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# CHAPTER 1
THE MANY
FACES
OF HOMELESSNESS
IN EUROPE
9# CHAPTER 1
THE MANY FACES
OF HOMELESSNESS IN EUROPE
E
ver since the first 'Overview of Housing Exclusion in Europe' was
published in 2015, FEANTSA and the Foundation Abbé Pierre
have been sounding the alarm on the unprecedented rise in
homelessness in Europe. Over the last decade, the profiles of
homeless people throughout the European Union have changed
to include families with children, single-parent families, women, young
people, the elderly, foreign nationals, etc. – and not merely single men as
was formerly the predominant case. Therefore, while access to dignified,
adequate and affordable housing is a need and an essential right for
every human being, the requirements in terms of support vary greatly
– an 18-year-old homeless person from Afghanistan seeking asylum
in a European Union country will not have the same support needs as a
58-year-old single woman with mental health problems or a family with
young children.
10 FIFTH OVERVIEW OF HOUSING EXCLUSION IN EUROPE 2020 | FEANTSA - FONDATION ABBÉ PIERRE# CHAPTER 1
THE MANY FACES
OF HOMELESSNESS IN EUROPE
In general, homeless people are in poorer health stitute a form of housing exclusion. Having a
and have a shorter life expectancy than the pop- home can be understood as: having an adequate
ulation as a whole – living on the streets still dwelling (or space) over which a person and his
kills people in Europe today. However, there are or her family can exercise exclusive possession
nonetheless no comparable European data on (physical domain); being able to maintain pri-
homelessness. The people affected are excluded vacy and enjoy social relations (social domain)
from housing and consequently from Eurostat and having legal title to occupation (legal
data, which poses real problems of invisibility domain). Four main categories of homelessness
and recognition. A wide variety of definitions, are based on this housing concept: rooflessness,
methodologies and sources are used in this houselessness, insecure housing and inadequate
report. Official national data on homelessness housing – all of which indicate a lack of suit-
exist in some Member States but are non-exist- able housing. These conceptual categories are
ent in others. In such cases, we favour the use of divided into 13 operational categories that are
regional or local data. The main methodologies useful in the development, monitoring and eval-
for quantifying the number of homeless people uation of homelessness1 policies.
are:
• surveys conducted at a specific time, i.e. count-
FEANTSA and the Foundation Abbé Pierre
ing visible homeless people in urban areas over
estimate that 700,000 homeless people are cur-
a given time period (one night or longer)
rently sleeping rough or living in emergency or
1The ETHOS typology
• censuses by service providers (day centres, temporary accommodation across the European
is available in several
languages: https:// accommodation centres, etc.) Union. This is a 70% increase in the space of ten
www.feantsa.org/en/
toolkit/2005/04/01/
• prevalence data, i.e. surveys combining previ- years. These results are not based on a sum of
ethos-typology-on-
homelessness-and-
ous homelessness studies and extrapolation the data below, which correspond to completely
housing
-exclusion?
calculations different time-frames, but of a methodology
bcParent=27
implemented by FEANTSA in 2009, which only
Where possible, we will give preference here to
2 uses data from surveys conducted at a specific
data from the first two methodologies as they are
On the need to work
towards a uniform
time (e.g. one night or one week), using different
more reliable.
statistical framework methodologies, in the countries where they are
on homelessness, see
OECD (2020), ‘Better In this report, a ‘homeless’ person is defined available. They should therefore be viewed with
data and policies to
fight homelessness according to the European ETHOS typology caution and be seen in the context of a lack of
in the OECD’, Policy
Brief on Affordable developed by FEANTSA. It is based on the prem- common definitions and approaches as well as
Housing, OECD,
11
Paris, available ise that the concept of a ‘home’ is composed of the flagrant lack of a standardised statistical
at: http://oe.cd/
homelessness-2020. three domains, the absence of which can con- European framework.2
FONDATION ABBÉ PIERRE - FEANTSA | FIFTH OVERVIEW OF HOUSING EXCLUSION IN EUROPE 2020# CHAPTER 1
THE MANY FACES
OF HOMELESSNESS IN EUROPE
Recent estimates of the number of homeless people in European
countries (not comparable in terms of methodology and the given
definition of homelessness)
Number of
Relevant
Country homeless Methodology Definition Trend
year
people
Full but…
(all ETHOS light categories4 ,
Estimate on
Germany 337,000 2018 except for people in shelters for /
a given night3
victims of domestic violence and
persons leaving institutions)
Partial
Annual (only includes some ETHOS +21.4% from
Austria 21,567 2017
estimate5 categories - homeless registered 2008 to 2017
by social services)
Belgium Unknown at national level
Full but…
Survey +142.2%
(all ETHOS categories except
Brussels 4,187 2018 conducted over from 2008
people staying with family/
a given night6 to 2018
friends)
Census taken
Full +28.7% from
Denmark 6,431 2019 over a given
(all ETHOS categories) 2009 to 2019
week7
Partial
Spain Estimate over
22,938 2012 (cities > 20,000 inhabitants & /
a given month8
only certain ETHOS categories)
-32%
Finland Census taken on Full
4,600 2019 between 2015
a given night9 (all ETHOS categories)
and 2019
Census taken on Partial +50% from
France 143,000 2012
a given night10 (only some ETHOS categories) 2001 to 2012
Greece Unknown at national level
Attica Annual Partial
17,720 2015 /
estimate11 (only some ETHOS categories)
Hungary Census taken on Partial
8,568 2019 /
a given night12 (only some ETHOS categories)
Census taken Partial
Ireland +211% from
10,148 2020 over a given (state-run emergency
2014 to 2019
week13 accommodation)
Partial
12
Italy Estimate over +6.5% from
50,724 2014 (cities > 250,000 inhabitants &
a given month14 2011 to 2014
only certain ETHOS categories)
FIFTH OVERVIEW OF HOUSING EXCLUSION IN EUROPE 2020 | FEANTSA - FONDATION ABBÉ PIERRE# CHAPTER 1
THE MANY FACES
OF HOMELESSNESS IN EUROPE
Number of
Relevant
Country homeless Methodology Definition Trend
year
people
Latvia Annual Partial
6,877 2017 /
estimate15 (only some ETHOS categories)
Lithuania Annual Partial
4,806 2018 /
estimate16 (only some ETHOS categories)
Luxembourg Partial
873 2018 Winter census17 /
(winter census)
+120.8%
Netherlands Annual estimate Full
39,300 2018 from 2009
18
(all ETHOS categories)
to 2018
Poland Estimate on a Partial
30,330 2019 /
given night 19 (only some ETHOS categories)
Estimate over
Partial
Portugal 3,396 2018 a four-month /
(only some ETHOS categories)
period20
Czech Estimate over a Partial
21,230 2019 /
Repub-lic given week21 (only some ETHOS categories)
Romania Unknown at national level
United
Census taken on Partial +72% from
Kingdom 87,410 2019
a given night22 (temporary accommodation) 2011 to 2019
England
Annual census
Full but…
Scotland of applications +3% from
36,465 2019 (applications for homeless
for homeless 2018 to 2019
status)
status23
Annual census
of people
Full but… +4% from
Wales 11,715 2019 accepted as
(statutory homelessness) 2018 to 2019
facing statutory
homelessness24
Annual census
Northern Full but…
of applications -2% from
Ireland 18,180 2018 (applications for homeless
for homeless 2009 to 2018
status)
status25
Slovakia Annual Partial
23,483 2011 /
estimate26 (only some ETHOS categories)
Partial
Slovenia Annual (some ETHOS categories - +67.3% from
4,029 2018
estimate27 homeless registered by social 2013 to 2018
services)
13
Sweden Census taken Full +8% from
33,300 2017
over one week28 (all ETHOS categories) 2011 to 2017
FEANTSA & Foundation Abbé Pierre, 2020.
FONDATION ABBÉ PIERRE - FEANTSA | FIFTH OVERVIEW OF HOUSING EXCLUSION IN EUROPE 2020# CHAPTER 1
THE MANY FACES
OF HOMELESSNESS IN EUROPE
3 BHenke
usch-Geertsema V., 7 BHjemløshed
enjaminseni Danmark
L. (2019), 14 Isenza
stat (2015), ‘Le persone 20 E
NIPSSA, in ESPN 25 DCommunities,
epartment ofin
J., Steffen A. dimora’, available (2019), ‘ESPN Thematic
(2019), ‘Entstehung, 2019 – ‘National at: https://www.istat.it/ Report on National Crisis (2020), ‘The
Verlauf und Struktur kortlægning’, available it/archivio/175984 strategies to fight homelessness monitor:
von Wohnungslosigkeit at: https://www.vive.dk/ homelessness and Northern Ireland
und Strategien zu ihrer
Vermeidung’. Published
media/pure/14218/3352843 15 Lofatvian Ministry housing exclusion –
Portugal’, available
2020’, available at:
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Social Affairs
by the Federal Ministry
of Labour and Social
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nstituto Nacional de (2009-2017), ‘Pārskati
by sociālajiem
at: https://ec.europa.
eu/social/main.
org.uk/media/241613/
the_homelessness_
(2013), ‘Survey
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at: https://www.giss-ev.de/ available at: https://www. sociālo palīdzību en&pubId=8243& ireland_2020.pdf
fileadmin/publikationen/ ine.es/dyngs/ novada/republikas furtherPubs=yes
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verlauf-struktur-von-
INEbase/en/operacion. pilsētas pašvaldībā
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un-statistika/statistika/ (2019), available at: ESPN Thematic Report
4 Eversion
THOS Light is a ‘lighter’ 9 A
RA (2020), valsts-statistika-
socialo-pakalpojumu-
https://www.feantsa.
org/en/country-
on National strategies
of the ETHOS ‘Homelessness in Finland to fight homelessness
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in the context of a www.ara.fi/en-US/ joma/gada-dati czech- – Slovakia, available at:
republic?bcParent=27
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16 S(2018),
tatistics Lithuania
https://ec.europa.eu/
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to make pragmatic
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in_Finland_2019(55546) available at: 22 MCommunities
inistry of Housing, social/main.
jsp?catId=738&langId
use of the statistical https://osp.stat.gov.lt/ & =en&pubId=8243
work on homelessness:
https://www.feantsa.
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(2019), ‘Statutory
&further
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light-003241744178
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inistryandof Family July to September
(Q3) 2019: England’,
27 SInstitute
ocial Protection
in 2012], available [in Integration, of the
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tatistik Austria, www.insee.fr/fr/
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yőri P. (2019),Kutatások
Február
‘Homelessness more
than doubled since
Statistics
(2019), ‘Homelessness
Affairs (2017),
‘Hemlöshet 2017
2009’, available at: in Scotland: 2018 to - omfattningoch
6 L‘Dénombrement
a Strada (2019), des - Gyorsbeszámolók,
available at: http://www.
https://www.cbs.nl/
en-gb/news/2019/34/
2019’, available at:
https://www.gov.
karaktär', available at:
gyoripeter.hu/home/ https://www.feantsa.
personnes sans-abri homelessness- scot/publications/ org/download/2017-11-
docs/homelessness/F3-
et mal-logées‘ (5e more-than-doubled- homelessness- 153288228256
survey-reports
édition) [Census of since-2009 scotland-2018-2019/ 855919343.pdf
people experiencing
homelessness and
13 IHousing,
rish Department of
19 MLabour
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elsh Government/
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and Local Government
edition)], available [in Affairs, in FEANTSA (2019), ‘Homelessness
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mal-logees-en-rbc pdf
14 FIFTH OVERVIEW OF HOUSING EXCLUSION IN EUROPE 2020 | FEANTSA - FONDATION ABBÉ PIERREPhoto : L'Ilot © Chloé Thôme
THE MANY FACES
OF HOMELESSNESS
IN EUROPE
ATIONALS
FOREIGN N SENTED
R E
OVER-REP
T H E HOMELESS
AMONG
N E S S:
HOMELESS
FROM 0 T O
L D,
99 YEARS O COMBINED IN GERMANY
RS
ALL GENDE Families with children account
for 27.2% of homeless refugees,
IN IRELAND compared to 13% of the rest of
1 in 3 homeless people in temporary the homeless population.
accommodation was a child.
IN FINLAND
A quarter of homeless families
IN ENGLAND are immigrants.
90% of single parent families applying
for public support for homeless people
were women. IN BARCELONA, SPAIN,
52.3% of homeless people are third-
country nationals.
IN SWEDEN
Between 1993 and 2017, the share of
women amongst the homeless population IN GREECE
increased from 17% to 38%. 51% of the 3,774 unaccompanied
minors are homeless.
IN THE NETHERLANDS
The number of homeless young people
increased from 4,000 in 2009 to 12,600
in 2018.
16 FIFTH OVERVIEW OF HOUSING EXCLUSION IN EUROPE 2020 | FEANTSA - FONDATION ABBÉ PIERRENGATION
T H E P R O L O S N E S S:
S
OF HOMELE S OF
L O N
E G
P E
R R
O P
L E
O R
N GADTION
IO
TH SSNESSESS:
HO
O FM OLMEELESSN
HE
RIODS
LONGER PE SNESS
S
OF HOMELE
43 IN POLAND
% 43% of people who were homeless
in 2013 had been so for more
than five years, a proportion that
HOMELESS RIENCE 54,6 increased to 54.6% in 2019.
PE
PEOPLE EX LTH AND %
E R H E A
POOR R
A T A M U CH YOUNGE
DIE N E R A L
THE GE
AGE THAN 16
IN ITALY
T IO N The percentage of people who
POPULA % were homeless for more than
two years increased from 27.4%
IN AUSTRIA to 41.1% and the percentage who
Homeless people had a mortality 21,4 were homeless for more than four
risk 4 times higher than the rest % years increased from 16% to 21.4%
of the population. between 2011 and 2014.
IN HUNGARY
1 in 4 homeless people reported having
mental health problems and 1 in every 2
homeless people said they have a serious
physical health problem.
IN LONDON
The coronavirus mortality rate of homeless
people living in emergency accommodation IQ
has been 25 times higher than that of the 1 IN 5 LGBT RIENCE
L E E X PE
general adult population. PEOP
M E L E S S N ESS
HO
IN EUROP E
IN FRANCE
495 homeless people died in the streets
in 2019.
The average age of death is 48,7 years old.
There are no homogeneous or comparable data on homelessness in Europe.
Details of these data, derived from different sources and methodologies, are available in Annex 1.
FONDATION ABBÉ PIERRE - FEANTSA | FIFTH OVERVIEW OF HOUSING EXCLUSION IN EUROPE 2020 17You can also read
