OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES FOR HARDWOOD BASED ENGINEERED WOOD PRODUCTS
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23/06/2021
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT
LABORATORY OF WOOD TECHNOLOGY (UGENT-WOODLAB)
OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES FOR
HARDWOOD BASED
ENGINEERED WOOD PRODUCTS
VAN ACKER Joris
HISTORICAL USE OF HARDWOOD FOR BUILDING
Groot Vleeshuis, Ghent, Belgium
Basilica di Santa Croce, Florence, Italy
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Notre Dame, Paris, France
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23/06/2021
EWP (ENGINEERED WOOD PRODUCTS)
Engineered wood products (EWP) are made from lumber, veneers, strands of
wood, or from other small wood elements that are bound together with structural
resins to form lumber-like structural products.
Wood handbook, 2010 Smulski, in Encyclopedia of Forest Sciences, 2004
3
EWP (ENGINEERED WOOD PRODUCTS)
Panel Beam
Sawn timber CLT GLT
Veneer Plywood LVL
Strand OSB OSL, LSL
Prefabricated I-joist
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GLT (GLUED LAMINATED TIMBER) GLULAM
https://www.hasslacher.com/mega-beam https://www.swedishwood.com/building-with-wood/about-glulam/
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CLT (CROSS LAMINATED TIMBER)
www.klh.at www.storaenso.com
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www.structurlam.com
3
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LVL (LAMINATED VENEER LUMBER)
www.metsawood.com
www.storaenso.com 7
LSL (LAMINATED STRAND LUMBER)
www.structurecraft.com
www.apawood.org
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4
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OSL (ORIENTED STRAND LUMBER) &
PSL (PARALLEL STRAND LUMBER)
www.nrcan.gc.ca
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www.weyerhaeuser.com
I-JOIST
www.weyerhaeuser.com www.apawood.org
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BEECH
European Atlas of Forest Tree Species: Fagus sylvatica
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BEECH GLT
Testing at ETH 12
Ehrhart et al 2020
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BEECH PLYWOOD
https://www.owi-lohr.de/info-holz_en.html#holz https://www.roechling.com/industrial/materials/composites/laminated-
densified-wood-laminated-compressed-wood/lignostone
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BEECH LVL
www.pollmeier.com 14
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BIRCH
European Atlas of Forest Tree Species: Betula pendula (silver birch) European Atlas of Forest Tree Species: Betula pubescens (downy birch)
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BIRCH
Comparing birch wood to other species for which it may be a substitute
Dubois et al 2020
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BIRCH GLT
https://www.hasslacher.com/glue-laminated-timber-birch
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BIRCH PLYWOOD
www.finieris.com
www.wisaplywood.com
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POPLAR
Poplar – aspen – willow (Salicaceae)
Hybrids – clones – planted forest – pioneer tree
Poplar plantations: Europe close to 1 million ha & China over 8 million ha
The International Commission on Poplars and Other Fast-Growing Trees Sustaining
People and the Environment (IPC)
WP 4 Sustainable Livelihoods, Land-use, Products and Bioenergy
Pro-Populus, the “European poplar association”
IUFRO, International Poplar Symposium (IPS)
by IUFRO Working Group 2.08.04, Poplar and Willow Genetics
International Union of Forest Research Organizations
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HYBRID POPLAR IN EUROPE
Area of poplar plantations devoted to
the production of industrial roundwood
in Europe
(main countries – IPC data 2016)
Map of the main areas for poplar plantations in Europe as
well as the main European rivers
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1023/06/2021
POPLAR TIMBER
https://www.peppelhout.nl/projecten/dakbeschot-turnhout/ https://carpentier.be/en/smart-solutions/roof-boards/poplar
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POPLAR TIMBER
http://d6.fonciere-chenelet.org/realisation/2011/scierie-spl- https://ingebois.com/projets/filiere-bois-locale/salle-polyvalente-gremeaux-
b%C3%A2timent-industriel-remarquable-en-structure-bois-peuplier lezennes-59
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1123/06/2021
POPLAR GLT
http://www.adefiboisberry.fr/lamelle-colle-peuplier-article-4-0-9.html Historical glued-laminated structure made of poplar
Schlosser et al 2012
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POPLAR GLT & CLT
Poplar glulam CLT made from aspen (Populus tremuloides)
Martins et al 2017 Espinoza and Buehlmann 2018
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POPLAR CLT
Hybrid poplar CLT
Kramer et al 2014
Failure modes of the tested poplar CLT specimens
(Populus × euramericana cv. ‘I-214’)
Markó et al 2016
The failure modes of poplar CLT panels under bending tests
in the major strength direction.
Hematabadi et al 2020
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POPLAR PLYWOOD INDUSTRY
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POPLAR PLYWOOD & LVL
https://www.raute.com
/references/garnica-
group/
Rotary lathe mill for the poplar veneer in Lianyungang, China
Murata et al 2021
https://www.garnica.one/en-us/plywood-boards/range/g-brick-plywood/ 27
POPLAR PLYWOOD
https://www.charpentes-bois.com/references/batiment-publics-erp/item/construction-de-la-maison-de-l-energie-solaire-a-toul-
rosieres-54.html
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POPLAR PANEL INDUSTRY…
100% Poplar Chipboard
by Invernizzi
Bonzano OSB, poplar oriented strand panel
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POPLAR MODIFIED WOOD
Brittle failure in tension side of glulam beam made from hydrothermally treated
TMT poplar cladding poplar wood at 160 °C
Mirzaei et al 2017
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TREE- AND WOOD QUALITY INTEGRATED PRODUCTS – SUSTAINABLE VALUE CHAIN
Particleboard and fibreboard
CHIPPING Paper
Biomass for energy
+++
Blockboard core
Pallets and industrial packaging
Doors and windows frames
Components for furniture
defects
SAWING
Small packaging
for fruits
---
PEELING
Plywood
Adapted from Castro & Fioravanti (2007)
POPLAR FOR GREEN BUILDING…
1623/06/2021
LOW DENSITY HARDWOOD
CIRAD Database Tropix
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HARDWOOD PRIMARY PROCESSING ?
Drying of solid wood and veneer
Deformation of dried beech
Kúdela et al 2014 Rotary cut hybrid poplar veneer
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HARDWOOD PRIMARY PROCESSING ?
Glueline performance
Penetration of PUR glue in beech PUR glue line formations of beech
Hass et al 2012 Luedtke et al 2015
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HARDWOOD PRIMARY PROCESSING ?
Glueline performance
Failure modes (B) on yellow birch specimens
Morin-Bernard et al 2021
Wood failure percentage vs. bondline block shear strength of hardwood CLT
Aicher et al. 2018
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HARDWOOD IN CONSTRUCTION ?
Rheology – creep, DOL,…
Creep deflection data at 30% loading for hybrid poplar control Comparing long-term creep of poplar solid wood and LVL at a 25%
and treated with low molecular weight resins load level with RH cycles from 42% to 89%
Yue et al 2016 Li and Huang 2019
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HARDWOOD IN CONSTRUCTION ?
Moisture dynamics
Moisture content changes of poplar solid wood and LVL during
constant humidity, adsorption and desorption processes
Li and Huang 2019
Water uptake and desorption according to CEN/TS 16818:2018 floating test
Van Acker et al 2014 38
1923/06/2021
HARDWOOD IN CONSTRUCTION ?
Grading
Relationship between bending strength and knot parameter for beech Stress grading of hybrid poplar veneer sheets
Brunetti et al 2020 Knudson and Brunette 2015
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HARDWOOD IN CONSTRUCTION ?
Insulation – thermal - sound
Cross-Insulated Timber (CIT) panel The potentially significant benefits of using the hardwood
Santos et al 2021 species ash, beech, and/or birch for structural low-
frequency vibroacoustic response of CLT floor panels
Persson et al 2021
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2023/06/2021
HARDWOOD IN CONSTRUCTION ?
Difference in decay risks of insects and fungi
Fagus orientalis and Populus tremula were found the
most resistance wood species against Hylotrupes bajulus
Yalçın et al 2018
Weight loss as a function of heating temperature for various substrates
decayed by (a) Gloeophyllum trabeum and (b) Trametes versicolor.
Barnes et al 2018
Serpula lacrymans also decays beech and poplar
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Van Acker et al 2003
MIXED PRODUCTS ?
Softwoods + hardwoods
Balász et al 2020
Combining species and wood products
Failure modes of CLT poplar – OSB
Li et al 2020
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MIXED PRODUCTS ?
Combining with other materials like concrete
Timber-concrete composite member made of beech LVL https://csengineermag.com/cross-laminated-timber-2/
Boccadoro et al 2017
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OPTIONS TO INCREASE SERVICE LIFE OF
ENGINEERED WOOD PRODUCTS (EWP)
Component
EWP
Durable wood
pressure1
Vacuum
additive
Glue-line
Surface spray2
modification
Thermal
modification
Chemical
Resin3
Coatings
OSB - - ± + + + + -
Strand
LSL - - ± ± - - + -
PLY + + + + + ± + +
Veneer
LVL ± ± + ± ± ± + +
CLT + + - + + ± ± +
Timber
GLT + + - ± ± ± ± +
Legend: +: existing option, ±: feasible option, -: less probable option
1: deep impregnation with biocides;
2: surface biocide application with potential diffusion, e.g. borates,
3: analogue to glue used for production or a hydrophobing agent;
Abbreviations: EWP = engineered wood product; OSB = oriented strand board; LSL = laminated strand lumber;
LVL = laminated veneer lumber; CLT = cross laminated timber; GLT = glue laminated timber or glulam.
2223/06/2021
POPLAR PRODUCTS: WOOD PRESERVATION
Treated poplar plywood & LVL
Borax treatment of poplar laminated veneer lumber
Kurt and Mengeloglu 2008
https://www.garnica.one/en-uk/plywood-
panels/range/duraply/duraply.html
POPLAR PRODUCTS: WOOD MODIFICATION
Thermally modified poplar, poplar TMT
Plywood
Window joinery
Cladding
2323/06/2021
POPLAR PRODUCTS: WOOD MODIFICATION
Densification of poplar
Novel LVL produced with poplar fibrosis veneers and
phenolic formaldehyde at different densification levels Sandberg et al 2015
Wei et al 2019
POPLAR PRODUCTS: WOOD MODIFICATION
Acetylated poplar (SEM)
Chai et al. 2017
Furfurylated poplar (CLSM)
Li et al. 2020
2423/06/2021
POPLAR PRODUCTS: RESIN TREATMENTS
Glyoxal-urea/nano-SiO2 treated poplar Densified poplar impregnated with phenol
Yan et al. 2015 Schwarzkopf 2020
POPLAR PRODUCTS: COATINGS - OVERLAYS
2523/06/2021
TREE QUALITY AND FORESTRY… FOR GREEN BUILDING
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DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT
LABORATORY OF WOOD TECHNOLOGY (UGENT-WOODLAB)
THANK YOU
Prof. Joris Van Acker
UGENT - WOODLAB
Joris.VanAcker@UGent.be
www.woodlab.be
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It is not allowed to use them without permission.
Some pictures are copied from websites as illustration.
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