Protozoa and Metazoa in Wastewater - Steven Leach June 2019
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Protozoa and Metazoa in Wastewater
Steven Leach
June 2019
Which plant is running better? They are both running very well- Eff COD
Aeration basin Bugs don’t lie!!
Home of “active biomass” Take the sample here!!
Once sample is collected try and
observe as soon as possible
Provides a “real time” view of biomass
Protozoa Facts Single-celled organisms Feed heterotrophically Various forms of motility Eukaryotes-(nucleus) Over 65,500 currently identified*(120,000 sp) Occur single or in colonies Oldest identified- 770 million years* Found almost everywhere International Society of Protistologists- always looking for members *The great oxygenation event was estimated to have occurred around 2300 million years ago
Single Cell- Amazing!
Motility
Reproduction
Respiration*
Feeding
Defense(encystment)
*Reproduction-binary fission or budding most common
Adaption* tips of the
toxicysts
Extrusomes
(There are anaerobic protists)
Foissner et al. 1995
Taxonomische und ökologische
*Rain/excyst, feed, Revision der Ciliaten des
Saprobiensystems, Band 4
grow, multiply then Bazerisches Landesamt für
Wasserwirtschaft
Re-encyst Munich, Germany
Protozoa
Amoeba
Flagellate
Free-swimming ciliate
Crawling ciliate
Given enough resources, most
Carnivore ciliate protists can reproduce
asexually indefinitely. They are
Stalked ciliate functionally ‘immortal’ and don’t
age
Suctoria
Ciliates are different. They have
a characteristic life-span that
includes youth, maturity,
senescence and death
Amoeba
Slow movement
False feet
Heliozoan Feed on organics and bacteria
Compete with bacteria
Chaos C.- 1000-5000 microns
Testate Amoeba
Testate amoeba may
Feed more selectively
than naked amoeba
Some have teeth*
The test may be organic or inorganic
Shell shape changes in drier conditions
Reproduction with binary fission with shell production first
Color tells age* -the longer in the system the more colored (copper)
Flagellate
Most flagellum have fine tubular hairs on surface
Numerous genera and species!
-Feed on bacteria
-Very fast
-5-10X bacteria size
-Have two or more
flagella
Free-Swimming Ciliates -cilia covers entire shape -lower BOD present -Sufficient D.O. -C.V. shows health -Asexual & Sexual reproduction *Approx. 13,207 ciliates described If paramecium was able to divide 1x/day it would have more mass than the earth in 113 days.
Crawling Ciliates
pH close to neutral
Cirri cover portion
Established floc
Indicative of steady state*
Foissner et al. 1991
Taxonomische und ökologische
Revision der Ciliaten des
Saprobiensystems, Band I
Bazerisches Landesamt für
Wasserwirtschaft
Munich, GermanyCarnivorous Free-Swimmer
Adequate D.O
Available food
Low BOD
Neutral pH
Healthy biomass
Foissner et al. 1995
Taxonomische und ökologische
Revision der Ciliaten des
Saprobiensystems, Band 4
Bazerisches Landesamt für
Wasserwirtschaft
Munich, Germany
Didinium feeding on parameciumSuctoria
Low ammonia
Presence of ciliates
With or without stalk
Foissner et al. 1995
Taxonomische und ökologische
Revision der Ciliaten des
Lower BOD Saprobiensystems, Band 4
Bazerisches Landesamt für
Wasserwirtschaft
Munich, Germany
Neutral pHStalk Ciliates
Single vs. colonial
Length of stalk= age
Detached from stalk
during changes
Found in both poor and
good operations
Lorica possible Foissner et al. 1992:
Taxonomische und ökologische
Revision der Ciliaten des
Saprobiensystems, Band 2
Bayerisches Landesamt für
Wasserwirtschaft
Munich, GermanyReactions of protozoa to shocks
Slow change in pH
High ammonia
??
Smashed from coverslip
High temperature >48C Low D.O.Metazoa Facts (regards to wastewater) Multicellular Slower growing Worms, rotifers, gastrotrich, etc… Evolved during the Precambrian age (545 million years ago)* Worms and higher have approx. 55 specialized cells Typically larger than protozoa Sexual and asexual reproduction Heterotrophic All are motile*
Rotifer
-Over 80% are female
-Longer Sludge age*
-Low BOD
-Sufficient D.O.
-Tardigrade food*
-2500 known species
-Live for 2-3 days
-Older rotifers have a darker pigmentation
-Majority are omnivorousRotifer jaws “Mastax” Malleoramate trophi Ramate trophi
Low D.O.
Nematode
Long Sludge age
Aerates floc
Feed on fungus
Common in fixed film systems
*Responsible for more crop damage than another other organismBristle worm
Very little known
Old sludge age
Fixed film systems
Can cause water to appear pink (reddish)
Spots are sensory cells
Thin cell wall enables growth in low D.O.
Some species are carnivorousTardigrade-”Water Bear”
Adequate D.O.**
Low BOD
Neutral pH
Good trout streams*
500 species
NASA sent them to space
Mostly femaleGasterotrich
Not good indicator organisms
Confused with rotifers
Seen more frequently in fall
Found in both poor and good plantsHigher Life forms
A
C
B
Rotifer
D Stalk ciliate
Testate amoeba
Flagellate
Suctoria
E
Amoeba
Carnivore ciliate
F GCommon terms
Anterior- front part of the cell Heterotrophic- a mode of nutrition with which the
organism uses molecules created by another
Bacterivore- eats bacteria organism
Buccal- relates to the mouth structure Intracellular- inside the cell
Cyst- body enclosed in extracellular lorica Lorica-organic or inorganic casing or shell
Cytoplasm- the matter that makes up cells Mastax- grinding structure behind the mouth of
Cytostome- the “mouth” rotifers
Daughter cells- product of cell division Meiosis-two cells combine (sexual reproduction)
Diffusion feeding-predator relies on the prey to make Mitosis-nucleus of a cell divides to create two new
contact-(ex. suctoria) nuclei
Detritus- dead plant and animal material Nucleus-an organelle where most of the DNA is
located
Encyst- to change from active to cyst form
Omnivore-eats bacteria, plant, other ciliates
Eukaryotic- cells with nuclei and other membranous
organelles Organelle-a structure found inside eukaryotic cells
Extracellular- outside the cell Peristome-the area around the mouth
Extrusomes-organelle to catch, kill or protect Phagocytosis-ingest food particles and enclose them
with membrane to form food vacuoles
Flagellum- filamentous structure used for motion
Heliozoan- a protist with stiff radiating arms
24Common terms
micronucleus
Polysaccharide-a molecule comprised of many sugar Contractile vacuole
molecules. Includes cellulose and starch
macronucleus
Prokaryotic-cells without nucleus-bacteria
Pinocystosis-ingesting material by enclosing it within
a membrane
Raptorial-organism moves around for food
Sessile-organisms that are fixed to a substrate. Stalk
or lorica
Spasmoneme-contractile element in stalk
Suspension feeding-feeding on suspended particles-
stalk ciliates
Test-a rigid shell around an organism
Trophic-organisms that are active and feeding
Vacuole-a cavity in the cell enclosed by a
membrane(ex. food and expulsion)
Food vacuole Pellicle
cilia cytostome cytopharynx
25scle@novozymes.com
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