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POLICY BRIEF
February 2017
Key messages
llPolicy and governance arrangements
Driving, connecting and
at the national level are vital for
climate adaptation. Local action is im-
communicating: The many roles
portant but is insufficient in isolation. of national government in climate
llNational governments provide stra-
tegic oversight and access to climate adaptation planning
finance, and have the capacity and
authority to drive climate action.
llClimate change considerations should Climate change is one of the most significant challenges to the
be integrated into policies and plans Caribbean’s future prosperity. The impacts of climate change on
across government departments. The economically important sectors such as tourism, agriculture and fishing
CCORAL tool allows decision-makers threaten Caribbean nations’ ability to achieve their economic and social
to do this. development goals. By 2050, the costs to the region are expected to
reach US$22 bn each year; this represents 10% of regional gross domestic
llInstitutional arrangements are vital to
product, based on 2004 figures.1 Paying for recovery efforts after natural
help translate government policy into
disasters causes significant budgetary pressures and diverts funds from
action. Governments can use the ARIA other pressing development issues such as health and education.
toolkit to assess their institutional However, responding to climate challenges is highly complex. Climate
adaptive capacity as a first step to change has cross-cutting impacts that span sectors and spatial scales,
strengthening these frameworks. and involves multiple stakeholders. Delivering effective climate change
llGovernment institutions are vital in adaptation is therefore a question of governance.
stimulating action at the local level.
Networked governance arrangements Bottom-up, community-level region over the last decade. It identifies
can help to build movements for cli- approaches are important in meeting ‘best practice’ lessons on governance,
mate resilience that translate national the challenges that climate change highlights examples from applied case
priorities into local action and inte- poses, but in isolation they are studies in Caribbean countries, and
grate local needs into national policy. insufficient. National governance recommends tools and methods that
frameworks must foster community can be applied to make governance
action, but also provide the enabling frameworks more effective at delivering
environment for large investments and climate compatible development. It is
transformative change at scale. The also a gateway to the reports and tools
challenge that national governments that have been produced under these
face is to coordinate adaptation CDKN-funded projects; see Table 1
interventions at both national and local (page 8) for the full list.
levels by engaging multiple
organisations and individuals. In summary, this Policy Brief explains:
Targeted primarily at Caribbean policy- why national governments and
makers, this Policy Brief draws on the policy frameworks are important for
Authors: experience of three CDKN-funded effective adaptation
Will Bugler and Olivia Palin, Acclimatise projects that have taken place in the how climate considerations can be
1
integrated into national policies, Framework for Achieving (UNFCCC) national adaptation planning
plans and programmes Development Resilient to Climate objective to facilitate this type of
how to assess and build institutional Change.7 It supported five research integration.10 This integration will be
capacity for coordinating and projects in Belize, Jamaica, Saint crucial if countries are to achieve the
delivering effective resilience- Lucia and Trinidad and Tobago. adaptation goals laid out in their
building programmes respective Nationally Determined
how best to translate national policies National government and Contributions (NDCs) under the Paris
into action at the local level. policy as drivers for action Agreement.11
The reasons why national governments Caribbean governments have made
Projects featured in this are important for driving climate good progress in publishing climate
Policy Brief adaptation are well established: change-specific policies, strategies and
plans at both regional12 and national
This Policy Brief draws upon the 1. They are crucial for stimulating and scales.13 They are also starting to
following CDKN-funded projects: directing finance flows. 8 integrate climate change into sectoral
2. They provide strategic oversight to policies and plans, such as national
1. The Global Islands’ Vulnerability ensure that resources are distributed development strategies and health
Research, Adaptation Policy and to the most pressing areas, and that sector plans.
Development (GIVRAPD) project. other sustainable development
This focused on community challenges are not overlooked.
adaptation to climate change in 3. They cooperate to fund expensive, Integrating climate resilience
Jamaica2 and Saint Lucia.3 The ambitious projects. These include into national policy
project aimed to understand the projects that advance scientific
multi-scale socioeconomic, research to produce regional climate CDKN-funded research indicates that, for
governance and environmental data, such as the CDKN-funded climate change to be effectively
conditions that shape vulnerability CARIbbean Weather Impacts Group integrated into policy, governments need
and capacity to adapt to climate (CARIWIG) data project.9 to ensure that it is integrated into the
change within and between small 4. They create regulatory certainty appropriate documents (e.g. sectoral
and medium-sized coastal around climate change action, documents) and facilitate effective
communities. The GIVRAPD project giving confidence to investors to inter-sectoral coordination.
holds important lessons about the fund innovation.
importance of state institutions and 5. They ensure that governance Research undertaken on Belize’s tourism
how they relate to other important arrangements are fair and industry in 201414 found that, despite
stakeholders operating at transparent. Belize having several framework
subnational levels.4 6. They have the institutional capacity documents on climate change at the
2. The Caribbean Climate Online Risk and authority to stimulate action national level (e.g. its 3rd National
and Adaptation TooL (CCORAL).5 and bring diverse stakeholder Communication to the UNFCCC15 and its
This is a web-based decision-support groups together. NDC16), “very few legal documents
tool aimed at policy-makers and consider climate change, adaptation to
other decision-makers, helping them These factors were re-affirmed by the climate change, or building resilience to
to integrate climate change GIVRAPD project. GIVRAPD research climate change”.17 The research also
considerations into their decision- indicates that an important way for found that a lack of integrated climate
making processes such as planning, governments to drive adaptation change planning at the sectoral level
programming and budgeting. actions is to integrate climate held back progress on climate resilience-
3. The Caribbean Research Call.6 This considerations into national policies building in the tourism sector. Unless
project funded research proposals and plans. This includes responding to climate change is included in national
that aligned with research needs the needs of multiple stakeholders sectoral plans (e.g. tourism plans), there
identified in the Caribbean across a range of scales. This also aligns is little incentive for stakeholders in the
Community (CARICOM) with the United Nations Framework sector to consider it.18
Implementation Plan for the Regional Convention on Climate Change’s
2
Figure 1 shows the sectoral inter-
dependencies between climate-sensitive Figure 1. Inter-dependencies between sectors
sectors in the Caribbean. Effective
integration of climate policies and
coordination can help to increase inter- Tourism Coastal and marine
ministerial understanding of climate change
as an issue that is relevant to the future
development of many different sectors.
Integrating climate change into climate- Health Water Energy
sensitive sectors requires a long-term
commitment from national governments.
In the Caribbean, governments are
supported by innovative tools and
methods that can help them. Agriculture and
Forest
food security
One such resource is the CCORAL tool20
(see Box 1), which is being used across Source: CCCCC (2012)19
the region to help decision-makers from
all sectors understand whether their
laws, policies, strategies, plans, investable projects and take options in the face of uncertainty. This is
programmes, projects and budgets are forward for implementation important, given that uncertainties exist
climate-influenced, and how best to 4. monitor and improve existing around the specific nature of climate
consider climate change in their design. processes, which helps decision-makers impacts at the local level, and the fact
to monitor and evaluate the impacts of that climate data at the regional level is
CCORAL is supported by the report investments in climate change. subject to a greater degree of error than
Achieving development resilient to climate that at the global scale.
change: A sourcebook for the Caribbean CCORAL and the sourcebook are
water sector, which provides methods particularly instructive on how to take A separate policy brief23 illustrates how
and approaches to help planners and effective decisions about climate change decision-makers can invest in adaptation
decision-makers identify and implement
actions that increase water security and
climate resilience in the region.21 As Figure 2. The decision-making phases used to integrate climate
Figure 2 outlines, this sourcebook guides change adaptation into the water sector
users through a four-stage process to
help them to:
Identi
blem fy a
e pro nd
ap
1. understand the problem, which th
pr
d
includes how to assess existing and
an
ais
rst
eo
future climate risks and make a
Unde
ption
strong case for action Water security
and climate-
s
2. identify and appraise adaptation resilient
options, which helps users to
Moni
development
understand the principles of
tor
s
ion
building resilience, build on existing
an
ut
dm
ov
rs
ol
work to identify adaptation options ef
orw ive
and prioritise them for ard Del
implementation
3. deliver effective solutions, which Source: CCCCC (2014)22
helps users to secure finance for
3 Many barriers to exist to effective
Box 1. Using CCORAL to integrate climate change into decision-making climate change adaptation readiness.
processes
These include inadequate
Developed by the Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre (CCCCC) and with vulnerability assessments, inadequate
funding from CDKN, CCORAL is a Caribbean-specific, web-based platform. It is used sector-specific adaptation policy
to screen policies, legislation, plans, budgets and projects to assess climate risks integration, insufficient funding,
and to identify options to enhance climate resilience. inefficient data and information
management, and limited cross-
CCORAL can be applied by all sectors, and is available online at: http://ccoral.
sectoral coordination.
caribbeanclimate.bz
National climate change adaptation
planning and investment needs to do
more to engage civil society in its
decision-making processes.
Coordination, collaboration and
communications on climate change
impacts and adaptation measures
between key public sector agencies
and civil society need to be improved
to support national adaptation
efforts.
Another CDKN-funded project examined
the use of institutional collaboration in
Saint Lucia28 and distilled best practices
on building institutional capacity. The
The CCORAL homepage case study focused on the Soufriere
Marine Management Area (SMMA), a
protected marine reserve on Saint Lucia’s
west coast, and how the SMMA has
options that are ‘no regret’ and ‘low With respect to assessing capacity, successfully managed marine
regret’. This can deliver benefits in the CDKN-funded work demonstrates the conservation in the face of competing
near term as well as laying the foundations value of applying the World Resource interests from a wide range of
for addressing future climate challenges. Institute’s Rapid Institutional Analysis for stakeholders, including the tourism
Adaptation (ARIA) toolkit. ARIA supports industry, fishers and conservation
policy-makers in analysing and recording groups.29
The line of best fit: Assessing the state of institutional capacity and
and building institutional readiness to implement climate change The research found that government
capacity adaptation policies. It also helps institutions were crucial for facilitating
governments to identify the strengths communications and building trust
No matter how well designed a nation’s and weaknesses of current institutional between stakeholders. To do this, the
climate policy framework is, it will remain arrangements, identify and fill gaps in government actively built institutional
ineffective unless it is supported by an policy and practice, establish a baseline capacity by fostering three key areas of
institutional structure that facilitates for monitoring, and gather and adaptive governance:
ongoing adaptation. Effective institutions synthesise resources (see Box 2).25
are at the heart of a country’s ability to 1. Collaborative decision-making
respond to climate change. Research in When the ARIA toolkit was applied in processes, encouraging decision-
the Caribbean has found that Trinidad and Tobago26 and Saint Lucia,27 making processes that include
governments play a crucial role in researchers identified the following areas multiple actors from a variety of
assessing and building institutional where institutional readiness was lacking scales. The SMMA successfully
capacity across scales.24 and needs to be strengthened: achieved this by mapping stakeholder
4range of institutions and
Box 2. The ARIA toolkit for assessing institutional adaptive capacity
stakeholders. The SMMA included
The ARIA toolkit uses a comprehensive workbook to assess the quality of five organisations of different sizes, from
critical functions for climate change adaptation: different sectors and with a wide
range of agendas and interests. Gaps
1. Assessment, including a national assessment of vulnerabilities and impacts; in institutional variety (e.g. a lack of
an inventory of current adaptation efforts; and institutions to carry out non-governmental organisations)
assessments and inventories. should not be an excuse for ignoring
2. Prioritisation, including documentation of adaptation priorities; and these perspectives. Instead, local
developing systems to revise and implement priorities. champions or community groups
3. Coordination, including coordination plan for ministries and organisations; should be identified.
institutions with a mandate for coordination; and an institution to review 3. Bridging organisations. Institutions
coordination. should be identified that can act as a
4. Information management, including data-gathering; data analysis; and a connection between different
national platform for sharing adaptation policy and science (dissemination). organisations. This can be horizontal
5. Climate risk reduction, including a mandate to incorporate climate impacts bridging (i.e. between stakeholders
into all levels of decision-making (such as policy, planning, projects); and from different sectors) or vertical
systems to review and revise processes to incorporate climate impacts into bridging (i.e. between organisations
decision-making. operating at different scales).
Government bodies often make
The following is an example of an ARIA assessment table for budgetary process
excellent bridging organisations, as
indicators for coastal zone management in Trinidad and Tobago.30
they are trusted as mediators between
groups and operate across scales. The
SMMA case study shows that having
multiple bridging organisations at
different scales is beneficial as long as
they communicate effectively with
each other to ensure that they work in
synergy.
These findings are instructive for
governments that are looking for ways to
improve national capacity for climate
adaptation.
Translating national policy
into local action
Climate change impacts play out at the
local level. It is therefore imperative that
governments have systems in place that
foster action at this scale. Much of the
networks and bringing them together ensured by ensuring that the process research undertaken as part of the
to discuss the management of the is periodically revisited, so that new GIVRAPD31 project and the Caribbean
marine area around a shared vision. stakeholders can be identified and Research Call32 focused on translating
Its long-term sustainability was engaged. national policy into local-level action.
2. Institutional variety. Collaborative This highlighted the importance of
decision-making is only successful government engagement at the
when it includes the views of a wide subnational level.
5For example, GIVRAPD research33 But how can governments best deliver Conclusions
undertaken in the agriculture, fisheries this support? Research from Jamaica36
and tourism industries in Jamaica and suggests that taking a networked CDKN-funded research in the Caribbean
Saint Lucia found that state bodies were approach to decision-making can foster has provided many important lessons for
essential to overcoming barriers to the enabling environment for these national governments to help them build
adaptation by using participatory elements to take hold. Researchers climate change resilience. National
approaches to decision-making. found that network-building allows for government institutions play a vital role in
Researchers noted that “not only were better coordination of local approaches doing this across multiple scales. While
[government bodies] among the most to climate resilience and strengthens community-level projects are important
well-connected stakeholders, they also vertical coordination between for stimulating action, in isolation they are
have high influence over the government agencies and stakeholder insufficient to provide the scale of change
implementation of adaptation groups.37 necessary to combat climate change.
actions”.34 In fact, all practical steps that Government bodies are vital to oversee the
were identified by the research Climate change issues can be used to strategic direction of climate policy and to
participants included national ministries connect diverse actors around shared access finance.
as responsible parties for driving action. goals. If carefully designed, public–
private partnerships can be a good way Effective climate policy at the national level
The research presents the following of doing this. In Whitehouse, Jamaica, is crucial to provide the enabling
ways in which government institutions for example, the Division of Fisheries environment for action. Integrating climate
can support organisations at the local established a co-management change considerations into national policy
level:35 arrangement with the Sandals and planning across departments is
Foundation (the philanthropic arm of essential. Tools such as CCORAL can help
They can act as a ‘bridge’ for Sandals Resort International). This gave governments achieve this.
information between scales. In rise to the Sandals Whitehouse Special
many sectors, government Fishery Conservation Area (SFCA).38 Strong, flexible, transparent and
intervention was deemed necessary accountable institutions are a vital element
to stimulate information flows from Identifying and connecting of good governance. Attention should be
national to local levels, particularly stakeholders around issues of paid to developing channels for
where there is a lack of existing collective importance to local interagency communications between
institutional capacity. stakeholders is a good way of allowing organisations at the national level, and
They can empower communities co-management networks to emerge. across scales. The ARIA tool provides
and community-based These networks may start because of a governments with a useful process for
organisations to be bridge actors, single issue or shared concern (as with assessing institutional adaptive capacity,
and to access adequate support and the SFCA), but once they are identifying strengths, weaknesses and
resources from all levels and sectors established, they can be powerful actions to strengthen institutional
for implementation. agents for change locally. frameworks.
They can facilitate long-term
strategic planning among Once linked to the regional and national Finally, CDKN-supported research clearly
stakeholder groups including the level with ‘bridging’ organisations or shows that national governments are a
private sector for public and individuals (which are often very important actor at the local level, with
community partnerships. governmental), these networks can state institutions playing a crucial role
They can provide a legislative contribute effectively to national supporting the development of multi-
environment that promotes policy-making on climate change issues, stakeholder actor networks that form
collaborative partnerships. as well as translate national priorities around collective goals.
They can foster a holistic into local action. Box 3 shows some
perspective for tackling change lessons for national governments from Table 1 provides a directory of the useful
across climate-sensitive sectors, Jamaica for building local actor reports and tools on which this Policy Brief
recognising that there are many networks. is based. This acts as a toolkit for effective
drivers of change, both climatic and governance aimed at national government
non-climatic. stakeholders.
6Box 3. Developing local actor networks in Jamaica to allow national priorities to become local realities
Government departments and agencies play a central role in the design and implementation of adaptation interventions, but in
many cases, there is a lack of institutional capacity and leadership at the local level.39 To overcome this, governments can nurture
social networks and encourage local community champions to engage with issues that support climate-resilient development.
To do this, government bodies, preferably in conjunction with civil society groups working at the local level, can work to:
Identify existing organisations and individuals that can form part of a local network around a shared goal. The goal
should preferably have a clear link to climate change, although it is important to remember that climate change may not be
the best way of engaging some members of the network. It is important to understand the many different interests that local
stakeholders have and engage them in the area closest to that interest.
Map the network of actors involved in managing the shared resource or issue. This means understanding the existing
relationships between actors, mapping the connections and identifying organisations or individuals that can act as ‘horizontal
bridges’ (connecting actors at the local level) and ‘vertical bridges’ (connecting actors at the local level with those at the
regional or national level).
Build trust and interaction between stakeholders, using participatory workshops and meetings. Develop a shared vision
among the various stakeholders for co-management around a common goal or objective. In Jamaica, interagency committees
were important for bringing stakeholders together at regular intervals. The mandate and focus of these committees were
often not directly concerned with climate change adaptation, but they provided a regular forum and platform for face-to-face
interactions for actors to exchange knowledge and perspectives while addressing emerging issues.40
Consider official public–private partnerships to bring organisations from the private sector into the conversation, opening
new networks and mobilising often untapped resources.
Organisations in Jamaica are explicitly acknowledging these roles. For example, the Ministry of Water, Land, Environment &
Climate Change announced that it would establish a Climate Change Focal Point Network comprised of ministries, departments
and agencies across the government. The Ministry of Local Government and Community Development stated that it plays an
important role in ensuring that “there is an effective vertical flow of information from the national level to the Parish and
community level”.41
7Resources for policy-makers
Table 1. Summary of the research from the Caribbean from CDKN that was used to write this policy brief
Resource name Type Country Project Details Website
Integrating climate change into policies, plans and programmes
Caribbean Climate Web tool Regional CCORAL CCORAL is a decision-support tool specifically http://ccoral.
Online Risk and designed for decision-makers who are caribbeanclimate.bz/
Adaptation Tool working on laws, policies, strategies, plans,
(CCORAL) programmes, projects or budgets that might
be affected by climate change. These decision-
makers can use the tool to see whether their
work is vulnerable to climate impacts and,
if so, what steps they can take to increase
resilience.
Achieving development Report Regional CCORAL This sourcebook guides planners, project http://cdkn.org/resource/
resilient to climate developers and water sector practitioners report-achieving-
change: A sourcebook on the main elements to be considered in development-resilient-
for the Caribbean water the planning and execution of actions aimed climate-change-
sector at improving water resources management sourcebook-caribbean-
practices, and building the resilience of water-sector
the water sector to the impacts of climate
variability and change.
Summary of the Information Regional CCORAL This brief outlines what to expect in the http://cdkn.org/resource/
sourcebook brief sourcebook. information-brief-
summary-sourcebook
Using the CCORAL in Information Regional CCORAL This brief outlines the elements of the http://cdkn.org/resource/
the context of water brief sourcebook that relate to using CCORAL brief-information-brief-2-
management to enhance the resilience of water-related using-ccoral-context-water-
management. management
Financing climate Information Regional CCORAL This brief shows how to overcome one of the http://cdkn.org/
resilience in the water brief key barriers to building climate resilience in resource/information-
sector the water sector: finance. brief-financing-climate-
resilience-water-sector
No and low regrets Information Regional CCORAL This brief is about no- and low-regret options http://cdkn.org/resource/
investment options for brief for resilience investments in the water sector. information-brief-no-
climate resilience It is useful for policy-makers needing to low-regrets-investment-
understand how to make decisions in the face options-climate-resilience
of uncertainty.
Identification of climate- Information Belize Research Call This is an overview brief detailing some of the http://cdkn.org/wp-
compatible tourism brief key considerations relating to tourism in Belize content/uploads/2014/04/
development in Belize and how it will be affected by climate change. WWF_Belize_climate_
It includes information about why national compatible_tourism_
policy is important to stimulate climate action brochure.pdf
in the sector.
Climate compatible Information Belize Research Call This is a summary of the policy findings from a http://cdkn.org/resource/
tourism project: Key brief project on climate change adaptation building policy-brief-climate-
summary findings from for the Belize tourism industry. It includes compatible-tourism-
policy analysis information about why national policy is project-key-summary-
important to stimulate climate action in the findings-policy-analysis
sector.
8Resource name Type Country Project Details Website
Developing institutional capacity
Climate change and Working Saint Lucia GIVRAPD This paper examines the relationship http://cdkn.org/resource/
governance in a coastal paper between institutional adaptive capacity and working-paper-reflecting-
marine context: Saint governance fit for climate change, using a case climate-change-
Lucia study of the SMMA in Saint Lucia. governance-coastal-
marine-context-case-st-
lucia
Governance fit for Journal article Saint Lucia GIVRAPD The concept of institutional adaptive capacity http://www.sciencedirect.
climate change in a is used to explore how governance processes com/science/article/pii/
Caribbean coastal and institutional arrangements can be S0308597X14002255
marine context adapted to match the scale and extent of [PAYWALL]
climate change in a case study of the SMMA in
Saint Lucia.
Making adaptation Report Saint Lucia, Research Call The ARIA institutional analysis of climate http://cdkn.org/resource/
work: An institutional Trinidad and change adaptation in Saint Lucia and Trinidad technical-paper-
analysis of climate Tobago and Tobago has provided researchers with making-adaptation-
change adaptation in a snapshot of how well key institutional work-institutional-
Trinidad and Tobago functions are performing and enabling analysis-climate-change-
and Saint Lucia effective adaptation policy implementation. adaptation-trinidad-
tobago-saint-lucia/
ARIA Phase II: Priority Report Trinidad and Research Call This report examines the degree to which http://cdkn.org/resource/
areas report Trinidad Tobago there are enabling factors to support the report-aria-phase-ii-
and Tobago development of climate adaptation policy and research-report
strategies in three critical sectors in Trinidad
and Tobago: coastal zone management, food
production and tourism.
Strengthening Information Trinidad and Research Call This brief summarises the institutional and http://cdkn.org/resource/
institutional brief Tobago governance shortcomings of Trinidad and strengthening-institutional-
arrangements in Tobago with regards to climate resilience. arrangements-in-tt-
Trinidad and Tobago climate-adaptation
to facilitate climate
change adaptation
policy formulation and
execution
Enabling civil society in Information Saint Lucia Research Call This brief summarises the institutional and http://cdkn.org/resource/
Saint Lucia to adapt to brief governance arrangement for Saint Lucia, with policy-brief-enabling-civil-
the impacts of climate a focus on government interactions with civil society-saint-lucia-adapt-
change society. impacts-climate-change
9Resource name Type Country Project Details Website
Bridging between national policy and local action
Can multilevel Working Jamaica GIVRAPD This paper identifies the conditions that http://cdkn.org/resource/
governance facilitate paper enable and/or constrain governance strategies working-paper-can-
coastal climate change and institutional arrangements that respond multilevel-governance-
adaptation in Jamaica? to climate change vulnerabilities and promote facilitate-coastal-climate-
climate change adaptation in coastal marine change-adaptation-jamaica
environments.
Policy brief: Multilevel Information Saint Lucia, GIVRAPD This brief summarises the governance http://cdkn.org/resource/
governance brief Jamaica elements of the GIVRAPD project. It addresses policy-brief-multi-level-
the importance of multilevel governance governance-adaptation-
arrangements to build resilience and provides caribbean
case studies from Jamaica and Saint Lucia.
Policy brief: Reconciling Information Jamaica, GIVRAPD This brief indicates mechanisms for http://cdkn.org/resource/
national adaptation brief Saint Lucia, bridging the gap between national-level policy-brief-reconciling-
policies (Mauritius, adaptation policies and plans with local-level national-adaptation-
Seychelles) implementation. policies-local-level-
implementation-sids-
insights-replication
Policy brief: Lessons Information Jamaica GIVRAPD This case study on applying resilience-building http://cdkn.org/resource/
from Jamaica brief methods in Jamaica focuses on developing policy-brief-lessons-
community resilience and networks. jamaica-promoting-
resilience-institutional-
arrangements-social-
networks-community-
empowerment
Identifying and lifting Working Jamaica GIVRAPD This paper presents an innovative and http://cdkn.org/resource/
climate adaptation paper participatory methodology to identify and working-paper-identifying-
barriers in Jamaica using overcome climate adaptation barriers, with an lifting-climate-adaptation-
a participatory approach example of its application in Jamaica. barriers-jamaica-using-
participatory-approach
Identifying and lifting Working Saint Lucia GIVRAPD This paper presents an innovative and http://cdkn.org/resource/
climate adaptation paper participatory methodology to identify and working-paper-identifying-
barriers in Saint Lucia overcome climate adaptation barriers, with an lifting-climate-adaptation-
using a participatory example of its application in Saint Lucia. barriers-st-lucia-using-
approach participatory-approach
10Endnotes
1 Bueno, R., Herzfeld, C., Stanton, E.A. and 10 Least Developed Countries Expert Group 20 CCCCC (2014) ‘The Caribbean Climate Online
Ackerman, F. (2008) The Caribbean and climate (2012) National Adaptation Plans. Technical Risk and Adaptation TooL (CCORAL)’. Belmopan:
change: The costs of inaction. Medford: Tufts guidelines for the national adaptation plan Caribbean Community Climate Change Centre
University (https://sei-us.org/Publications_ process. Bonn: United Nations Framework (http://ccoral.caribbeanclimate.bz).
PDF/SEI-CaribbeanAndClimateChange-08.pdf). Convention on Climate Change Secretariat. 21 GWP-C and CCCCC (2014) Achieving
2 GIVRAPD (2014) ‘Jamaica profile’. Christ 11 CDKN (2016) CDKN Planning for NDC development resilient to climate change: A
Church: Global Islands’ Vulnerability Research implementation: A quick-start guide. London: sourcebook for the Caribbean water sector.
Adaptation Policy and Development (http:// Climate and Development Knowledge Trinidad and Tobago: Global Water Partnership-
givrapd.org/sites/jamaica). Network (www.cdkn.org/ndc-guide/book/ Caribbean. (http://www.gwp.org/Global/
3 GIVRAPD (2014) ‘Saint Lucia profile’. Christ planning-for-ndc-implementation-a-quick- GWP-C%20Files/Sourcebook%20-%20WV.pdf).
Church: Global Islands’ Vulnerability Research start-guide/adaptation). 22 CCCCC (2012) Op. cit.
Adaptation Policy and Development (http:// 12 Such as the Regional Strategy and the 23 GWP-C and CCCCC (2014) Op. cit.
givrapd.org/sites/st-lucia). Implementation Plan. 24 Worker, J., Nadres, M., Phillips, T., Tulsie, B. and
4 CDKN (2013) ‘Project: Supporting risk-based 13 Such as National Adaptation Plans, National Simmons, S. (2014) Making adaptation work:
decision-making in the Caribbean (CARIWIG)’. Adaptation Programmes of Action and An institutional analysis of climate change
London: Climate and Development National Communications to the UNFCCC, adaptation in Trinidad and Tobago and Saint
Knowledge Network (http://cdkn.org/ as well as other national plans for specific Lucia. London: Climate and Development
project/caribbean-weather-impact-group- sectors, in some cases. Knowledge Network (https://cdkn.org/wp-
supporting-risk-based-decision-making- 14 CARIBSAVE (2014) Climate-compatible tourism content/uploads/2014/04/ARIA_Technical_
carwig). project: Key summary findings from policy paper161214.pdf).
5 CDKN (2014) ‘Project: The Caribbean Climate analysis. Christ Church: CARIBSAVE. 25 WRI (2013) ARIA Phase 1. Washington, DC: World
Online Risk and Adaptation TooL (CCORAL)’. 15 UNFCCC (2016) Belize Third National Resources Institute (www.wri.org/sites/default/
London: Climate and Development Knowledge Communication to the UNFCCC. Bonn: files/uploads/aria_phase_i_workbook_2.0.pdf).
Network (http://cdkn.org/project/the- United Nations Framework Convention 26 Worker et al. (2014) Op. cit.; CANARI (2014)
caribbean-climate-online-risk-and-adaptation- on Climate Change (https://unfccc.int/ Strengthening institutional arrangements in
tool-ccoral). essential_background/library/items/3599. Trinidad and Tobago to facilitate climate change
6 CDKN (2014) ‘Project: Caribbean Research Call’. php?rec=j&priref=7845#beg). adaptation policy formulation and execution.
London: Climate and Development Knowledge 16 UNFCCC (2015) Intended Nationally Laventille: Caribbean Natural Resources Institute.
Network (http://cdkn.org/project/caribbean- Determined Contribution (INDC) Belize. Bonn: 27 CANARI (2015) Enabling civil society in Saint
research-call). United Nations Framework Convention Lucia to adapt to the impacts of climate change.
7 CCCCC (2009) ‘Planning for Climate Compatible on Climate Change (www4.unfccc.int/ Laventille: Caribbean Natural Resources Institute.
Development in the Caribbean’. Belmopan: submissions/INDC/Published%20Documents/ 28 Pittman, J., Armitage, D., Alexander, S., Campbell,
Caribbean Community Climate Change Belize/1/Belize%20INDCS.pdf ). D. and Alleyne, M. (2015) ‘Climate change and
Centre (www.caribbeanclimate.bz/ongoing- 17 CARIBSAVE (2014) Op. cit. governance in a coastal-marine context’, Marine
projects/2009-2021-regional-planning-for- 18 CARIBSAVE (no date) ‘Identification of Policy 51(C): 486–498.
climate-compatible-development-in-the- climate-compatible tourism development 29 Ibid.
region.html). in Belize’. Policy brief. Christ Church: 30 CANARI and WRI (2013) ARIA Phase II: Priority
8 INTASAVE and CARIBSAVE (2015a) ‘Reconciling CARIBSAVE (https://cdkn.org/wp-content/ areas report Trinidad and Tobago. Washington,
national adaptation policies with local uploads/2014/04/WWF_Belize_climate_ DC: World Resources Institute (http://cdkn.
level implementation in SIDS: Insights compatible_tourism_brochure.pdf ). org/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/ARIA-
for replication’. Policy Brief. Christ Church: 19 CCCCC (2012) Delivering transformational Phase-II-Priority-areas-report-Trinidad-and-
CARIBSAVE (https://cdkn.org/resource/policy- change 2011–21: Implementing the Tobago290315.pdf).
brief-reconciling-national-adaptation-policies- CARICOM Regional Framework for achieving 31 INTASAVE and CARBISAVE (2015b) ‘Multi-
local-level-implementation-sids-insights- development resilient to climate change. level governance to adaptation in the
replication/?loclang=en_gb). Belmopan: Caribbean Community Climate Caribbean’. Policy Brief. Christ Church:
9 CARIWIG (no date) ‘The CARIWIG portal’. Change Centre (http://cms2.caricom. CARIBSAVE (https://cdkn.org/wp-content/
Newcastle: Caribbean Weather Impacts Group org/documents/13414-delivering_ uploads/2017/02/2GIVRAPD_Policy_Brief-Multi-
(www.cariwig.org/ncl_portal/#info). transformation_change.pdf ). level-governance.pdf).
1132 CDKN (2014) Op. cit. institutional arrangements, social networks and governance facilitate coastal climate change
33 Bonjean Stanton, M.C. and Downing, T.E. (2014) community empowerment’. Policy Brief. Christ adaptation in Jamaica? Christ Church: Global
‘Identifying and lifting climate adaptation Church: CARIBSAVE (https://cdkn.org/resource/ Islands’ Vulnerability Research Adaptation
barriers in Jamaica using a participatory policy-brief-lessons-jamaica-promoting- Policy and Development (http://cdkn.org/
approach’. GIVRAPD Working Paper. Oxford, UK: resilience-institutional-arrangements-social- wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Working-
Global Climate Adaptation Partnership. networks-community-empowerment). Paper-Can-multilevel-governance-facilitate-
34 Ibid. 37 Ibid. coastal-climate-change-adaptation-in-
35 INTASAVE and CARBISAVE (2015b) Op. cit. 38 Ibid. Jamaica.pdf ).
36 INTASAVE and CARBISAVE (2015c) ‘Lessons 39 Alexander, S.M., Armitage, D., Pittman, J. 40 Ibid.
from Jamaica: Promoting resilience through and Campbell, D. (no date) Can multilevel 41 Ibid.
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