Pre-Marital Counseling Effectiveness In Building Happy Muslim Families
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International Journal of Contemporary Islamic Law and Society
Vol. 3 No. 1 Tahun 2021 41
Pre-Marital Counseling Effectiveness In Building
Happy Muslim Families
Mohammad Nasir1*, Zainal Abdin 2, Lukman S. Thahir3
1 Islamic Family Law Department, Postgraduate, Institut Agama Islam Negeri Palu
2 Islamic Family Law Department, Postgraduate, Institut Agama Islam Negeri Palu
3 Islamic Family Law Department, Postgraduate, Institut Agama Islam Negeri Palu
ABSTRACT ARTICLE
INFORMATION
This study discusses the effectiveness of premarital guidance and Keywords:
counseling in building sakinah families at the Office of Religious
Affairs (KUA) of Parigi District, Parigi Moutong Regency. The study Ore-Married,
used qualitative methods and the data was gathered through counselling,
observation, indepth interviews and written material. The data happiness, Muslim
analysis was analyzed through reduction process, then the data was families
presented in a table, and it was also verified, and finally the
discussion was built based on the data. The results showed that (1)
Guidance and premarital counseling in KUA Parigi District has been
effectively carried out through premarital counseling and
counseling programs carried out through two stages namely the
pre-implementation stage and the implementation stage by
increasing the role of the counselor in handling divorce, and
guidance and pre-marital counseling with procedures that have
been determined based on the existing schedule and comprehensive
pre-marital guidance materials guided by KUA Employees and
several other relevant agencies.
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1. Introduction The general provisions are that
Counseling and therapy pre-marriage counseling course are
approaches in premarital education have carried out for the Muslim prospective
the greatest impacts in positive changes bride and groom who reached at least 19
in the couple’s relationship. The couples years old for male and 16 years for
who voluntarily attend premarital female. Most of them are young couples
counseling are more united, tend to who want to get married, both male and
avoid divorce, and feel satisfaction in female, and have registered with KUA.
marriage relationship. However, in principle, pre-marriage
The family is established through course is open to prospective brides and
a legal marriage process. In fact, not a grooms, either those who have failed to
few people who already have a build a household with their partner, or
prospective husband/wife, are of those who have not yet wished to get
sufficient age, are already earning, but married. As a form of support for their
also don't have the courage to get children who are getting married,
married because they are not ready. parents are also expected to accompany
Premarital guidance is needed as a their children in participating in the
preventive measure so that there are no program.
disputes in the household.1 The facilities for organizing
Basically, everyone wants to have premarital guidance include learning
a harmonious and happy household facilities, which consist of syllabus,
(sakinah, mawaddah, warahmah). A family modules, and other teaching materials
which has full of happiness, love, needed for learning. The syllabus and
comfort and inner and outer well-being modules are prepared by the Ministry of
will certainly have an great influence on Religion to be used as a reference by the
the formation of a harmonious society.2 organizers of pre-marital guidance. The
But in reality, not all couples are able to materials presented include marriage
achieve it. Building a household is not as procedures, religious knowledge, laws
easy as turning the palm of the hand, but and regulations in the field of marriage
it takes effort and struggle, because and family.
various problems will arise in family life. Basically the marriage is carried
It could be that problems that arise can out forever until the death of one of the
be resolved together with deliberation, husbands or wives. This is what Islam
but not a few also end it in divorce. really wants. However, in certain
circumstances, there may be certain
1Ahmad Zaini, “Membentuk Keluarga things that require the dissolution of the
Sakinah Melalui Bimbingan dan Konseling marriage; in a sense that if the marital
Pernikahan” Konseling Religi, Volume 6, Nomor 1 relationship continues, damage and harm
(June 2015), 89-106.
2 See Rusli Rusli, “The Role of Family in
will occur.3 In this case, Islam justifies the
Preventing Social Conflict in Society From Islamic
Perspectives,” HUNAFA: Jurnal Studia Islamika 17, 3Yunus, Haerunnisa, Rusli, Rusli, &
no. 1 (2020): 108–122. Abidin, Abidin. (2020). The Concept of A
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termination of marriage as the last step in the ways that can be adopted in
continuing the household. Divorce is a overcoming marital problems.6
good solution and option in overcoming The reduction in emotional
irreconcilable domestic disputes. tension means that marriage counseling
Many couples who, in their first is usually carried out when both parties
years of marriage, have begun to waver are in a very emotional situation. With
in the ark of their household, because counseling, couples can make ventilation,
they do not understand the meaning and by opening their emotional channels to
wisdom of marriage. Divorce nowadays the emotional pressures they have faced
seems to have become a common so far. The one who directs is called the
phenomenon in society.4 Many factors counselor. The councelor is not the
may cause divorce including immaturity subject, because he only helps. The
between husband and wife, economic subject is the client, while the object is the
problems, the presence of third parties in problem they face. What can be done by
the household, and domestic violence.5 a counselor is, among others, helping
clients to understand themselves,
2. Literature Review measure their abilities, know their
readiness and tendencies, clarify their
2.1 Definition of Marriage Counseling orientations, motivations and aspirations,
Willis considered marriage and know the difficulties and problems
counseling as a counseling organized as of the environment in which they live, as
an educational method to reduce well as the opportunities that are open to
emotional tension, which helps married them.7
couples to solve problems and determine
better problem solving patterns. It is said 2.2. Marriage Counseling Area
to be an educational method because Problems around marriage or
marriage counseling provides insights family life usually revolve around the
and knowledge to the couples who difficulty of choosing a mate, insufficient
consult about themselves, their partners, economy, sharp differences in character
and marital problems they face as well as between husband and wife,
dissatisfaction in sexual relations, and
inadequate relationships between
extended families. 8
Marriage counseling was initially
Marriage Agreement in the Compilation of
Islamic Law International Journal Of Contemporary
carried out not because of the initiative of
Islamic Law And Society, 2(2), 35-45. professionals, but the needs and requests
4 For more details about this issue, see of the couple. They have a number of
Rusli Rusli, “Hermeneutical Reading of Ṭalāq,”
HUNAFA: Jurnal Studia Islamika 12, no. 2 (2016):
209–229. 6Sofyan S. Wilis, Konseling Keluarga
5Abdul Ghani Abud, Keluarga Muslim dan (Bandung: Alfabeta, 2009), 56.
Berbagai Masalahnya (Bandung: Perpustakaan 7Ibid.
Salman, 2008), 104. 8Ibid.
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problems related to their marriage, and one another, it is impossible for the two
want to consult the problem with a individuals to be able to unite well,
counselor. Marriage counseling has especially at a young age of marriage,
several terms, among others, couples turmoil often occur in the family.
counseling, marriage counseling, and
marital counseling. These terms can be 2.4 The Purpose of Marriage Counseling
used interchangeably and have the same In detail, the long-term goals of
meaning. marriage counseling according to Huff
and Miller9 are as follows:
2.3 The Role of Psychological Factors in a. Increase self-awareness and mutual
Marriage empathy between partners.
Psychological factor in marriage is b. Raise awareness about each other's
an important element in marriage. Many strengths and potential
unexpected things happen in the family c. Increase mutual openness
due to the following factors: d. Promote a more intimate relationship
a. Maturity of Emotions and Thoughts e. Develop communication, problem
Emotional maturity and thought solving and conflict management skill.
will be closely intertwined. Someone Some assumptions that underlie the
who has matured emotionally can implementation of marriage counseling
usually think clearly, and undergo clear, include the following:
good, and objective consideration steps. a. Marriage counseling emphasizes more
Individuals who are married are legally on the couple’s relationship, not on the
adults, so they can see the problems that personality of each partner.
exist in the family well. b. The problem faced by both parties is
urgent, so marriage counseling is
b. Developing an attitude of tolerance carried out with a direct approach to
Emotional maturity and a person’s solving problems.
mindset will make a person able to c. The problems that couples face are
develop an attitude of tolerance between normal problems, not extreme
husband and wife. Being tolerant means pathological cases.
developing an attitude of accepting each d. Marriage counseling problems related
other’s shortcomings and strengths, and to types of marriage such as 1)
respecting their partner. The attitude of concurrent marital counseling; 2)
tolerance illustrates that each husband collaborative Marital counseling; 3)
and wife must be ready and willing to
sacrifice for the interests of the family
they have fostered. Cultivating an
attitude of tolerance is not an easy
matter; however, this needs to be
9 Cited in Brammer, L.M & Shostrom,
implemented. Of course, this requires
E.L. (1982). Therapeutic Psychology: Fundamentals
mutual understanding from each party.
of Counseling and Psychotherapy (Englewood Cliffs,
Without an attitude of tolerance between New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc.), 348-349.
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conjoint marital counseling; 4) couples The premarital counseling
group counseling.10 procedure is similar to that of marriage
counseling. What is emphasized in this
2.5 Difficulties and Advantages of pre-marital counseling is that it is more
Marriage Counseling anticipatory, which means self-
Marriage counseling, in its preparation to make the right choice in
implementation, is not easy, for several relation to the wedding plan. Meanwhile,
reasons. First, the person being dealt Family Counseling is a systematic and
with is problematic, and the problem professional process of counceling for the
concerns the relationship between one members, by helping them to develop
another.11 The counselor must be able to themselves, connecting the reality of the
give equal attention to both. Another family with the purpose of its existence,
reason that is often an obstacle in family and developing it towards the most
counseling is that counselors need special suitable for the family and society in
skills to handle married couples relation to the environment in general.14
compared to individual counseling. This definition is based on a
Marriage counseling requires the ability concept that applies to small groups,
to pay attention, manage conversations, especially primary groups. The family is
confrontation skills, and other counseling not just a collection of individuals, but a
skills. distinctive small group, which is
Premarital counseling is the sociologically included in the primary
counseling held for unmarried parties, in group, or small cell in a multicultural
connection with their marriage plans. society.15
They usually come to the counselor to Family guidance needs to pay
make their decisions to be more stable attention to the distinctive elements of
and can make better adjustments in the the family as a small group. The
future.12 Aspects that need to be assessed dynamics and mastery of the family
and understood by the counselors when counselor will determine the success or
conducting pre-marital counseling are failure of the assistance process. Based on
the history of introductions, comparisons this definition, it can be stated that the
of the couple’s background, the attitude definition contains five essential points in
of the two families, planning for the family, which include acceptance,
marriage, and psychological and permissive attitude, functional dynamics,
personality factors.13 intimate openness, and comprehensive
love.
10Pujosuwarno Sayekti, Bimbingan Dan
Konseling Keluarga (Yogyakarta: Menara Mas
Offset, 1994), 98. 14Bimo, Bimbingan, 70.
11Ibid, 99. 15Ibid, 66; See also Rusli Rusli,
12Walgito Bimo, Bimbingan dan Konseling “Multikulturalisme Dalam Wacana Alquran,”
Perkawinan. (Yogyakarta: Andi Offset, 2004), 65. HUNAFA: Jurnal Studia Islamika 9, no. 1 (2012):
13Ibid. 105–120.
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3. Methodology 4. Result and Discussion
This study uses qualitative
approach16 investigating Islamic Law 4.1 The Effectiveness of Pre-Marriage
Perspectives on Settlement of inheritance Guidance and Counseling in Building
disputes. This research was carried out in Harmonious Family
Office of Religious Affairs (KUA), The Indonesian state, which is
subdistrict of Parigi in the District of based on “the Belief in One God”, as the
Parigi Moutong. first pillar of Pancasila, only recognizes
Data were collected through that legal marriage is established
observation, indepth interview with according to religious law as the basis for
married counselors and couples who the formation of a family. Therefore, the
want to get married and written Government through related institutions
material17. Data analysis consists of is required to be more proactive in the
several procedures: reduction and efforts to strengthen the existence of
verification techniques with various data marriage institutions and preserve the
sources.18 The reduced data is then values of marriage.
analyzed reflecting on theoretical The method of government efforts
concepts used in this study19. in order to improve the quality and value
of marriage in a family is to establish a
marriage advisory institution that can
16 Nurdin, N., & Yusuf, K. (2020). find solutions to the problems that often
Knowledge management lifecycle in Islamic arise in the family. The advisory agency
bank: the case of syariah banks in Indonesia. is more familiarly known as the
International Journal of Knowledge Management Advisory Board for the Development
Studies, 11(1), 59-80.
and Preservation of Marriage (BP4).
https://doi.org/10.1504/ijkms.2020.105073; See
also Rusli Rusli, “Pendekatan Fenomenologi The Office of Religious Affairs of
Dalam Studi Agama Konsep, Kritik Dan Parigi District always tries to create a
Aplikasi,” Islamica: Jurnal Studi Keislaman 2, no. 2 happy marriage and establish a
(2008): 141–153. harmonious family. This is in accordance
17 Nurdin, Nurdin. (2019). Knowledge
with the vision of BP4 in general, namely
Integration Strategy in Islamic Banks. In Almeida
Helena & Sequeira Bernardete (Eds.), The Role of to enhance the quality of marriage in
Knowledge Transfer in Open Innovation (pp. 118- order to create a sakinah family according
138). Hershey, PA, USA: IGI Global. to Islamic teachings in achieving a
18 Muslih, Imam, Nurdin, Nurdin, &
prosperous Indonesian society and
Marzuki, Marzuki. (2020). Effectiveness of
nation both materially and spiritually.
Marriage Services Through Information System
Management (SIMKAH) at Palu City Religious One of the efforts made by the
Court International Journal Of Contemporary government, in this case, the Ministry of
Islamic Law And Society, 2(1), 20-35. Religion, is the struggle to produce
19 Iqbal, M., Rusli, R., & Musyahidah, M.
Marriage Law Number 1 of 1974 and
(2019). Management Strategies of Professional
establish an institution called BP4. In
Zakat Funds for Mustahiq Family Welfare By
Amil Zakat Body International Journal Of accordance with Statute of BP4 Article 4,
Contemporary Islamic Law And Society, 1(1), 39-51. BP4 aims to enhance the value of
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marriage and create a prosperous and of high quality, both in terms of
eternal family in accordance with the knowledge and moral quality.
teachings of Islam. To achieve this goal, Let alone religious instructors
the task of The Office of Religious Affairs whose job is to enlighten the soul so that
of Parigi District is to carry out clients are able to implement religious
counseling to prospective couples, based teachings. In addition, religious
on the Marriage Law. instructors also have the task of
Meanwhile, several efforts were providing information and moral
made by the KUA Parigi Subdistrict as development to the community through
one of its programs includes upgrading religious language so that religious
or providing guidance to prospective people can actively participate in the
brides. moral development process so that a
1. Delivering summons to the sakinah family can be realized in which
prospective marriage couples who it is full of Islamic nuances.
have registered to take part in the The next method used by the
guidance event. KUA of Parigi Sub-District is to make a
2. Doing pre-marital guidance by the breakthrough to change the counseling
KUA Parigi District once a month method in such a way, not only with a
which is located at the Office of religious approach, but also providing
Religious Affairs of Parigi District. guidance with all kinds of disciplines. In
3. Conducting personal marriage addition, religious instructors have been
guidance (face to face) for the bride more proactive, for example by holding
and groom who did not have time to workshops on marriage, and guidance
attend at the appointed time. for teenagers, or doing activities for
4. Giving a prosperous family book or young family groups to provide
magazine to the bride and groom knowledge and insight that marriage is
published by BP4. sacred and religious, so it must be
5. Providing guidance for a prosperous properly cared for. This noble task is
family.20 always carried out by all KUAs in
In principle, the duties and Indonesia, which include the KUA of
objectives of the KUA of Parigi Sub- Parigi District in particular, as well as
District are to reduce the divorce rate improving the quality of marriage and
and create a sakinah family by preventing family by developing the sakinah family
early marriage and providing guidance movement and religious education in the
to prospective marriage couples and the family environment.
community to establish a prosperous Based on an interview with the
and happy family. Meanwhile, the task officer of KUA in Parigi Subdistrict,
of religious instructors is a tough task Muhammad Fadli, who said:
that requires religious instructors to be “The implementation of guidance
has been carried out by BP4 for a
20Documents of the Office of Religious long time, some being carried out in
Affairs of Parigi Subdistrict, 2019.
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groups, and others personally (face their environment in harmony, and able
to face); or, using the group or to practice, appreciate, and deepen the
personal method, both involve values of faith, piety and noble character
several components from the in social life.
BKKBN, the Health Office, and local Pre-marital guidance (suscatin) is
Ulama. If there is anything to do given conditionally considering the
with domestic violence cases, the number of prospective brides for one
police must be involved police. So, month. Pre-marital guidance itself can be
the purpose in just one; that is, to done individually or in groups
create a sakinah family”21 depending on the number of couples
who register. For prospective brides who
One example is pre-marital
do not have the opportunity to take part
guidance, which is usually carried out in
in the suscatin program, they can do
the form of course program for the
individual guidance. And, the role of the
marriage couples (Suscatin). Suscatin is
KUA in Parigi Sub-district in pre-marital
providing knowledge, insights, and
guidance and counseling in order to to
skills, and raising awareness to
build a sakinah family in Parigi District
adolescents of marriage age and
KUA is to increase the counselor’s role in
prospective brides about domestic and
dealing with divorce.
family life. Suscatin is usually done one
BP4 is an abbreviation of the
month before the two couples get
Advisory Board for the Development
married, and is carried out
and Preservation of Marriage, which
simultaneously for prospective brides.
functions as the duty bearer and partner
So, the guidance-providing
of the Ministry of Religion in realizing a
process carried out during pre-wedding
sakinah family. BP4 is an official
is from individual to a group, and the
consulting agency that is part of the
purpose of implementing this guidance
Ministry of Religion which acts as an
or suscatin is to equalize the perception
advisory body for marriage guidance,
of the institution regarding the substance
especially for people who will carry out
and mechanism of organizing pre-
marriages.
marital courses for teenagers and or
In particular, BP4 only deals with
prospective brides.
the marriage problems of Muslim people,
Here, what is expected is the
because they need solutions to problems
realization of a sakinah family; that is, a
in marriage. Husband and wife often
family that is fostered by a legal
come to the KUA if they have the
marriage, able to meet spiritual and
problem to ask for a solution.
material needs in a proper and balanced
way, filled with an atmosphere of
4.2 Premarital Guidance and Counseling
affection between family members and
Procedures
21Interview
The implementation of marriage
with Muhammad Fadli,
officer of KUA, Parigi Subdistrict, 4 October guidance at KUA in Parigi Subdistrict is
2019. focused on the prospective bride and
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groom through pre-marital guidance register themselves and their partners for
activities so that they have sufficient marriage. Good direction from the Kua
knowledge and skills to face family life. in Parigi Subd-district made the stages or
Based on the interviews conducted processes run well without any
with several couples of prospective shortcomings.
brides, regarding the stages carried out by Although the requirements are
the bride and groom before carrying out quite a lot to be fulfilled, such as a
pre-marriage guidance at the KUA in marriage certificate from the village, a
Parigi Subdistrict, one of them said: letter from parents, without good
“As far as I remember, before doing guidance from the KUA, the prospective
pre-marital counseling I had to fill bride and groom will certainly be
out the form provided by the KUA confused about meeting the
officer. After that, I met other requirements for taking pre-marital
requirements, including a marriage guidance. The pre-marriage guidance
certificate from the village, birth carried out by the KUA of Parigi
certificate, approval letter for the Subdstrict aims to provide provisions for
two prospective brides, a letter from prospective brides to be able to create a
the village about parents, and family that is happy and harmonious
photo. After all the requirements (sakinah mawadah warahmah).
are complete and registered by the
KUA, then I just need to wait for the a. Premarital Guidance Material
invitation letter that I will take The material that will be used by
premarital guidance at the KUA”22 the supervisor in conducting guidance
process is related to domestic life,
The same is also true for the
couples who have taken premarital marriage law, marriage wisdom, rights
guidance, such as Ismy Sofyan23 and and obligations of husband and wife, the
way to form a sakinah family and to
Ismy Syahrul Ramadhan.24
maintain the integrity of the household
From the statements coming from
to avoid divorce.
three couples who have attended pre-
marital guidance at KUA in Parigi The materials presented in
premarital guidance at the KUA in Parigi
Subdistrict, it can be concluded that the
Subdistrict include:
stages that have been arranged are
running properly, and are quite effective 1. Marriage Law and Islamic Laws on
for prospective brides who want to marriage (fiqh al-munakahat)
In the Marriage Law of the
22Interview with Ali Akbar, prospective Republic of Indonesia Number 1 Year
bride, KUA office, Parigi Subdistrict, 11 October
1947 reads, “Marriage is an inner and
2019.
23Interview with Ismy Sofyan, citizen, outer bond between a man and a woman,
KUA office, Parigi Subdistrict, 11 October 2019. as husband and wife with the aim of
24Interview with Ismy Syahrul forming a happy and eternal family
Ramadhan, citizen, KUA office, Parigi (household) based on the Belief on One
Subdistrict, 11 October 2019.
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God”. This statement, at the same time, contraceptives, among others, the pill is
provides direction so that the married usually for mothers who are
couple should be able to form a safe, breastfeeding, injections (1 month and 3
peaceful, and happy family. months), implants, IUD (Intrauterine
Contraceptive Devices), condoms and
2). Family planning
Family planning is one of the tubectomy.
efforts to realize family happiness and 3). Harmonious family
prosperity. Family planning (Keluarga The purpose of marriage in the
Berencana, KB) is a movement to form a spiritual aspect is to achieve peace in life
healthy and prosperous family by that can foster a bond of love (mawaddah)
limiting births. Giving marriage advice and affection (rahmah) among family
regarding family planning programs is members. In realizing the stability of the
one of the efforts to help families plan prospective bride and groom to form a
their family life well so that they can sakinah family, the bride and groom must
achieve quality families. Based on the know the guidelines on how to form a
interview with the head of KUA in Parigi sakinah family according to Islam.
Subdistrict, it is said: The material presented by the
“The national family planning supervisor at the KUA in Parigi
movement strived to make the Subdistrict when compared to the
community more civilized and guidelines for organizing the prospective
independent through the bride and groom course did not contain
implementation of the Family the materials psychology of marriage and
Planning (KB) counseling program. family, child protection law, domestic
By improving the quality and violence law. The counselors at KUA,
convenience of services, while still admitted that the material on psychology
paying attention to the health of of marriage and family is not available at
family planning, and is not KUA because no one has mastered this
contradictory with the religious field and there has been no collaboration
values that exist in society, families between KUA and the authority of this
are made happy and live in field of psychology. Limited facilities and
harmony”25 infrastructure is one factor in the absence
of materials on marriage and family
This kind of counseling material is
psychology in the implementation of
intended so that the bride and groom can
premarital guidance at KUA in Parigi
prepare and plan as early as possible
Subdistrict.
their desire to have children, and also to
The statement from the Head of
assist them in choosing a family planning
KUA in Parigi Subdistrict was
device that suits the condition of the
strengthened by the statement of one of
wife’s body. As for several types of
his employees as follows:
“In facilitating the process of
25Interview with Jumading, Head of delivering premarital guidance
KUA, Parigi Subdistrict, 14 October 2019.
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materials, a method is needed to with each other, learning to solve
support the process of implementing problems and managing conflict.
premarital guidance for prospective This skill is clearly very important in
brides. The method used by the one’s household life. Young couples
supervisor at KUA in Parigi really need guidance especially to
Subdistrict is the method of lecture clarify their expectations for their
and the discussion or question and marriage and strengthen the
answer method”26 relationship before marriage. The
The media used in pre-marital role of premarital guidance is closely
guidance at KUA in Parigi District related to the purpose of marriage, to
include oral media and certificates realize a sakinah family in accordance
behind which there is a summary of the with Islamic religious guidance.”27
material that has been submitted by the
The process of implementing
counselor. Although oral media is
marriage guidance for brides and
simple, the material presented is still grooms at KUA Parigi Subdistrict has
easily understood by the participants of run well and effectively. This is
premarital guidance course. Competent
evidenced when researchers go into the
supervisors also support this oral media,
field, the process of marriage guidance
making it easier for participants to activities goes smoothly.
understand the material presented. Polite
speech and vocabulary chosen by the 5. Conclusions
supervisor in conveying the material are The research concludes that pre-
also easy for participants to understand. marital guidance and counseling at the
Premarital guidance is very KUA in Parigi Subdistrict has been
important given to the bride and groom effectively implemented through the pre-
with the aim that thy can strengthen the marital guidance and counseling
relationship after marriage. Premarital program carried out in two stages,
guidance has several benefits including namely the pre-implementation stage
running toward a more focused future, and the implementation stage by
reducing the risk of relationship increasing the role of the counselor in
fractures, facilitating the unification of dealing with divorce, and pre-marital
vision, and mutual understanding of the counseling with procedures that have
couple’s family. This is based on the been determined based on the existing
researcher's interview with one of the schedule and comprehensive pre-marital
KUA employees of Parigi Subdistrict, guidance materials guided by KUA
who said, employees and several other relevant
“Premarital guidance is very agencies.
important as a vehicle for guiding
two different people to communicate REFERENCES
26Interview with Miskiah, officer of KUA, 27Interview with Iwan, officer of KUA,
Parigi Subdistrict, 25 October 2019. Parigi Subdistrict, 25 October 2019.
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Vol. 3 No. 1 Tahun 2021 52
Iqbal, Muhammad, Rusli, Rusli, &
Abud, Abdul Ghani. Keluarga Muslim dan Musyahidah, Musyahidah. (2019).
Berbagai Masalahnya. Bandung: Management Strategies of
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