
and
Ireland,
crowned
in
1702,
sought
deeper
English-‐ScoVsh
poli#cal
integra#on.
• Both
English
and
ScoVsh
poli#cal
establishments
finally
decided
to
support
the
idea
of
joining
their
parliaments.
• Nego#a#ons
took
place
in
1706
(31
commissioners
on
each
side).
• The
Acts
of
Union
took
effect
on
1
May
1707:
Scotland
and
England
joined
to
form
‘Great
Britain’
with
one
shared
parliament,
based
in
the
Palace
of
Westminster
in
London.
• Scotland
retained
some
dis#nc#ve
features
e.g.
a
separate
Church,
legal
system
and
local
authori#es.
Treaty
of
Union,
1707:
Why
did
England
and
Scotland
agree
to
form
Great
Britain?
Advantage
for
England?
Succession
rights
to
the
Sco$sh
throne
• England
received
a
guarantee
that
the
House
of
Hanover
would
succeed
Queen
Anne
(the
last
of
the
ScoVsh
House
of
Stuarts)
to
the
ScoVsh
crown.
• This
would
prevent
Scotland
forming
alliances
against
England.
Advantage
for
Scotland?
Access
to
colonial
markets
for
trade
• Scotland
received
a
guarantee
of
access
to
colonial
markets
to
boost
trade.
• The
Darien
Scheme:
Scotland
needed
bailed
out
financially
by
England
aker
its
disastrous
a]empt
to
establish
a
trading
colony
in
the
Caribbean.
• At
first
many
Scots
were
hesitant
about
the
Union
as
they
feared
English
dominance,
but
as
trade
took
off
over
the
years
it
became
popular.
NOTE:
The
‘United
Kingdom’
did
not
officially
come
into
being
un#l
in
1801
when
the
kingdoms
of
Great
Britain
and
Ireland
joined
later
to
form
‘The
United
Kingdom
of
Great
Britain
and
Ireland’.
This
was
later
changed
to
‘The
United
Kingdom
of
Great
Britain
and
Northern
Ireland’
when
the
Irish
Free
State
seceded
from
the
UK
in
1922.
Great
Britain:
An
ideological
success
18th
century
•
of
The
ideological
concept
of
a
Union
different
na#ons
sharing
a
parliamentary
state
triumphed
in
England
and
Scotland.
• A
‘bourgeois’
form
of
Unionism:
celebrated
as
part
of
the
Bri#sh
imperial
project
and
as
beneficial
for
trade
and
the
economy.
Philosopher
David
Hume
• Supported
by
key
figures
of
the
ScoVsh
Enlightenment,
e.g.
the
pre-‐eminent
philosopher
David
Hume,
and
the
father
of
modern
economics
Adam
Smith.
They
saw
the
Union
as
‘the
best
way
of
bringing
Scotland
into
the
age
of
reason
and
to
increase
the
wealth
of
the
na#on’
(Iain
Macwhirter,
Road
to
Referendum,
p.11)
Economist
Adam
Smith
The
Jacobite
risings
(1688-‐1746)
• Jacobite
risings:
Culloden
(1746)
was
the
last
ba]le
on
Bri#sh
soil.
• This
was
NOT
a
purely
na#onalist
ba]le
(Scots
vs.
English).
Rather,
highland
Scots
(Catholic
sympathisers
who
wanted
their
Stuart
monarchs
back)
fought
against
lowland
Scots
and
the
English
(on
the
protestant,
Hanoverian
side):
‘…
at
Culloden
outside
Inverness
in
1746,
there
were
almost
as
many
Scots
fighAng
on
the
“English”
Hanoverian
side,
as
were
in
the
ranks
of
Catholic
Jacobite
clansmen.
Lowland
Scotland
wanted
nothing
to
do
with
the
crazed
Highlanders
and
their
tartan
absoluAsm.’
(Macwhirter,
Road
to
Referendum,
p.11)
• Bonnie
Price
Charlie
(the
‘Young
Pretender’)
lost.
Peace
prevailed
in
Britain
thereaker.
The
Ba]le
of
Culloden
(lek)
and
Bonnie
Price
Charlie
(right)
ScoVsh
iden#ty:
Tartan
and
Sir
Walter
Sco]
19th
century
• Aker
Culloden,
tartan
(an
emblem
of
Highland
unity
which
iden#fied
different
clans)
was
banned
by
the
government
from
1746
to
1782.
• Once
reinstated,
it
became
a
respected
symbol
of
ScoVsh
iden#ty.
• Sir
Walter
Sco]’s
historical
novels
(e.g.
Waverley
and
Rob
Roy)
made
tartan
fashionable
in
lowland
Scotland
too:
the
aristocracy
in
Edinburgh
wanted
their
own
tartans
for
Highland
balls.
• The
House
of
Hanover
followed
suit:
King
George
IV
wore
full
highland
dress
on
his
visit
to
Scotland
in
1822.
• The
Unionists
respected
and
celebrated
cultural
diversity
and
Scotland’s
iden]ty
as
a
na]on
as
long
as
it
did
not
have
poli]cal
consequences.
King
George
IV
Poli#cal
iden#ty
too?
The
‘home
rule’
debate
surfaces
in
Ireland
• Unionism
was
a
successful
ideology
Edward
Carson
in
Scotland,
but
not
in
Ireland.
John
Redmond
(Irish
Unionist
leader)
(Irish
NaAonalist
leader)
• Irish
‘home
rule’
movement
emerged
from
1860s
seeking
restora#on
of
the
Irish
parliament
and
self-‐government.
• Bri#sh
prime
minister
William
Gladstone
converted
to
the
cause
of
Irish
home
rule
in
late
1885,
which
split
his
Liberal
Party.
• Gladstone’s
Irish
home
rule
bills
(1886
and
1893)
were
defeated
BUT
his
legacy
was
to
have
modified
the
view
of
the
UK
as
a
unitary
state
in
poli#cal
terms.
Irish
home
rule
debate:
Impact
on
Scotland?
• From
1860s
–
ScoVsh
parliamentarians
campaigned
for
the
restora#on
of
a
Secretary
for
Scotland.
• 1885
–
ScoVsh
Office
created
(as
a
department
of
UK
government)
headed
by
the
Secretary
of
State
for
Scotland
(a
UK
Cabinet
minister).
Assumed
responsibility
for
affairs
such
as
health,
educa#on,
jus#ce,
SaArical
cartoon
1886
–
The
agriculture.
Gladstone
‘Home
Rule’
bagpipes
• 1886
–
ScoVsh
Home
Rule
Associa#on
created
(mainly
by
Liberals
and
some
future
founders
of
the
Labour
Party).
• BUT
li]le
popular
support
for
home
rule
in
Scotland
at
the
#me.
Scots
benefi]ed
economically
from
the
Empire
and
ScoVsh
iden#ty
flourished
within
the
Union.
The
ScoVsh
Unionist
Party
(1912-‐1965)*
triumphs
• The
Unionist
Party,
founded
1912,
dominated
ScoVsh
poli#cs
in
the
first
half
of
the
20th
century.
• The
‘Union’
in
the
#tle
refers
to
the
1801
Union
of
Great
Britain
with
Ireland
(the
1707
Union
was
not
in
ques#on).
• Centre-‐right
party,
independent
from
(but
closely
related
to)
the
Conserva#ve
Party
in
England
and
Wales.
• Cross-‐class
support
for
central
belief
in
Imperial
Unity
(Scotland
benefi]ed
economically
from
the
Union
and
the
Empire).
• The
Unionist
Party
rapidly
declined
from
the
late
1950s
as
the
Bri#sh
Empire
came
to
an
end.
• 1965
–
dissolved,
renamed
the
‘ScoVsh
Conserva#ve
and
Unionist
Party’
(ScoVsh
Conserva#ves)
within
the
Bri#sh
Conserva#ve
Party.
• NOTE:
The
Unionist
Party’s
belief
in
the
Union
did
not
necessarily
mean
it
opposed
the
principle
of
some
autonomy
for
cons#tuent
na#ons.
*Different
from
the
ScoVsh
Unionist
Party
founded
in
1986.
Labour
and
the
ScoVsh
Na#onalists
gain
ground:
1960s
&
1970s
The
Sco$sh
Labour
Party
(sec#on
of
the
UK-‐wide
centre-‐lek,
social
democra#c
Labour
Party)
replaced
the
Unionists/Conserva#ves
as
the
dominant
poli#cal
force
in
Scotland.
BUT
it
faced
growing
pressure
from
ScoVsh
na#onalists
and
home
rule
advocates:
Ø
The
pro-‐independence
Sco$sh
Na]onal
Party
(SNP)
(founded
in
1934)
first
emerged
as
a
serious
poli#cal
force
in
the
1960s.
Won
30%
of
the
ScoVsh
vote
at
the
1974
UK
general
elec#on.
Ø
Support
for
ScoVsh
home
rule
(as
opposed
to
full
independence)
was
strongest.
The
ScoVsh
Covenant
Associa#on
had
gathered
over
2
million
signatures
in
the
1940s
and
1950s
for
a
devolved
ScoVsh
assembly/parliament.
ØFrom
the
1940s
onwards,
opinion
polls
consistently
showed
a
large
majority
in
favour
of
home
rule/devolu#on.
Response
to
na#onalist
pressures:
The
Labour
Party
takes
steps
towards
devolu#on
• Scotland
Act
1978,
legislated
for
crea#on
of
a
devolved
assembly
(parliament)
if
the
Scots
voted
in
favour.
• BUT
huge
divisions
within
Labour
over
devolu#on.
• At
least
40%
of
the
ScoVsh
popula#on
required
to
vote
yes
for
referendum
to
be
valid.
The
threshold
was
not
reached.
Scotland
1979
referendum:
QuesAon:
Do
you
want
the
provisions
of
the
Scotland
Act
1978
to
be
put
into
effect?
Source:
BBC
Conserva#ves
take
devolu#on
off
the
agenda
• 1979
to
1997:
18
years
of
Conserva#ve
government
in
the
UK
under
prime
ministers
Margaret
Thatcher
and
John
Major.
• Thatcher’s
poll
tax
and
opposi#on
to
devolu#on
compounded
the
decline
of
the
Conserva#ves
(Tories)
in
Scotland.
• Thatcher
failed
to
integrate
Scotland
into
the
Unionist
narra#ve:
“We
in
Scotland”.
SNP
poster
Margaret
Thatcher,
ConservaAve
Party
DemonstraAon
against
poll
tax,
1988
Conference,
1986
(picture:
The
Scotsman)
(picture:
The
Daily
Record)
Labour
returns:
ScoVsh
referendum
on
devolu#on
(1997)
• May
1997:
Labour
government
of
Tony
Blair
elected
under
promise
of
crea#ng
devolved
ins#tu#ons
in
Scotland.
• September
1997:
ScoVsh
devolu#on
referendum.
Majority
‘yes-‐
yes’
vote
for
devolved
ScoVsh
parliament
with
tax-‐varying
powers.
• Scotland
Act
1998:
created
ScoVsh
parliament
and
ScoVsh
execu#ve
(now
called
ScoVsh
government).
Parliament
first
met
in
May
1999.
ScoVsh parliament building, Edinburgh • Designed by Catalan architect Eric Miralles • Opened September 2004
What
is
devolu#on?
The
transfer
of
powers
from
the
UK
to
the
ScoVsh
authori#es
to
legislate
on
specific
ma]ers,
defined
by
the
Scotland
Act
1998
and
the
Scotland
Act
2012.
The
ScoVsh
parliament
makes
Only
the
UK
parliament
makes
laws
on
devolved
mabers.
laws
on
reserved
mabers.
These
include:
These
include:
• agriculture,
forestry
and
fisheries
• benefits
and
social
security
• educa#on
and
training
• immigra#on
• environment
• defence
• health
and
social
services
• foreign
policy
• housing
• employment
• law
and
order
• broadcas#ng
• local
government
• sport
and
the
arts
• trade
and
industry
• tourism
and
economic
development
• many
aspects
of
transport
Fiscal
powers?
• Scotland
receives
a
block
grant
from
the
UK
Treasury
to
cover
public
expenditure
(c.
£32
billion
per
annum
under
the
Barne]
formula,
which
gives
Scotland
£1,364
per
head
more
spending
than
the
UK
average).
• Scotland
currently
has
very
limited
powers
over
taxa#on.
• Scotland
Act
1998:
Gave
Scotland
power
to
vary
UK
income
tax
rates
up
or
down
by
3%
(but
this
power
has
never
been
used
and
would
be
difficult
to
implement).
No
devolved
taxes.
• Scotland
Act
2012
(due
to
take
effect
in
2015):
Ø Will
give
Scotland
some
addi#onal
power
to
vary
UK
income
tax
rates
(via
the
crea#on
of
a
ScoVsh
tax
rate).
Ø Will
devolve
some
specific
taxes
–
on
land
transac#ons
(stamp
duty)
and
landfill
disposals.
Ø New
borrowing
powers
for
Scotland
(c.
£5
billion
per
annum).
ScoVsh
Na#onal
Party
(SNP)
overtakes
Labour
ScoVsh
elec#ons:
• 1999:
Labour
won
(formed
coali#on
with
Liberal
Democrats)
• 2003:
Labour
won
(con#nued
coali#on
with
Liberal
Democrats)
• 2007:
SNP
won
(formed
minority
government)
• 2011:
SNP
won
overall
majority
(formed
majority
government).
First
Minister
Alex
Salmond
immediately
promised
to
hold
referendum
on
Sco$sh
independence.
Alex
Salmond
in
2011
(photo:
David
Moir/Reuters)
• Labour
had
played
brokerage
poli#cs
with
Scotland
(winning
votes
by
nego#a#ng
in
London
on
behalf
of
Scotland),
delivered
on
devolu#on,
but
then
lost
its
skill
at
Unionist
poli#cs.
ScoVsh
Independence
Referendum
2014
• Conserva#ve
UK
prime
minister
David
Cameron
agreed
to
allow
the
SNP
to
hold
an
independence
referendum.
• Ques#on
agreed:
‘Should
Scotland
be
an
independent
country?’
• BUT
Cameron
would
not
agree
to
a
second
ques#on
on
the
transfer
of
more
powers
from
Westminster
to
Scotland
(short
of
independence).
• All
opinion
polls
suggested
the
majority
of
Scots
wanted
a
two-‐ques#on
referendum
to
include
the
op#on
of
further
devolu#on
for
Scotland.
• Was
this
democra]c?
Salmond
and
Cameron
discuss
referendum
plans
Source: ‘Does Scotland want independence?’, Bri#sh Social AVtudes Survey 29, h]p://www.bsa-‐29.natcen.ac.uk/read-‐the-‐report/scoVsh-‐independence/does-‐scotland-‐ want-‐independence.aspx
Why
no
second
ques#on?
• Transfer
of
addi#onal
powers
“difficult
to
define”,
too
“confusing”?
• What
is
devolu#on-‐max
(devo-‐max,
the
‘third
way’)?
Ø No
exact
defini#on.
Ø General
consensus:
transfer
more
powers
from
Westminster
to
Scotland
including
taxa]on
and
welfare
but
excluding
defence
and
foreign
affairs.
• The
three
main
UK
poli#cal
par#es
(Conserva#ves,
Labour,
Liberal
Democrats)
have
all
promised
to
consider
further
devolu#on
proposals
if
Scotland
votes
‘no’
in
the
referendum.
The
SNP:
For
an
independent
Scotland
• Alex
Salmond
launched
his
party’s
White
Paper
on
independence
called
‘Scotland’s
Future’
in
November
2013.
First
Minister
Alex
Salmond
and
Deputy
Nicola
Sturgeon
launch
the
White
Paper
• Key
aspects
of
the
SNP’s
vision:
Ø Be]er
representa#on
for
the
people
of
Scotland
(an
independent
parliament
responsible
for
all
ScoVsh
affairs
to
replace
the
Westminster
system
where
ScoVsh
MPs
hold
only
59
seats
out
of
650)
Ø North
Sea
oil
wealth
to
be
invested
in
Scotland
Ø Social
democra#c,
progressive
taxa#on
and
spending
policies
for
ScoVsh
society
Ø Broadly
neoliberal
policies
for
ScoVsh
businesses
(reduc#on
in
corpora#on
tax)
• Cri#cisms
(e.g.
from
the
Ins#tute
for
Fiscal
Studies):
An
independent
Scotland
would
need
to
cut
spending
or
increase
taxes
for
its
finances
to
be
sustainable.
Be]er
Together
Campaign:
Conserva#ves,
Labour
and
Liberal
Democrats
for
the
UK
• Main
arguments
are
economic.
They
include:
Ø Market
size.
UK
is
the
3rd
largest
economy
in
Europe
and
6th
largest
in
the
world.
65%
of
Scotland’s
exports
go
to
the
UK.
Ø Public
spending,
welfare
and
pensions:
Scotland
benefits
from
being
part
of
the
UK
and
risks
underfunding
if
independent.
Alex
Salmond
is
making
uncosted
promises.
Ø The
pound:
All
three
par#es
are
opposed
to
Scotland
sharing
it.
Ø Oil
and
gas
dependence:
Scotland
is
too
reliant
on
one
industry
(risks
of
price
vola#lity,
declining
resource)
Ø The
EU:
no
guarantee
Scotland
would
become
a
member
or
get
the
same
terms
as
the
UK.
• Cri#cisms:
Be]er
Together
campaign
accused
of
“scaremongering”
rather
than
presen#ng
construc#ve,
posi#ve
arguments
for
maintaining
the
Union.
OPINION POLLS – REFERENDUM VOTING INTENTIONS SOURCE: What Scotland Thinks website (colla#on of poll and survey data) h]p:// whatscotlandthinks.org/ques#ons/should-‐scotland-‐be-‐an-‐independent-‐country-‐1#line
Is
the
yes-‐no
gap
narrowing?
Some
polls
suggest
so,
e.g.
ICM:
49%
39%
42%
32%
SOURCE:
What
Scotland
Thinks
website
(colla#on
of
poll
and
survey
data
filtered
by
pollster:
ICM)
What
next
if
Scotland
votes
?
• ScoVsh
government
plans
separa#on
for
24
March
2016.
• A
lot
of
fundamentals
s#ll
pending
nego#a#on
with
the
UK
government.
For
example:
Ø Would
Scotland
keep
the
pound?
If
so,
what
form
of
poli#cal
union?
If
not,
what
new
currency
risks?
Ø What
share
of
UK
debt
would
Scotland
assume?
Ø Would
Scotland
automa#cally
be
a
member
of
the
EU?
Ø How
much
would
it
cost
to
separate
Scotland
from
the
UK
and
how
would
this
be
funded?
What
next
if
Scotland
votes
NO?
The
three
main
UK-‐wide
par#es
have
promised
further
devolu#on,
but
of
what
nature?
Can
Scotland
have
‘the
best
of
both
worlds’?
• Conserva]ves:
no
concrete
plans
un#l
aker
referendum.
• Labour:
devolving
greater
tax
and
welfare
powers
to
the
ScoVsh
parliament
would
be
one
of
the
first
acts
of
a
Labour
government
if
it
wins
the
2015
UK
general
elec#ons.
• Liberal
Democrats:
propose
a
new
UK-‐wide
federal
model
which
would
include
more
devolu#on
for
Scotland.
Na#onalisms
in
Spain
Project
na]onalismsinspain.com
@na#onalisms
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