The Logic of University Research - 1º Encontro Preparatório Forum Mundial de Ciência 2012 - Hernán Chaimovich
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Professor of Biochemistry
Hernán Chaimovich Universidade de São Paulo
The Logic of University Research
1º Encontro Preparatório
Forum Mundial de Ciência 2012
Hernan Chaimovich 1
Context
1) Universities constitute a wide spectrum of Institutions;
2) Basic Research is mainly produced in Research
Universities by graduates and PosDocs;
3) Some (non Research) Universities contribute to
Research
4) Maintaining a Research University at its best requires
the best Academic Leadership at all levels;
5) Inhibition of interdisciplinarity by obsolete structures
can be overcomed by strong academic leadership;
6) Public Funding of research in a Research University is
essential;
7) The logic of research within a Research University
is related to, but not absolutely dependent of, the
Policy of Research Funding agents, because it also
depends on academic leadership.
Hernan Chaimovich 2
INSTITUTIONS NAMED “UNIVERSITY”
COVER A WIDE SPECTRAL (?) RANGE
UNIP HARVARD
Hernan Chaimovich 3
What are Universities for? What are Universities for? Stephan Collini Hernan Chaimovich 4 Penguin, 2012
WHAT ARE THE ROLES OF THE
HUMANITIES AND THE “BASIC” SCIENCES
What are Universities for? Stephan Collini
Penguin, 2012
This discomfort is unacceptable in a
Brazilian research university
Hernan Chaimovich 5
Research or Doctorate-Granting
Universities
Doctorate-granting Universities. Includes institutions that
awarded at least 20 research doctoral degrees during the
update year (excluding doctoral-level degrees that qualify
recipients for entry into professional practice, such as the
JD, MD, PharmD, DPT, etc.). Excludes Special Focus
Institutions and Tribal Colleges.
RU/VH: Research Universities (very high research
activity)
RU/H: Research Universities (high research activity)
DRU: Doctoral/Research Universities
http://classifications.carnegiefoundation.org/descriptions/basic.php
Hernan Chaimovich 6
Science is (also) a practical agent
As a practical agent science is a source of power.
KNOWLEDGE WILL FOREVER GOVERN
IGNORANCE: AND A PEOPLE WHO MEAN TO BE
THEIR OWN GOVERNOURS, MUST ARM
THEMSELVES WITH THE POWER WHICH
KNOWLEDGE GIVES.
President James Madison, 1822, USA.
Entrance to the James Madison Building of the Library of Congress
Hernan Chaimovich 7
Alice: Can you tell me which route
should I take?
The Cat: That depends on where you
want to go.
Alice: I do not know where I want to go.
The Cat: Then it does not matter what
route you take.
Lewis Carroll 1865
Hernan Chaimovich 14
Publications, PhD´s (Dres) and MSc´s
6,00
5,00
4,00
Scopus
3,00 Msc+Dr
ISI
Dres
2,00
1,00
0,00
1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
Hernan Chaimovich
Brazilian Publications are produced by a
limited number of Universities
University 2005 2009
University of São Paulo (USP) 4672 7 739
University of the State of São Paulo (UNESP) 1454 2 782
University of Campinas (Unicamp) 1831 2 582
Fed. University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) 1520 2 357
Fed. University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) 1004 1 797
Fed. University of Minas Gerais (UFMG) 1042 1 685
Fed. University of São Paulo (Unifesp) 934 1 561
Total for seven universities above 12 457 20 503
Total for Brazil 17 714 34 172
Share of seven universities above in total (%) 70 60
Hernan Chaimovich 10Brazil
2,2
2
1,8
1,6
1,4
1,2 # of Papers Relative to
2002-2006
Citations per Paper
1
Relative to 2002-2006
2008-2012
2002-2006
2003-2007
2004-2008
2005-2009
2006-2010
2007-2011
Hernan ChaimovichSpain
1,6
1,5
1,4
1,3 # of Papers Relative 2002-
2006
1,2 Citations per Paper
Relative 2002-2006
1,1
1
2008-2012
2002-2006
2003-2007
2004-2008
2006-2010
2007-2011
2005-2009
Hernan ChaimovichChina
2,4
2,2
2
1,8
# of Papers Relative 2002-2006
1,6
Citations per Paper Relative
1,4 2002-2006
1,2
1
2008-2012
2002-2006
2003-2007
2004-2008
2005-2009
2006-2010
2007-2011
Hernan ChaimovichPasteur Quadrants Strategic directions in a Research Very populated University 19/06/2012 UFSC Hernan Chaimovich 14
INTERNATIONALIZATION IS
IMPORTANT BECAUSE IT MAY
FACILITATE THE NEEDED MOVEMENTS
IN THE PASTEUR QUADRANT .
INTERNATIONALIZATION IMPLIES IN
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF
COLLABORATIVE PROGRAMS
Hernan Chaimovich 15Fonte Revista Pesquisa FAPESP
International Collaboration
% of indexed papers with International 70
60
50
Brazil
collaboration
40 Argentina
30
Chile
Venezuela
20 Spain
10
0
2005
2002
2003
2004
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Fonte Scimago Hernan Chaimovich 17Cites/Paper and Collaboration
Hernan Chaimovich 18Hernan Chaimovich 19
The contribution of Brazilian science is not balanced
Disaggregated Data (ISI 2000 – 2008)
Keyword World Brazil % Brazil
Airplanes 323 8 2,5
Amazonia 2118 1011 47,7
Chagas 3012 1273 42,3
Comp/Software 1341 20 1,5
Deep Sea Drilling 528 6 1,1
Ethanol (Ch&ChE) 11470 467 4,1
Hypertension 97832 1996 2,0
Micelles 9173 174 1,9
Optical Fibers 10294 177 1,7
Plant Pathogen 7220 197 2,7
Sugarcane 1931 594 30,8
Synthesis 42582 558 1,3
Hernan Chaimovich 20ANO TÍTULO Cit
NATURE
SCIENCE
NATURE
1984
1995
1992
FUNCTIONAL-ROLE FOR C-MYC IN MITOGENIC RESPONSE
A CARBON NANOTUBE FIELD-EMISSION ELECTRON326
AN EXONIC MUTATION IN THE HUP2 PAIRED DOMAIN
535
SOURCE
317
Can local
TO PLATELET- DERIVED GROWTH-FACTOR
GENE CAUSES WAARDENBURG SYNDROME
NATURE 1993 MAGNETIC BISTABILITY IN A METAL-ION CLUSTER 241
SCIENCE
NATURE
SCIENCE
1993
1988
1992
A MOLECULAR-BASED MAGNET WITH A FULLY INTERLOCKED
INTERLEUKIN-1-BETA AS A POTENT HYPERALGESIC218
TRANSFORMING GROWTH-FACTOR-BETA leishmania
223
themes be
3-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURE
AGENT ANTAGONIZED BY A TRIPEPTIDE ANALOG
IN LEISHMANIAL
202 INFECTION - A PARASITE ESCAPE MECHANISM
NATURE
SCIENCE
NATURE
1992
1985
1989
UNUSUAL HLA-B ALLELES IN 2 TRIBES genética
OF BRAZILIAN 191
PRESENCE OF LAMININ RECEPTORS IN STAPHYLOCOCCUS-AUREUS
GLOBAL PATTERNS OF TECTONIC STRESS
187
181
published in
INDIANS
SCIENCE 1998 Hormone-dependent coactivator binding to a hydrophobic
160 cleft on nuclear receptors
SCIENCE
SCIENCE
NATURE
1998
1995
1994
Carbon structures with three-dimensional periodicity at
SENSORIMOTOR ENCODING BY SYNCHRONOUS NEURAL
THE ROLE OF DEEP ROOTS IN THE HYDROLOGICAL
amazonia
153
149
147
high impact
optical wavelengths
ENSEMBLE ACTIVITY AT MULTIPLE LEVELS OF THE
AND CARBON CYCLES OF AMAZONIAN FORESTS AND PAS
SCIENCE
SCIENCE
NATURE
1995
1995
1993
COOLING OF TROPICAL BRAZIL (5-DEGREES-C)
arqueologia
ALIGNED CARBON NANOTUBE FILMS - PRODUCTION
CYTOKINE REGULATION OF NEURONAL DIFFERENTIATION
DURING
145
140
Journals?
147 THE LAST GLACIAL MAXIMUM
AND OPTICAL AND ELECTRONIC-PROPERTIES
OF HIPPOCAMPAL PROGENITOR CELLS
PNAS 1975 POTENTIAL FOR NITROGEN-FIXATION IN genética
MAIZE GENOTYPES
140 IN BRAZIL
NATURE
PNAS
1986
1991
EVIDENCE FROM THE PARANA OF SOUTH geociências
BRAZIL FOR
DOUBLE TARGETED GENE REPLACEMENT FOR CREATING
Publications in
137A CONTINENTAL CONTRIBUTION TO DUPAL BASALTS
137 NULL MUTANTS
NATURE
SCIENCE
1990
1986
GENE REPLACEMENT IN PARASITIC PROTOZOA
SPECIFIC DNA PROBE FOR THE DIAGNOSIS
parasito
malária
132
Nature, Science
OF PLASMODIUM-FALCIPARUM
125 MALARIA
SCIENCE 1988 A MOLECULAR SHIFT REGISTER BASED ON ELECTRON-TRANSFER124
SCIENCE
NATURE
1985
1978
STORAGE AND REMOBILIZATION OF SUSPENDED
amazonia SEDIMENT
ISOZYMIC HETEROGENEITY OF TRYPANOSOMA-CRUZI
122 e PNAS by
IN THE LOWER AMAZON RIVER OF BRAZIL
trypanosoma 116 IN 1ST AUTOCHTHONOUS PATIENTS WITH CHAGAS-DIS
PNAS
SCIENCE
1990
1984
MYOD CONVERTS PRIMARY DERMAL FIBROBLASTS,
AMAZON BASIN - A SYSTEM IN EQUILIBRIUMamazonia
113
113 Brazilian
CHONDROBLASTS, SMOOTH-MUSCLE, AND RETINAL PIG
SCIENCE 1995 CARBON-DIOXIDE UPTAKE BY AN UNDISTURBED
amazonia TROPICAL
110 RAIN-FOREST IN SOUTHWEST AMAZONIA, 1992 TO
SCIENCE 1981 LECTINS OF DISTINCT SPECIFICITY IN RHODNIUS-PROLIXUS
NATURE 1995 PUMPING PLANTS
trypanosoma 103
91
scientists
INTERACT SELECTIVELY WITH TRYPANOSOMA-C
Hernan Chaimovich 21Why should the Brazilian taxpayer
continue to fund research?
Because:
1.- Contributing to universal knowledge
makes Brazilians better able to determine
their own destiny. This effort is in the
sphere of universities rather than
industry or the private sector.
2.- The more knowledge society obtains
through the use of the scientific method,
fairer and richer it becomes.
Hernan Chaimovich 22Interlude
A plural system of higher education includes research universities,
but these are not the only part of the system.
Technical Universities, Schools for Teachers of Elementary
Education, Distance Education Institutions, Colleges of
Accelerated Education, among other structures, should also be
considered when attempting to expand the System of Public
Higher Education.
This strategy allowed in many countries, full coverage of higher
education for all young people.
In a PLURAL SYSTEM ALL parts have the same importance.
Hernan Chaimovich 23The term "World Class University" has
been used globally by Ministers and
Chancellors
What does World Class University mean?
Does the term have a special meaning or is a tool of
public relations?
What criteria grants a university "World Class"status?
Hernan Chaimovich 24Research Universities and World Class
John D. Rockefeller once asked Charles W. Eliot, president
of Harvard University in the late nineteenth century, what
would be necessary to create the equivalent of a world-class
university. Eliot replied that it would require $ 50 million and
200 years. He was wrong. In the early twentieth century,
the University of Chicago has become a world class
institution in two decades, with little more than $ 50 million
donated by the Rockefeller Foundation. The price of such an
effort has since increased not only because of inflation, but
also because of the increased complexity and cost of
academic institutions today. The competition has also
become much more fierce. Now, that may take longer, cost
$ 500 million require intelligent leadership and very
good luck.
Hernan Chaimovich 25But
Many institutions can do better concentrating on building
world-class departments, institutes and schools, especially
in fields that are relevant to the national economy or
regional or local society.
Placing too much emphasis on achieving world-class status
for every institution (REMEMBER THE PLURAL SYSTEM)
can impair a university or an academic system. You can
divert energy and resources from more important and
perhaps more realistic goals. You can create unrealistic
expectations that can interfere with faculty and students and
impair its performance.
Hernan Chaimovich 26Features of a Research University
Excellence in research;
Academic freedom and an atmosphere of
intellectual excitement;
Adequate facilities for academic work to
support university research and teaching, as
well as its other functions, and support should
be consistent and long term;
The governance of the institution is
essential.
Academic Leadership at all levels
Hernan Chaimovich 27Academic
leadership
should be
able to
overcome
outdated
and/or
inconvenient
institutional
structures
Hernan Chaimovich 28Some desirable features
Research Universities develop world-class science
and technology, but also culture, general education,
knowledge and ability to understand what is happening
in the country and the world.
Research Universities form professionals, researchers,
professors, diplomats, officials, politicians, journalists,
historians .....
Research Universities serve as a bridge of contact and
communication between the country and the world, and
benchmark quality and relevance for other institutions.
Hernan Chaimovich 29Important Factors in a Research
University
Mary-Louise Kearney
Director, UNESCO Forum on Higher Education
Research and Knowledge Hernan Chaimovich 30
ml.kearney@unesco.orgGovernance
The general definition of governance
refers to:
the distribution of authority and functions
among units within a larger entity
the modes of communication and control
between them
the conduct of relations between the entity
and the surrounding environment.
Hernan Chaimovich 31Governance
Research universities have a significant degree of
internal self-government and an established tradition,
often supported by statutes, ensuring that the
academic community (including teachers generally,
but sometimes students) have control over the central
elements of academic life:
the admission of students;
the curriculum;
the criteria for the award of degrees;
the selection of new faculty members;
the strategic direction of the institution's academic
work
Hernan Chaimovich 32Tensions in Brasil today (1)
•In the last decades significant changes have
affected the number of missions of universities,
particularly those related to research universities.
The structure of public universities are facing
dilemmas, as the state presses to the institution to
continue:
•Training professionals, technicians, teachers and
researchers;
•develop almost all the fundamental research;
•meet social demands, economic and industrial;
•and at the same time, increase the number of
enrollments.
Hernan Chaimovich 33Tensions today (2)
These trends raise serious questions:
how to ensure that Research Universities continue to
make their unique contributions for basic research
and critical disinterested reflection?
how to keep the balance between research,
education, training and knowledge transfer?
Hernan Chaimovich 34Some potential Conclusions
The impact of Brazilian science and the number of
scientists must grow;
Growing with the quality requires that governance
at Research Universities must be academic;
Assessment of graduate programs has to change;
Looking at problems with "pedestrian" science is
irrelevant;
Science in Brazilian Research Universities must be
related to frontiers where science can also
communicate with national needs;
Internationalization and collaboration are essential
Hernan Chaimovich 35Thank you
THE END
Hernan Chaimovich 36You can also read
