SIFMA Research Quarterly - 1Q22 - US Fixed Income Markets - Outstanding - Fixed Income Outstanding 1Q22

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SIFMA Research Quarterly - 1Q22 - US Fixed Income Markets - Outstanding - Fixed Income Outstanding 1Q22
Executive Summary

         SIFMA Research Quarterly – 1Q22
         US Fixed Income Markets – Outstanding

         June 2022

        The SIFMA Research Quarterlies contain data and statistics on U.S. markets. The fixed income reports are
        split into two – (1) issuance and trading, (2) outstanding – given a delay in the reporting of outstanding data.
        The reports cover data on total U.S. fixed income markets, as captured in the SIFMA Research databases:
        U.S. Treasuries, mortgage-backed securities, corporate bonds, municipal securities, federal agency securities,
        asset-backed securities, money markets (outstanding only), repurchase agreements (outstanding only) and
        secured overnight financing rate.

        All reports, including the equity quarterly, and corresponding databases can be found at:
        www.sifma.org/research

US Fixed Income Markets - Outstanding                                                                                 Page | 1
Executive Summary

Contents
Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................................................................... 4
US Fixed Income Markets vs. Rest of World .............................................................................................................................................. 4
Quarterly Performance ............................................................................................................................................................................... 5
Chart Book: Total Fixed Income & Agency Securities ................................................................................................................................ 6
Total Fixed Income ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
Agency Securities ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
Chart Book: US Treasuries (UST) .............................................................................................................................................................. 7
Chart Book: Structured Products (MBS & ABS) ......................................................................................................................................... 8
Mortgage-Backed Securities (MBS) ........................................................................................................................................................... 8
Asset-Backed Securities (ABS) .................................................................................................................................................................. 8
Chart Book: Corporate Bonds (Corporates) ............................................................................................................................................... 9
Chart Book: Municipal Securities (Munis) ................................................................................................................................................. 10
Chart Book: Money Markets (MM)............................................................................................................................................................ 11
Chart Book: Repurchase Agreements (Repo) .......................................................................................................................................... 12
Chart Book: Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) ......................................................................................................................... 15
Appendix: Fixed Income Securities Definitions & Purpose ....................................................................................................................... 16
Appendix: Terms to Know ........................................................................................................................................................................ 18
Authors ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 19

US Fixed Income Markets - Outstanding                                                                                                                                                             Page | 2
Executive Summary

    Associated Reports

    Please also see SIFMA Research Quarterly Report: US Cash Equities, ETFs, Multi-Listed Options and Capital Formation &
    SIFMA Research Quarterly Report: US Fixed Income Markets – Issuance and Trading, which can be found at:
    www.sifma.org/research

    SIFMA Insights Primers: The SIFMA Insights primer series is a reference tool that goes beyond a typical 101 series. By
    illustrating important technical and regulatory nuances, SIFMA Insights primers provide a fundamental understanding of the
    marketplace and set the scene to address complex issues arising in today’s markets. The SIFMA Insights market structure
    primer series includes: Global Capital Markets & Financial Institutions; Primary, Secondary & Post-Trade Markets; Electronic
    Trading; U.S. Fixed Income; SOFR, the Transition from LIBOR; U.S. Equity; U.S. Multi-Listed Options; U.S. ETFs; U.S. Capital
    Formation and Listings Exchanges; and Evolution of the Fintech Narrative. The primers and other Insights reports can be found
    at: www.sifma.org/primers

SIFMA is the leading trade association for broker-dealers, investment banks and asset managers operating in the U.S. and global capital markets. On
behalf of our industry’s one million employees, we advocate on legislation, regulation and business policy, affecting retail and institutional investors,
equity and fixed income markets and related products and services. We serve as an industry coordinating body to promote fair and orderly markets,
informed regulatory compliance, and efficient market operations and resiliency. We also provide a forum for industry policy and professional
development. SIFMA, with offices in New York and Washington, D.C., is the U.S. regional member of the Global Financial Markets Association (GFMA).
For more information, visit http://www.sifma.org.

This report is subject to the Terms of Use applicable to SIFMA’s website, available at http://www.sifma.org/legal. Copyright © 2022

US Fixed Income Markets - Outstanding                                                                                                          Page | 3
Executive Summary

Executive Summary

US Fixed Income Markets vs. Rest of World

The U.S. fixed income markets are the largest in the world, comprising 38.7% of the $127 trillion securities
outstanding across the globe, or $49 trillion (as of 4Q21). This is 2.0x the next largest market, the EU. U.S. market
share has averaged 38.6% over the last 10 years, troughing at 36.3% in 2012 and peaking at 40.4% in 2016.

US Market Share

            Global FI Outstanding                                      US Share of Global FI Markets ($T)
                                 HK                                                   World     US
      Australia EM    DM
                1.4% 1.1%       0.5%               140
        1.9%                           Singapore                                                                          127
 Canada                                  0.5%                                                                      123
  3.2%                                             120
                                                                                                            105
  UK                                                                                           98    100
 5.7%                                              100    87     87                     89
                                                                         85     86

         Japan                      US              80
         10.5%                     38.7%
                                                    60                                                                     49
                                                                                                                    46
                                                                                               37     39     41
                                                                 33      34     35      36
                                                    40    32
           China
           17.2%
                                                    20
                         EU
                        19.4%                        0
                                                         FY12   FY13    FY14   FY15   FY16    FY17   FY18   FY19   FY20   FY21

Source: Bank for International Settlements (4Q21, BIS data for all countries has a lag)
Note: Country classification based on World Bank list of economies

US Fixed Income Markets - Outstanding                                                                                                      Page | 4
Executive Summary

Quarterly Performance

In this report, we utilized SIFMA Research’s comprehensive fixed income and securitized products databases
(www.sifma.org/statistics) to recap statistics for total U.S. fixed income markets, U.S. Treasuries (UST), mortgage-
backed securities (MBS), corporate bonds (corporates), municipal securities (munis), federal agency securities
(agency), asset-backed securities (ABS), money markets (MM), repurchase agreements (repos) and the secured
overnight financing rate (SOFR).

Quarterly Highlights

Outstanding ($B)                 1Q22           4Q21           1Q21            Q/Q              Y/Y          FY21           FY20            Y/Y
Total Market*                   53,694         52,718         50,627           1.9%            6.1%         52,828         50,071          5.5%
UST                             23,280         22,584         21,381           3.1%            8.9%         22,584         20,973          7.7%
MBS*                            12,202         12,202         11,214           0.0%            8.8%         12,202         11,214          8.8%
Corporates                      10,020          9,945          9,772           0.8%            2.5%         9,945           9,685          2.7%
Munis                            4,041          4,064          4,015          -0.6%            0.7%         4,064           3,988          1.9%
Agency                           1,464          1,433          1,604          2.1%            -8.8%         1,433           1,689         -15.1%
ABS*                             1,585          1,476          1,535          7.4%             3.2%         1,585           1,535          3.2%
MM                               1,102          1,014          1,105          8.7%            -0.3%         1,014            987           2.8%

Sources: Refinitiv, Bloomberg, The Federal Reserve, US Agencies, US Treasury, SIFMA estimates
Note: MBS, ABS data as of 4Q21, all else as of 1Q22. As the structured product database is under repair, reports will be updated once finalized

US Fixed Income Markets - Outstanding                                                                                                        Page | 5
Chart Book: Total Fixed Income & Agency Securities

Chart Book: Total Fixed Income & Agency Securities

Total Fixed Income

•    Outstanding: 1Q22 $53.7T, +6.1% Y/Y, +1.9% Q/Q; FY21 $52.8T, +5.5% Y/Y

                US FI Outstanding                                           US FI Outstanding ($T)
                        MM                                   UST    MBS     Corporates     Munis     Agency     ABS    MM
        ABS     Agency 2.1%
                 2.7%                            60
        3.0%                                                                                                    52.8         53.7
                                                                                                   50.1
                                                 50
                                                                                  44.0
               Munis                                                 42.2
                                                          40.3
               7.5%
                                                 40
                                      UST
        Corporates                   43.4%
                                                 30
          18.7%

                                                 20

                                                 10
                      MBS
                     22.7%                        0
                                                         FY17        FY18         FY19             FY20        FY21          YTD
Source: Refinitiv, Bloomberg, The Federal Reserve, US Agencies, US Treasury, SIFMA estimates
Note: MBS, ABS data as of 4Q21, all else as of 1Q22. As the structured product database is under repair, reports will be updated once finalized

Agency Securities

•    Outstanding: 1Q22 $1.5T, -8.8% Y/Y, +2.1% Q/Q; FY21 $1.4T, -15.1% Y/Y

           US Agency Outstanding                                       US Agency Outstanding ($T)
                                                           FHLB    FHLMC     Farm Credit     FNMA         Farmer Mac   TVA
        Farmer Mac           TVA                 2.5
           1.6%              1.4%

                                                           1.9
                                                 2.0                  1.8
                FNMA                                                               1.7             1.7
                12.5%                                                                                                        1.5
                                                                                                                1.4
                                                 1.5
        FHLMC                       FHLB
        11.3%                       47.8%
                                                 1.0

                Farm                             0.5
                Credit
                25.4%
                                                 0.0
                                                          FY17       FY18         FY19             FY20        FY21          YTD

Source: US Agencies, SIFMA estimates

US Fixed Income Markets - Outstanding                                                                                                        Page | 6
Chart Book: US Treasuries (UST)

Chart Book: US Treasuries (UST)
•        Outstanding: 1Q22 $23.3T, +8.9% Y/Y, +3.1% Q/Q; FY21 $22.6T, +7.7% Y/Y

                             UST Outstanding                                                                                                                               UST Outstanding ($T)
                                                                                                                                                               Bills         Notes        Bonds             TIPS         FRN

                                             FRN                                                            25                                                                                                                                                          23.3
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    22.6
                                             2.7%                                                           23                                                                                              21.0

                                  TIPS                                                                      20
                                                             Bills
                                  7.5%                                                                                                                                            16.7
                                                            16.9%                                           18                                             15.6
                                                                                                                                        14.5
                                                                                                            15
                  Bonds
                  15.6%                                                                                     13
                                                                                                            10
                                                                                                                 8
                                                                                                                 5
                                                          Notes                                                  3
                                                          57.3%
                                                                                                                 0
                                                                                                                                   FY17                   FY18                    FY19                   FY20                     FY21                                  YTD

                                                    UST Holders - Institutions                                                                                                                                           UST Holders - Countries
40%                                                                                                                                                                         40%                                                                                                                                                           37.0%

           30.2%
30%                                                                                                                                                                         30%

                             23.2%
                                                                                                                                                                            20%      16.4%
20%
                                                                                                                                                                                                  13.9%
                                                   14.1%          13.6%
                                                                                                                                                                            10%                                 8.5%
10%                                                                               6.9%                                                                                                                                       4.2% 4.0% 3.9% 3.7% 3.5% 3.3% 3.2%
                                                                                                     5.7%
                                                                                                                         3.4%
                                                                                                                                               1.5%        1.5%              0%
    0%
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Belgium
                                                                                                                                                                                         Japan

                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Ireland

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               Other
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               France
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   Cayman Is

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  Switzerland

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               Taiwan
                                                                                                                                                                                                    China

                                                                                                                                                                                                                 UK

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               Luxembourg
                Foreign

                                                                                                                                               Other

                                                                                                                                                               Insurance
                                                                                                      S/L Govt

                                                                                                                          Individuals
                                                                    Pensions

                                                                                      Banks
                                 Mon Auth

                                                     MFs

                                                          UST Interest Rates (%)                                                                                                                                         Federal Funds Rate (%)
                                                     Spread                     2-Year                       10-Year                                                                                                         Target Range                                       Effective Rate
                                                          2.93
3.0                                                                                                                                                                         3.0
         2.44                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2.40
2.5                       2.24                            2.67                                                                                                              2.5
                                                                                                                                                               1.95                                                      1.92
2.0                                                                                   1.79                                                                                  2.0                                                                                    1.64
                                                                                                                                          1.59
                                                                                                                                                                1.46                                           1.45
1.5 1.24                                                                                                                                                                    1.5
                                                                                 1.59                                                                                                            1.15
                          1.36                                                                                          0.86
1.0                                                                                                                                                                         1.0 0.70

0.5                                                                                                                                       0.17                              0.5                                                                                                                 0.09                 0.07
                                                                                                                        0.15                                                                                                                                                                                                                   0.12
0.0                                                                                                                                                                         0.0
                                                                                                                                                                                  1Q17
                                                                                                                                                                                          2Q17
                                                                                                                                                                                                 3Q17
                                                                                                                                                                                                        4Q17
                                                                                                                                                                                                               1Q18
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2Q18
                                                                                                                                                                                                                             3Q18
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1Q19
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               2Q19
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            3Q19
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     4Q19
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               1Q20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       2Q20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                3Q20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       4Q20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1Q21
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2Q21
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               3Q21
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        4Q21
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1Q22
         1Q17
                 2Q17
                          3Q17
                                 4Q17
                                            1Q18
                                                   2Q18
                                                          3Q18
                                                                 1Q19
                                                                        2Q19
                                                                               3Q19
                                                                                      4Q19
                                                                                              1Q20
                                                                                                     2Q20
                                                                                                                 3Q20
                                                                                                                        4Q20
                                                                                                                                 1Q21
                                                                                                                                          2Q21
                                                                                                                                                 3Q21
                                                                                                                                                        4Q21
                                                                                                                                                               1Q22

Sources: US Treasury, New York Federal Reserve, The Federal Reserve, SIFMA estimates

US Fixed Income Markets - Outstanding                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              Page | 7
Chart Book: Structured Products (MBS & ABS)

Chart Book: Structured Products (MBS & ABS)

Mortgage-Backed Securities (MBS)

•     Outstanding: 4Q21 $12.2T, +8.8% Y/Y, +2.5% Q/Q

               US MBS Outstanding                                          US MBS Outstanding ($T)
                                                                  Agency MBS       Non-Agency          Agency CMO
                                                14
                                                                                                                             12.2
                       Agency                   12                                                            11.2
                        CMO                                                                     10.2
                                                                                  9.7
                       11.4%                    10       9.0         9.3
            Non-
           Agency
           12.4%                                 8

                                                 6

                                                 4
                                Agency
                                 MBS             2
                                76.2%
                                                 0
                                                        FY16         FY17        FY18          FY19          FY20            FY21

Sources: Refinitiv, Bloomberg, US Agencies, SIFMA estimates

Asset-Backed Securities (ABS)

•     Outstanding: 4Q21 $1.6T, +3.2% Y/Y, +7.4% Q/Q

                US ABS Outstanding                                         US ABS Outstanding ($T)
                                                           CDO/CLO     Auto    Student Loans    CC      Equipment    Other
                                                1.8                               1.6           1.7                          1.6
                                                                                                              1.5
                                                                     1.5
                                                1.5      1.4
                     Other
                     16.7%
     CC                                         1.3
    3.4%
Equip                                           1.0
ment
5.1%                              CDO/CLO
                                                0.8
                                   51.7%
           Student
            Loans                               0.5
            9.2%

                  Auto                          0.3
                 13.9%
                                                0.0
                                                        FY16         FY17        FY18          FY19          FY20            FY21

Source: Refinitiv, Bloomberg, SIFMA estimates

Note: MBS, ABS data as of 4Q21, as the structured product database is under repair. Reports will be updated once finalized

US Fixed Income Markets - Outstanding                                                                                               Page | 8
Chart Book: Corporate Bonds (Corporates)

Chart Book: Corporate Bonds (Corporates)
•       Outstanding: 1Q22 $10.0T, +2.5% Y/Y, +0.8% Q/Q; FY21 $9.9T, +0.8% Y/Y

                     US Corporate Outstanding ($T)                                                                 US Corporate Bond Defaults

                                                                          160
12                                                                                                                                                                 146

                                                     9.9         10.0     140
                                          9.7
10
                     8.5       8.8                                        120
           8.2
    8                                                                     100
                                                                                                                                              78
    6                                                                         80
                                                                                              64
                                                                              60
    4                                                                                                               44                                                                    40
                                                                              40
    2
                                                                              20
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    7
    0                                                                          0
          FY17      FY18      FY19       FY20        FY21        YTD                         FY17                 FY18                   FY19                      FY20                  FY21                   YTD

          US Corporates Average Maturity at Issuance (# Years)                                 US Corporate Bond Index Yield to Maturity (%)
                                                                                                                                Spread                  IG                HY
20                                                               19.7    10                                                                                        9.3

                                                                                                                                8.0
19                                                                        8
                                                                                                           6.6                                       6.4
                                                                               6.2           6.0                                                                                                                           6.2

18                                                                        6                                                                                                             5.0                     4.9
                                          17.6
                                                                                                                                                                                                      4.6
                    17.2                                                                                                        4.3
                               17.1                                                                        3.8                                                     3.7                                                     3.6
                                                                          4    3.4           3.2
17                                                                                                                                                   3.0
                                                                                                                                                                                                      2.1           2.4
          16.3                                       16.3                                                                                                                               1.8
                                                                          2
16

                                                                          0
15
                                                                               1Q17
                                                                                      2Q17
                                                                                             3Q17
                                                                                                    4Q17
                                                                                                           1Q18
                                                                                                                  2Q18
                                                                                                                         3Q18
                                                                                                                                4Q18
                                                                                                                                       1Q19
                                                                                                                                              2Q19
                                                                                                                                                     3Q19
                                                                                                                                                            4Q19
                                                                                                                                                                   1Q20
                                                                                                                                                                          2Q20
                                                                                                                                                                                 3Q20
                                                                                                                                                                                        4Q20
                                                                                                                                                                                               1Q21
                                                                                                                                                                                                      2Q21
                                                                                                                                                                                                             3Q21
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    4Q21
                                                                                                                                                                                                                           1Q22
          FY17      FY18      FY19       FY20        FY21        YTD

Sources: Refinitiv, The Federal Reserve, S&P Global Ratings, SIFMA estimates

US Fixed Income Markets - Outstanding                                                                                                                                                                        Page | 9
Chart Book: Municipal Securities (Munis)

Chart Book: Municipal Securities (Munis)
•      Outstanding: 1Q22 $4.0T, +0.7% Y/Y, -0.6% Q/Q; FY21 $4.1T, +1.9% Y/Y

                    US Municipal Outstanding ($T)                                                                              US Municipal Holders
                                                                       50%
4.5
                                                      4.1        4.0                   40.4%
          3.9        3.9        3.9        4.0
4.0                                                                    40%

3.5                                                                                                                       28.8%
                                                                       30%
3.0

2.5                                                                    20%
                                                                                                                                                      15.3%
2.0                                                                                                                                                                                11.9%
                                                                       10%
1.5                                                                                                                                                                                                                     3.6%
1.0
                                                                        0%

                                                                                                                                                                                       Insurance

                                                                                                                                                                                                                        Other
                                                                                           Individuals

                                                                                                                                                          Banks
                                                                                                                              MFs
0.5

0.0
          FY17      FY18       FY19       FY20       FY21       YTD

          US Municipal Average Maturity at Issuance (# Years)                                  US Municipal Bond Index Yield to Maturity (%)
                                                                       4.0
19.0                                                            18.8
                                                                                                                              3.5
18.5                                                                   3.5                                      3.4
                    18.1       18.1                                          3.2                                                                                                                                                       3.2
18.0                                                                                                                                                                     3.0
          17.5                                                         3.0
                                          17.4                                             3.1
17.5
                                                     17.2                                                                                                 2.9
                                                                                                                                                                                       2.5
                                                                                                                                                                                                          2.5
17.0                                                                   2.5

16.5                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2.3
                                                                       2.0
16.0
                                                                             1Q17
                                                                                    2Q17
                                                                                           3Q17
                                                                                                         4Q17
                                                                                                                1Q18
                                                                                                                       2Q18
                                                                                                                              3Q18
                                                                                                                                     4Q18
                                                                                                                                            1Q19
                                                                                                                                                   2Q19
                                                                                                                                                          3Q19
                                                                                                                                                                  4Q19
                                                                                                                                                                         1Q20
                                                                                                                                                                                2Q20
                                                                                                                                                                                       3Q20
                                                                                                                                                                                                   4Q20
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1Q21
                                                                                                                                                                                                                 2Q21
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        3Q21
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                4Q21
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       1Q22
          FY17      FY18       FY19       FY20       FY21       YTD

Source: Refinitiv, Bloomberg, The Federal Reserve, SIFMA estimates

US Fixed Income Markets - Outstanding                                                                                                                                                                                   Page | 10
Chart Book: Money Markets (MM)

Chart Book: Money Markets (MM)
•   Outstanding: 1Q22 $1.1T, -0.3% Y/Y, +8.7% Q/Q; FY21 $1.0B, +2.8% Y/Y

            US CP Outstanding                               US Commercial Paper Outstanding ($T)
                                                              Non-Financial    Financial   ABCP   Other
                   Other
                                               1.2                                                          1.1
                   0.03%
                                                                              1.0                    1.0
                                                     1.0        1.0                        1.0
                                               1.0
                                 Non-
           ABCP                Financial       0.8
           24.2%                21.9%

                                               0.6

                                               0.4

                                               0.2
                           Financial
                            53.8%
                                               0.0
                                                     FY17      FY18           FY19         FY20     FY21    YTD

Source: The Federal Reserve, SIFMA estimates

US Fixed Income Markets - Outstanding                                                                                        Page | 11
Chart Book: Repurchase Agreements (Repo)

Chart Book: Repurchase Agreements (Repo)
•     Outstanding: Primary Dealer, 1Q22 $4.5T, +2.2% Y/Y, +0.2% Q/Q; FY21 $4.3B, -5.5% Y/Y
•     ADV: GCF, 1Q22 $42.7B, -56.8% Y/Y, -27.2% Q/Q; FY21 $78.5B, -27.6% Y/Y

Primary Dealer Repo

         Primary Dealer - Avg Daily Out                     Primary Dealer - Avg Daily Outstanding ($T)
                                                                   Repo     Reverse Repo        Total
                                                 5                                                4.6
                                                                                  4.5                            4.5
                                                                                                         4.3
                                                      4.0           3.9
                                                 4

                                                 3
          Reverse Repo
             44.3%
                                         Repo    2
                                         55.7%

                                                 1

                                                 0
                                                     FY17           FY18          FY19           FY20    FY21    YTD

                  Collateral - Repo                     Collateral - Reverse Repo
                   Agency
                                                                 Agency    ABS
                    0.8%  ABS    Other                            0.3%     0.3%         Other
                          0.4%   1.5%                Corporate
                Equities                                                                0.9%
    Corporate    3.5%                                  0.9%
      3.3%
                                                                 TIPS
 TIPS                                                            9.9%
 7.5%
                                                        MBS
                                                        7.7%
          MBS
         13.1%

                                  UST
                                 70.0%                                         UST
                                                                              80.1%

Source: Federal Reserve Bank of New York, SIFMA estimates

US Fixed Income Markets - Outstanding                                                                                             Page | 12
Chart Book: Repurchase Agreements (Repo)

             Avg Daily Out - Repo                           Average Daily Outstanding - Repo ($T)
                                                                       Overnight   Term
                                             3.0
                                                                          2.5        2.6
                                                                                               2.5      2.5
                                             2.5      2.2
        Term                                                    2.2
        28.5%
                                             2.0

                                             1.5

                                             1.0
                              Overnight
                               71.5%         0.5

                                             0.0
                                                     FY17      FY18      FY19       FY20      FY21      YTD

       Avg Daily Out - Reverse Repo                     Average Daily Outstanding - Reverse Repo ($T)
                                                                       Overnight   Term
                                             2.5

                                                                          2.0        1.9                2.0
                                             2.0                                               1.8
                                                      1.8
                                                                1.7

     Term                                    1.5
     45.6%

                               Overnight     1.0
                                54.4%

                                             0.5

                                             0.0
                                                     FY17      FY18      FY19       FY20      FY21      YTD

Source: Federal Reserve Bank of New York, SIFMA estimates

US Fixed Income Markets - Outstanding                                                                               Page | 13
Chart Book: Repurchase Agreements (Repo)

GCF Repo

        GCF Repo Total Par Amount                                       GCF Repo Total Par Amount ($T)
                                                                                      UST   MBS    Agency
                                                  40
                                                                        33.3             34.1
                                                  35
                                                           30.8
                                                  30                                                   27.2

      MBS                                         25
     46.4%                                                                                                           19.6
                                                  20
                                         UST
                                        53.6%     15

                                                  10

                                                   5                                                                          2.6

                                                   0
                                                          FY17          FY18            FY19           FY20          FY21    YTD

         GCF Repo Avg Par Amount                                        GCF Repo Avg Par Amount ($B)
                                                                                      UST   MBS    Agency
                                                  160
                                                                         134             136
                                                  140

                                                  120                                                  108

      MBS                                         100
                                                            84
     46.4%                                                                                                            78
                                                   80
                                         UST
                                        53.6%      60
                                                                                                                              43
                                                   40

                                                   20

                                                    0
                                                           FY17         FY18             FY19          FY20          FY21    YTD

        Tri-Party Repo by Collateral                              Tri-Party Repo Cash Investor Median Margin
              Non-Agency    Agency
              ABS & MBS    Securities                        Corporates (IG)                                                5.0%
 Corporates      1.6%        0.8%         Other                       Equities                                              5.0%
    3.4%                                  0.8%                       ABS (IG)                                 3.0%
 Equities                                             CMO Private Label (IG)                                  3.0%
  4.6%                                                   Corporates (Non-IG)                                  3.0%
                                                            Municipality Debt                                 3.0%
         Agency                                                 ABS (Non-IG)                       2.0%
         MBS &                                                 Agency CMOs                         2.0%
         CMOs                                     Agency Debentures & Strips                       2.0%
         16.5%                                                   Agency MBS                        2.0%
                                                  CMO Private Label (Non-IG)                       2.0%
                                                               Money Market                        2.0%
                              UST                             UST excl Strips                      2.0%
                             72.3%                    International Securities    0.0%
                                                                  UST Strips      0.0%
                                                                                 0%               2%                 4%             6%

Source: The Federal Reserve Bank of New York, The Depository Trust & Clearing Corporation, SIFMA estimates

US Fixed Income Markets - Outstanding                                                                                                    Page | 14
Chart Book: Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR)

Chart Book: Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR)
•     SOFR Rate (90 day rolling average): As of 3/31/22 = 8.59 bps
•     Fed Volumes: As of 3/31/22 = $979B

                                                     Historical SOFR Volumes & 90-Day Rolling Average Rate
                                                                                      Volume ($B)                 Rate (bps, RHS)
1,400                                                                                                                                                                                                         300

1,200                                                                 245
                                                                                                                                                                                                              250

1,000
                                           188                                                                                                                                                                200
                                                                                                       174
    800
                                                                                                                                                                                                              150
    600
                 134
                                                                                                                                                                                                              100
    400

                                                                                                                                                                                                              50
    200
                                                                                                                              7.41             8.47        4.17                5.00      4.91       8.59
                                                                                                                                                                     1.58
      0                                                                                                                                                                                                       0
                       3/31/18

                                 6/30/18

                                           9/30/18

                                                                3/31/19

                                                                            6/30/19

                                                                                        9/30/19

                                                                                                             3/31/20

                                                                                                                         6/30/20

                                                                                                                                     9/30/20

                                                                                                                                                           3/31/21

                                                                                                                                                                     6/30/21

                                                                                                                                                                               9/30/21

                                                                                                                                                                                                    3/31/22
          12/31/17

                                                     12/31/18

                                                                                                  12/31/19

                                                                                                                                                12/31/20

                                                                                                                                                                                         12/31/21
Source: Federal Reserve Bank of New York, SIFMA estimates

US Fixed Income Markets - Outstanding                                                                                                                                                                               Page | 15
Appendix: Fixed Income Securities Definitions & Purpose

Appendix: Fixed Income Securities Definitions & Purpose
In general, fixed income securities are borrowed capital for the issuer to fund government operations, public
projects, or corporate investments, thereby fueling economic growth. The diversity of fixed income products both
increases the amount of funds available to borrow and spreads credit risk across multiple market participants.

    •    U.S. Treasury Securities (UST) – UST are debt obligations of the federal government used to fund its
         operations. Since UST are backed by the full faith and credit of the U.S. government, these securities are
         considered by market participants as the benchmark credit. The U.S. government has a AAA rating,
         meaning it has essentially no credit risk and can easily meet its financial obligations on time and in full. In
         light of this, UST show a diversity of holders, in both institutional type and foreign holders.

    •    Mortgage-Backed Securities (MBS) – Since mortgages (a debt instrument collateralized by a specified
         real estate property) are less liquid than other investment vehicles, they can be securitized into MBS,
         whether in pass-throughs or collateralized mortgage obligations (CMOs).

    •    Corporate Bonds (Corporates) – Corporates are debt securities issued by public and private corporations.
         They are issued to raise money to fund investments or expansion plans. Corporates are considered riskier
         than UST, and receive ratings by credit ratings agencies to determine creditworthiness, i.e. probability of
         repayment of debt in a timely manner.

    •    Municipal Bonds (Munis) – Munis are debt securities issued by state/local governments or government
         agencies and public entities (utilities, school districts) to fund public projects, predominantly infrastructure
         related. Efficient muni markets enable states and municipalities to borrow at low rates and finance capital
         expenditures over a longer time period.

    •    Federal Agency Securities (Agency) – Agency securities are issued by quasi-governmental agencies
         (federal government, government sponsored enterprises) to fund operations. Unlike UST or munis, these
         securities are not always fully guaranteed by the U.S. or a municipal government. As such, they can hold
         credit and default risk.

    •    Asset-Backed Securities (ABS) – ABS are financial securities collateralized by a pool of typically illiquid
         assets such as auto loans, student loans, credit cards, etc. Pooling these assets creates a more liquid
         investment vehicle, with a valuation based on the cash flows of the underlying and the structure of the
         transaction.

    •    Money Markets (MM) – MMs involve highly liquid, short maturity (typically overnight to less than one year)
         financial instruments (certificates of deposit/CDs, bankers’ acceptances, commercial paper/CP, etc.), used
         by investors to borrow and lend in the short term. Transactions in the money markets are wholesale, taking
         place only between institutional investors (no individual investors) and for large denominations.

US Fixed Income Markets - Outstanding                                                                               Page | 16
Appendix: Fixed Income Securities Definitions & Purpose

    •    Repurchase Agreements (Repos) – Repos are financial transactions in which one party sells an asset to
         another party with a promise to repurchase the asset at a pre-specified later date (a reverse repo is the
         same transaction seen from the perspective of the security buyer). Repos can be overnight (duration one
         day) or term (duration up to one year, albeit some are up to two years and the majority are three months or
         less). The repo market enables market participants to provide collateralized loans to one another, and
         financial institutions predominantly use repos to manage short-term fluctuations in cash holdings, rather than
         general balance sheet funding. Repos aid secondary market liquidity for the cash markets (ex: UST),
         allowing dealers to act as market makers in a very efficient manner.

    •    Secured Overnight Financing Rate (SOFR) – In the U.S., the transition away from London Interbank
         Offered Rate (LIBOR) to its chosen alternative reference rate, SOFR, is underway. While LIBOR is not fully
         transaction based, SOFR is based on the overnight repo markets with ~ $1 trillion of transactions per day.
         Publication of the SOFR rate began in April 2018. Trading and clearing of SOFR based swaps and futures
         began in May 2018.

US Fixed Income Markets - Outstanding                                                                          Page | 17
Appendix: Terms to Know

Appendix: Terms to Know

Y/Y       Year-over-Year                                              UST          U.S. Treasury Securities
Q/Q       Quarter-over-Quarter                                        MBS          Mortgage-Backed Security
YTD       Year-to-Date                                                Corporates   Corporate Bonds
BPS       Basis Points                                                Munis        Municipal Securities
PPS       Percentage Points                                           Agency       Federal Agency Securities
CAGR      Compound Annual Growth Rate                                 ABS          Asset-Backed Securities
CUSIP     Committee on Uniform Securities Identification Procedures   MM           Money Markets

CFTC      Commodity Futures Trading Commission                        FRN          Floating Rate Note
SEC       Securities and Exchange Commission                          FRA          Forward Rate Agreement
Fed       Federal Reserve System                                      T-Bill       U.S. Treasury Bill
FRB       Federal Reserve Bank                                        T-Note       U.S. Treasury Note
NY Fed    Federal Reserve Bank of New York                            T-Bond       U.S. Treasury Bond
ARRC      Alternative Reference Rates Committee                       TIPS         Treasury Inflation Protected Securities

ADV       Average Daily Trading Volume                                ABS          Asset-Backed Security
Algo      Algorithm (algorithmic trading)                             CMO          Collateralized Mortgage Obligation
AT        Automated Trading                                           MBS          Mortgage-Backed Security
ATS       Alternative Trading System                                  CMBS         Commercial MBS
AUM       Assets Under Management                                     RMBS         Residential MBS
Best Ex   Best Execution
CLOB      Central Limit Order Book                                    HY           High Yield Bond
D2C       Dealer-to-Client                                            IG           Investment Grade Bond
D2D       Dealer-to-Dealer
ECN       Electronic Communications Network                           GO           General Obligation Bond
ETP       Electronic Trading Platforms                                Revenue      Revenue Bond
ETD       Exchange Traded Derivative
FI        Fixed Income                                                CD           Certificate of Deposit
FICC      Fixed Income, Currencies and Commodities                    CDO          Collateralized Debt Obligation
GCF       General Collateral Financing                                CLO          Collateralized Loan Obligation
IDB       Inter-Dealer Broker                                         CP           Commercial Paper
IIV       Intraday Indicative Value                                   ABCP         Asset-Backed Commercial Paper
IOI       Indication of Interest                                      MMF          Money Market Mutual Funds
MM        Market Maker
OI        Open Interest                                               FAMC         Farmer Mac/Federal Agricultural Mortgage Corporation
OTC       Over-the-Counter                                            FCS          Farm Credit System
VWAP      Volume Weighted Average Price                               FHLB         Federal Home Loan Banks
                                                                      FHLMC        Freddie Mac/Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation
IBOR      Interbank Offered Rate                                      FNMA         Fannie Mae/Federal National Mortgage Association
LIBOR     London Inter-bank Offered Rate                              GNMA         Ginnie Mae/Government National Mortgage Association
RFR       Risk Free Rate                                              TVA          Tennessee Valley Authority
SOFR      Secured Overnight Financing Rate
DV01      Dollar Value of Basis Point                                 IR           Interest Rate
DVP       Delivery-versus-Payment                                     IRS          Interest Rate Swap
EFFR      Effective Fed Funds Rate                                    OIS          Overnight Index Swap
PAI       Price Alignment Interest                                    TRS          Total Return Swap
Repo      Repurchase Agreement                                        STIR         Short-Term Interest Rate

US Fixed Income Markets - Outstanding                                                                                           Page | 18
Authors

Authors
SIFMA Research
Katie Kolchin, CFA, Director of Research
Justyna Podziemska
research@sifma.org

US Fixed Income Markets - Outstanding      Page | 19
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