Thoroughbred Welfare Assessment Guidelines - NEW ZEALAND THOROUGHBRED RACING - NZ Racing
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NEW ZEALAND THOROUGHBRED RACING Thoroughbred Welfare Assessment Guidelines October 2019
Acknowledgements NZTR in the process of writing these guidelines is indebted to a number of experts. In particular, NZTR wishes to acknowledge Professor David Mellor (International Animal Welfare Consultants Limited, New Zealand), Dr Tim Pearce, Dr Trish Pearce along with Wendy Cooper and Justine Sclater, as repre- sentatives of trainers and breeders respectively. Martin Burns GM – Racing & Equine Welfare October 2019 These Guidelines are regularly reviewed and updated. Pre-publish consultation: June 2019. Initially published: October 2019.
THOROUGHBRED WELFARE ASSESSMENT GUIDELINES 1
Contents
Introduction and purpose_______________________________________________________________________ 2
Context and background________________________________________________________________________ 3
Section 1 – Welfare assessment guidelines for the general husbandry and care
of thoroughbreds at all stages of their life______________________________________________________ 6
1. Nutrition_______________________________________________________________________________ 10
2. Environment____________________________________________________________________________ 11
3. Health__________________________________________________________________________________ 12
4. Behaviour_______________________________________________________________________________ 12
5. Mental or affective state________________________________________________________________ 13
Section 2 – Welfare assessment guidelines for thoroughbred horses prior to racing____________ 15
Section 3 – Welfare guidelines for thoroughbred racehorses____________________________________ 17
Section 4 – Welfare assessment guidelines for thoroughbreds in breeding_____________________ 19
Section 5 – Welfare assessment guidelines for thoroughbred horses after racing_______________ 21
Appendices_____________________________________________________________________________________ 23
A. The 5 Domains Model for Equine Welfare_________________________________________________24
B. Welfare Guidelines in relation to horses in racing (based on IFHA guidelines)______________26
C. Body condition scoring of horses_________________________________________________________28
D. Potential career options for Thoroughbreds after racing________________________________ 31
2 NEW ZEALAND THOROUGHBRED RACING
Introduction and purpose
The New Zealand Thoroughbred racing NZTR’s expectations of Rather, the Rules and these Guidelines
industry is committed to the welfare Thoroughbred Welfare together intend to set and enforce
of the New Zealand Thoroughbred standards of care that exceed the
racehorse and the maintenance of By and large, owners, trainers and standards that are enforceable under
appropriate horse welfare standards. breeders of Thoroughbreds in New the Animal Welfare Act and applicable
This reflects the Maori term Zealand meet or exceed minimum Codes of Welfare. To be clear, were it to
‘tiakitanga’, meaning: guardianship, standards as prescribed in these be a possibility that breaches of Codes
caring of, protection, upkeep. 1 guidelines. However, the benchmarks of Welfare or acts of cruelty or abject
provided by these guidelines enable neglect might be proven under the
New Zealand Thoroughbred Racing’s consideration by New Zealand Animal Welfare Act or Animal Welfare
vision for Thoroughbred welfare: Thoroughbred Racing (NZTR) or the Regulations, then this would be
Racing Integrity Unit (RIU) when referred by New Zealand Thoroughbred
determining whether standards have Racing or the Racing Integrity Unit
“A Thoroughbred should be not been met, and corrective action to the appropriate law enforcement
provided a good life, with and/or charges must be laid. agency.
the care and conditions that
New Zealand Thoroughbred Racing’s
allow it to thrive and perform
Rules of Racing contain enforcement
to its natural abilities.” provisions relating to the principles
and vision within this document.
The aim of these welfare guidelines is These guidelines are intended as
to ensure that Thoroughbred horses in objective measures, against which the
New Zealand have a ‘good life’, defined care and condition of Thoroughbreds
as one with a higher proportion of can be assessed for the purposes of
rewarding and positive than negative investigations in accordance with
experiences. 2 Part XIV of these Rules.
To achieve this aim and to fulfil It is important to understand that
tiakitanga responsibility, overall welfare these guidelines and the powers
must substantially exceed minimum provided under the Rules of Racing
legal requirements and should include are not intended as a substitute to
most of the optimal welfare conditions the Animal Welfare Act 1999 nor the
for Thoroughbreds. powers conferred to the Police or
Animal Welfare Inspectors (whether
employed by the Ministry for Primary
Industries or SPCA New Zealand).
1 As defined in maoridictionary.co.nz (noun: guardianship, caring of, protection, upkeep)
2 Edgar, J.L., Mullan, S.M., Pritchard, J.C., McFarlane, U.J.C., and Main, D.C.J. (2013). Towards a ‘good life’ for farm animals: development of a
resource tier framework to achieve positive welfare for laying hens. Animals 2013, 3, 584-605 doi:10:10.3390/ani3030584
THOROUGHBRED WELFARE ASSESSMENT GUIDELINES 3
Context and background
High welfare standards benefit the • Certification of horses for flat
individual horse as well as the whole racing and jumping
Thoroughbred racing industry. Horse • Minimum age restrictions for
welfare and peak performance are horses in flat and jumping races
closely connected.
• Ability to refuse the nomination of
Equine welfare has, for a long time, a horse
been important to New Zealand • Rules restricting the use and type
Thoroughbred Racing, evident through: of whips
• Close involvement and support • Provision of fully equipped horse
of NZ Equine Health Association ambulances (where available) at
(NZEHA) and NZ Equine Research trials and races
Foundation (NZERF), the NZ Equine • Regular inspection of stables and
Trust, the Ministry for Primary medical assessment
Industries (MPI), the New Zealand • Race day veterinary inspections to
Equine Veterinary Association ensure suitability to start
(NZEVA), the NZ Horse Ambulance
• Attendance of farriers and plate
Trust and SPCA New Zealand.
and gear inspections on race day
• Active support of equine science
• Powers to euthanise severely
academic research, principally by
injured horses
Massey University. The knowledge
gained from research is typically • Powers to abandon race meetings
extended to the care of horses via • Investment in racing and training
equine veterinarians. surfaces and other infrastructure
• NZTR’s Rules of Racing includes a improvements
wide range of clauses relating to • Education and training of trainers,
horse welfare breeding staff, jockeys and stable
• Competency testing and licensing hands.
of jockeys and trainers
4 NEW ZEALAND THOROUGHBRED RACING
In general, the New Zealand Further, and in relation to the post-
Thoroughbred industry is performing retirement welfare of Thoroughbreds,
well on equine welfare matters. these Guidelines outline the Duty
However, there are some welfare of Care of persons accountable for
compromises, which we aim to improve Thoroughbreds. They also include
over time. These include, but are not educational material that aims to
limited to, whip use, racing injuries ensure that post-retirement owners
and deaths. Whilst typically not a understand appropriate care, stabling
welfare matter per se for individual and feed requirements of their horse.
horses, the general guardianship of
the Thoroughbred population will be These guidelines are aligned with:
enhanced by improved traceability • The provisions of the Animal
of the Thoroughbred population and Welfare Act 1999 3
gaining a better understanding of • Code of Welfare: Horses and
welfare matters arising from the exit Donkeys 4
of horses from the active racing or
• Equine relevant Animal Welfare
breeding populations. To address this,
(Care and Procedures) Regulations
NZTR aims to further increase demand
2018 5
for Thoroughbreds as sport or pleasure
horses, and to educate owners of • International Group of Specialist
retired Thoroughbreds regarding best Racing Veterinarians (IGSRV)
care. Welfare Guidelines for Horse
Racing 6
The Thoroughbred Welfare Guidelines • International Federation of
outlined in this document provide a Horseracing Authorities (IFHA)
clearly understandable framework Welfare Standards 7
for the care of Thoroughbreds before,
• Equine health and welfare
during and after racing, and include
materials published by the NZ
aligned welfare benchmarks that
Equine Research Foundation. 8
clarify:
1. Desired or optimal welfare
conditions for Thoroughbreds; and
2. Minimum acceptable welfare
conditions for Thoroughbreds in
development, racing, retirement
and breeding which, if not
consistently met, will lead to
required corrective measures as
provisioned under the Rules of
Racing.
3 http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1999/0142/56.0/whole.html#DLM49664 and http://www.legislation.govt.nz/regulation/
public/2018/0050/latest/whole.html#LMS22850
4 https://www.mpi.govt.nz/dmsdocument/11003-horses-and-donkeys-code-of-welfare
5 http://www.legislation.govt.nz/regulation/public/2018/0050/latest/whole.html [note: as at mid-2019 the regulations on surgical procedures
remain in process of consultation by the Ministry for Primary Industries – see http://www.vetcouncil.org.nz/documentation/Other/MPI_2016-
12-Proposed-Animal-Welfare-Regulations.pdf]
6 https://igsrv.org/welfare and outlined in Section 3 of this document
7 https://www.ifhaonline.org/default.asp?section=About%20IFHA&area=30
8 http://www.nzerf.co.nz/books
THOROUGHBRED WELFARE ASSESSMENT GUIDELINES 5
6 NEW ZEALAND THOROUGHBRED RACING
Section 1 – Welfare assessment guidelines
for the general husbandry and care of
thoroughbreds at all stages of their life
Introduction It is critical, therefore, that licence We recognise they have individual
holders (trainers and jockeys), owners personalities and are alert to the
As stated in the general introduction, and breeders of racehorses are familiar different and subtle cues that are
the welfare assessment guidelines with this entire document. Ignorance indicators of welfare for each horse. We
outlined in this document provide a of these guidelines is not a defence recognise that each horse will develop
framework of clear expectations for the or justification for failure to meet differently, and because of this, we
care of Thoroughbreds before, during minimum welfare standards. tailor training to the individual horse.
and after racing, and include aligned
welfare benchmarks that clarify: It matters because we often form
1. Desired or optimal welfare The Thoroughbred-human emotional bonds with the horses in
conditions for Thoroughbreds; and relationship in New Zealand our care. We have a high regard for
2. Minimum acceptable welfare their abilities and contributions as an
The horse-human bond underpins
conditions for Thoroughbreds in athlete. It matters because a happy,
Thoroughbred welfare and is exhibited
development, racing, retirement healthy horse is generally a well
on a daily basis in the racing and
and breeding specifically performing horse. It matters because
breeding of Thoroughbreds. The
addressing: even occasional cases of poor horse
industry and stakeholders have
welfare are usually preventable.
a. Disease prevention and chosen to take a proactive approach
management; to addressing Thoroughbred welfare
b. Unresolved pain or stress; because it matters to the people The science behind our welfare
responsible for their care. approach – the Five Domains
c. Inappropriate nutrition;
d. Inappropriate stabling or It matters because it fits with our Model of animal welfare
transport conditions; and beliefs about how horses should be In addition to international racing
e. Failure to meet a defined treated. We believe that it is acceptable conventions and the NZ legislative and
Duty of Care regarding the to use horses as long as their use is regulatory environment, NZTR bases
retirement, sale or other humane, that we have responsibilities our welfare vision for Thoroughbred
disposal of a Thoroughbred. and a duty to care for horses. We racing on the Five Domains Model
are also committed to seeking to of Animal Welfare9. This model is a
Failure to meet these benchmarks will continuously improve Thoroughbred focusing device for defining optimal
lead to required corrective measures welfare management. and minimal provisions, and has
as provisioned under the Rules of successfully identified a range of
Racing and/or the appropriate welfare It matters because horses are sentient husbandry, veterinary and equitation
legislation. bonded animals; they can feel pain, impacts on horse welfare10. By adopting
distress and anxiety. this model, NZTR aims to reduce
avoidable negative experiences and
ensure our horses enjoy ‘a life worth
living’.
9 Mellor, D. Updating animal welfare thinking: Moving beyond the “Five Freedoms” towards “a Life Worth Living”. Animals 2016, 6. Available
online here.
10 McGreevy, P. et al (2018). Using the Five Domains Model to assess the adverse impacts of husbandry, veterinary and equitation impacts on
horse welfare. Animals 2018, 8, 41 doi:10:10.3390/ani8030041
THOROUGHBRED WELFARE ASSESSMENT GUIDELINES 7
Behaviour Nutrition
Able to express natural Enough water and food.
and rewarding behaviours. Balanced and varied diet.
Five
Domains
Model of
Animal
Welfare
Health Environmental
Healthy and fit. Physical environment
Injuries appropriately comfortable and
treated. pleasant.
Mental or Affective State
Comfortable in environment.
Sociable contact and bonding with
other animals. Close bond between
horse and human.
Figure 1: The Five Domains Model of Animal Welfare applied to Thoroughbred horses
“The Five Domains Model is an aid to detailed assessment of Thoroughbred welfare. Its use
facilitates systematic and thorough welfare evaluations by focusing attention on a wide range of
specific factors that can have negative or positive welfare impacts. The internal functional states
and external circumstances of the horse give rise to subjective experiences, which include feelings,
emotions and moods, which are technically called ‘affects’. The welfare state of the horse reflects
the overall balance of its negative and positive experiences at any particular time. Knowing what
generates these experiences directs attention to what needs to be provided to the horse in order
to minimise its negative experiences and to give it opportunities to have positive experiences.
Practical welfare management therefore revolves around knowledgeable provision of resources,
facilities and opportunities – collectively known as ‘provisions’ (see Table 1).” – Professor David Mellor
8 NEW ZEALAND THOROUGHBRED RACING
The first three domains of the However, if there is no provision for • Secondly, experiences that are
Model – nutrition, environment and shade or contact with another horse, associated with the horse’s
health – focus on key elements of the drive to seek them will be thwarted. perception of its external
the internal functioning of the horse We now know that behaviours such circumstances, captured by the
that are essential for its survival. as windsucking, cribbing, weaving and behaviour domain.
Thus, these domains draw attention pawing are not ‘naughty’ or learned
to basic management provisions that by copying other horses; rather, they Thus, the first four domains all focus
are necessary to meet horses’ innate could be an indication of frustration, attention on situations that contribute
needs for sufficient food, water, shelter, boredom, health issues or management negative and positive experiences which
health and safety (see Table 1). deficiencies. The ‘provision’ of are accumulated for consideration
behavioural opportunities is the remedy in the fifth mental domain. Our
The fourth domain – behaviour – for the deficiencies highlighted by this knowledge of the sources of different
focuses on the extent to which the domain (Table 1). affects means that appropriate
horse can express ‘agency’; i.e., management of specific provisions can
the opportunities it has to exhibit The fifth domain – the mental state of be used to forestall welfare problems
voluntary, self-generated behaviours to the Thoroughbred – focuses attention before they arise or correct problems
achieve goals it finds rewarding. on negative and positive subjective that do arise.
experiences (affects) of two main types:
Thus, key provisions for this domain The manager of the horse needs to be
• Firstly, those generated by the
aim to make available opportunities cognisant of the signals that the horse
functional conditions within the
to have rewarding behaviours (Table provides regarding posture, demeanour,
body, captured by the nutrition,
1). For example, this might include activity, vocalisation etc to indicate its
environment and health domains;
seeking shade or mutual grooming. mental state.
andTHOROUGHBRED WELFARE ASSESSMENT GUIDELINES 9 Provisions Animal Welfare Aims Good nutrition Minimise thirst and hunger Provide ready access to safe water and a diet adjusted to Enable eating to be a pleasurable experience maintain optimal health and fitness Good environment Minimise discomfort and exposure Provide suitable safe enclosures with room to move, shade, Promote thermal, physical, auditory, visual, atmospheric good air quality and comfortable resting areas and other comforts Good health Minimise negative experiences of ill-health Prevent or rapidly diagnose and treat disease, injury Promote pleasures of optimal health, fitness, and free and functional impairment, and foster good exercise exercise conditioning and free exercise Appropriate behaviour Minimise threats and unpleasant restrictions on behaviour Provide sufficient space, proper facilities, compatible Promote engagement in rewarding activities company and appropriately varied conditions to enable expression of normal behaviours Positive mental experiences Minimise boredom, anxiety, fear and loneliness Provide safe, compatible and appropriate opportunities to Promote various forms of comfort, pleasure, interest and have pleasurable experiences confidence Table 1: The five provisions and aligned animal welfare aims – specific to Thoroughbred horses 11, 12 11 Adapted from D.J. Mellor (2016). Moving beyond the ‘Five Freedoms’ by updating the ‘Five Provisions’ and introducing aligned ‘Animal Welfare Aims’. Animals 6(10), 55; doi:10.3390/ani6100059. 12 Adapted from D.J. Mellor (2017). Operational details of the Five Domains Model and its key applications to the assessment and management of animal welfare. Animals 7(8), 60; doi:10.3390/ani7080060.
10 NEW ZEALAND THOROUGHBRED RACING
1. Nutrition Minimum acceptable welfare
conditions for Thoroughbreds may not
Nutrition provided to Thoroughbreds be met in circumstances where:
in racing and breeding is generally
excellent, due to: • Insufficient quantities of food and
• High levels of understanding of water are made available.
the nutritional requirements for • Temperature, taste and or odour
Thoroughbred racehorses of water discourage horses from
• The benefits of the competitive drinking
commercial feed market which has • Food quality is poor or unpalatable
significantly improved nutritional or additives make the taste
outcomes unpleasant
• The generally good variety, quality • Regular eating patterns are
and composition of feed disturbed
• The usually very good variety and • Horses may indulge in voluntary
quality of natural feed (including overeating
grazing) when offered
• Horses are not fed to meet their
• The quantity of food offered being metabolic requirements
generally appropriate for work
• Horses are over-fat or very thin
regime
• Appropriate adjustments being Body condition score (BCS) assesses
made for physiological stages and the thickness of subcutaneous fat of a
environment horse is and is a useful indicator of the
• Recognised good husbandry nutritional health of horses. BCS is well
practices being deployed. recognised as an overall indicator of
the nutritional health and requirements
Desired or optimal welfare of a horse. NZTR expects that persons
conditions would be provided where responsible for Thoroughbreds will
Thoroughbreds have opportunities to: know how to monitor body condition
• Drink enough water scores.
• Eat enough food Factors other than nutrition that
• Eat a balanced diet including contribute to body condition (i.e.
sufficient natural fibre/roughage training workload, age, disease 2. Environment
and essential trace minerals or thermal extremes) should be
Stabling and the general environment
• Eat a variety of foods aligned to considered when assessing different
provided to New Zealand
innate preferences classes of horses. For instance,
Thoroughbreds in racing and breeding
yearlings and horses in race training
• Eat at a natural rate and timing would normally include the following
will have less fat and a lower BCS
• Eat correct quantities features:
than broodmares and Thoroughbreds
used for recreational riding. Horses • Safe containment
of any age or occupation should be • Use of substantial and/or electric
maintained between BCS 2-4. fencing to reinforce boundaries –
Refer appendix C. providing social barriers, reducing
injuries, protecting horses
• Predictability and routine that
‘protects’ horses
• Farms that are well set up to
manage herd hierarchies
• Pasture based management of
mares and young stock which
allows expression of natural
behavioursTHOROUGHBRED WELFARE ASSESSMENT GUIDELINES 11
• Stable and paddock management Desired or optimal welfare conditions Minimum acceptable welfare
and maintenance that provide are achieved where Thoroughbreds are conditions for Thoroughbreds may not
good hygiene provided stabling with: be met in circumstances which include:
• Good air quality • Safe enclosures made from • Thermal extremes
• Comfortable variation in light and appropriate materials with • Unsuitable ground surface
temperature opportunities for shade and shelter
• Sustained close confinement
• Handling and husbandry of • A thermally comfortable
• High levels of atmospheric
transported horses which is environment
pollutants (CO2, ammonia, dust,
appropriate • Suitable ground surfaces in stables, smoke)
• A licensing system backed up by yards and paddocks, and training
• Unpleasant or strong odours
stable inspections which enable and racing venues
• Inappropriate light intensity
conditions to be assessed by • Space for free movement
Stipendiary Stewards. • Environmental monotony (ambient,
• Fresh air
physical, lighting)
• Comfortable light intensity
• Unpredictable noise or events
• Acceptable noise exposure
• Unsafe enclosures and risk for injury
• Familiar routines and consistent
• Exposure to toxic plants.
environment
• Familiarisation with normal
activity12 NEW ZEALAND THOROUGHBRED RACING
3. Health • The body and coat condition and 4. Behaviour
foot care are appropriate
In general, owners, breeders, trainers, The horse-human bond enables
• Good fitness level, posture,
jockeys, stablehands and farriers breeders, trainers, and handlers to
demeanour and gait are apparent
demonstrate a longstanding culture recognise the many subtle behavioural
of good husbandry, including high cues that are indicators of welfare,
Minimum acceptable welfare
regard for the physical wellbeing of reinforced by:
conditions may not be met in
Thoroughbreds, demonstrated by: • Regular consistent contact which
circumstances where Thoroughbreds
• Expert equine veterinary care exhibit: builds familiarity with each
• Industry training individual horse’s behaviour
• Chronic conditions or infectious
• Good regulatory control diseases • Daily interaction with horses which
allows behaviours to be observed
• Vet checks conducted before and • Acute or unmanaged chronic injury
after a race to assess the horse’s or unsoundness • A culture of empathy and concern
suitability to race for horse wellbeing
• Extreme obesity or leanness
• Conditioning (enhancing the • Horses having scheduled routines
• Poor physical fitness and muscle
horses’ fitness, confidence and of exercise, feed and rest
de-conditioning
competence) which is done • Horses having varied
• Toxicity induced health problems
appropriately for age and stage of environmental challenges and
preparation Also, minimum acceptable welfare choices and opportunities for
• Positive human-horse interaction conditions may not be met in engaging in rewarding behaviours
conferring health benefits Thoroughbreds when: • Appropriately consistent training
• Prevention of the spread of • Therapeutic substances are used and management (meeting
contagious disease inappropriately, or prohibited the minimum requirements of
substances are used in competition Part 6.1 of the Code of Welfare:
Desired or optimal welfare Horses and Donkeys, but ideally
conditions would be provided where using graduated learning
Thoroughbreds are regularly observed training practices with positive
and appropriately treated when reinforcement)
necessary to ensure that:
Desirable or optimal conditions or
• Chronic injuries or conditions, and
available opportunities that would
acute or contagious disease are
enhance the welfare of Thoroughbreds
well managed
include the following:
• Acute injuries are well managed
• Comfortable sensory inputs
• Vaccinations are conducted in line
• Engaging activities
with Equine Vaccination Guidelines
for NZ • Training based on graduated
training practices supported by
• Elective surgeries are expertly
positive reinforcement of the
conducted in line with regulations
horse’s learning
• Therapeutic substances are used
appropriatelyTHOROUGHBRED WELFARE ASSESSMENT GUIDELINES 13
• Opportunities for spontaneous free 5. Mental or affective state Minimum legal requirements
movement
Breeders, trainers and stablehands In addition to the provisions above,
• Opportunities to respond to varied
depend on healthy and willing horses, people in charge of Thoroughbreds
and interesting environmental
so they will regularly monitor their must also be familiar with minimum
challenges
mental state for: legal requirements under legislation
• Opportunities for foraging and and regulation that relate to horses:
• Alertness and engagement with
browsing
handlers
• Opportunities to bond with other Animal Welfare Act 1999
• Appropriate energy levels for
animals and with humans
workload Code of Welfare: Horses and Donkeys
• Opportunities to play
• Willingness to work
• Opportunities to use safe spaces, Code of Welfare: Transport within
• Confidence and calmness
retreat, or defensive activity New Zealand
• The absence of signs of anxiety,
• Having sufficient sleep and rest.
fear or panic Animal Welfare (Care and Procedures)
Minimum acceptable welfare • The absence of signs of pain, anger Regulations 2018
conditions may not be met in or frustration • s18 – Tethered horses need to be
circumstances where Thoroughbreds provided access to food, water,
exhibit the following behaviours: Desired or optimal welfare conditions shade and protections from
for Thoroughbreds would be provided extremes of heat or cold;
• Stereotypies
where:
• Resistance or lack of cooperation • s19 – Must ensure that equipment
• Management provisions meet (halters, lead ropes, or other
when worked or handled
nutritional, environmental, health equipment does not cause cuts,
• Lethargy and behavioural requirements abrasions, swelling or hinders
• Exhaustion • Negative experiences are kept at normal breathing or drinking); and
tolerably low levels • s20 – A horse must not be struck
• Opportunities are available for on the head.
positive experiences
Minimum acceptable welfare
conditions for Thoroughbreds may not
be met in circumstances where:
• Provision for nutritional,
environmental, health and
behavioural requirements have not
been met
• Horses have negative experiences
that exceed tolerably low levels 13
• Horses have no or few
opportunities for positive
experiences
13 Note that the negative affects in the nutrition, environment and health domains (see Appendix A Figure 1) have roles in motivating horses
to engage in specific behaviours that are essential for their survival, e.g., thirst leads to drinking water, hunger to eating, pain to escape from
or avoidance of injury, etc. So, these negative experiences cannot be eliminated, but careful attention to the ‘provisions’ can keep them at
tolerably low levels most of the time. Adjustment of the ‘provisions’ enables restoration to tolerable levels when e.g., ill-health or injury
occur, and the intensity of the associated negative experiences increases.THOROUGHBRED WELFARE ASSESSMENT GUIDELINES 15
Section 2 – Welfare assessment guidelines for
thoroughbred horses prior to racing
Welfare in the first two years of • Breeders and trainers can access a
the Thoroughbred life cycle high level of veterinary support and
technical expertise to ensure horse
The New Zealand Thoroughbred welfare.
production cycle begins with the annual
• While NZTR Rules of Racing do not
foal crop in the Spring and progresses
govern this juvenile stage of the
to horses being prepared for yearling
Thoroughbred life cycle, there are
sales, and/or having a trial or race start,
rules for the minimum age that a
and/or being exported. At this stage of
horse may start in racing, hurdle or
the life cycle, there are few apparent
steeplechase races.
welfare issues:
• Animal welfare codes (as noted Early life: Post-weaning
on the prior page) regulate
management practices such as Breeders and handlers are well aware
branding, microchipping and of the challenges involved in weaning
surgeries such as gelding. and manage the process to avoid stress
and reduce the risk of injury or harm.
• The industry is well organised and
Thoroughbreds prepared and offered
regulated with codes of practice,
for sale as yearlings are carefully
and health and safety processes.
managed, conditioned and expertly
• Thoroughbred breeders aim to cared for.
produce healthy, sound horses
with few heritable conformational Horses start in work between 18–24
or genetic problems. months after birth with a short period
• Production efficiencies developed of general education and habituation to
over the years have resulted the environment and routines of race
in a higher proportion of foals training, followed by a spell. Training
eventually becoming part of the of horses usually resumes with a ‘first
racing population. preparation’, which may culminate in
• New Zealand’s temperate climate a trial start that will enable trainers
enables year-round pasture- and owners to assess each horse’s
based management of breeding ability and likely racing career. Trainers,
and young stock, contributing to handlers and jockeys are aware that
optimal athletic development and young horses require understanding
expression of natural behaviours. and patience. Training regimes are
tailored to individual horses, and
• There is a high level of horse
horses are spelled if they are not coping
handling and management
physically or mentally with training.
expertise, and many staff hold
industry qualifications.
• Long-standing and ongoing
research provides insights into
processes that contribute to better
understanding, and consequently,
improved practices.THOROUGHBRED WELFARE ASSESSMENT GUIDELINES 17
Section 3 – Welfare guidelines for thoroughbred
racehorses
NZTR has adopted the Thoroughbred The New Zealand Rules of Racing
Welfare Guidelines formulated by contain provisions relating to the
the International Group of Specialist principles within this document.
Racing Veterinarians’ (IGSRV). These
Guidelines provide a benchmark for These guidelines are reviewed
welfare standards deemed acceptable periodically, provide a foundation for
by NZTR and aim to provide clarity NZTR and racing industry regulation,
and accountability around racehorse policy and initiatives, and form an
welfare before, during, and also after additional basis for the general welfare
racing. guidelines as outlined in Section 1 of
this document.
The key tenets of these Guidelines
include the following: NZTR recognises and regulates the
welfare of horses in racing through the
• Reasonable steps should be taken Rules of Racing, and consistent with
to prevent unnecessary pain and the IFHA Welfare Guidelines for Horses
distress of racehorses in breeding, in racing, as contained in Appendix B.
racing and training by ensuring Further to this, NZTR recognises the
adequate care, a suitable diet, the primacy of the Animal Welfare Act and
ability to exhibit normal behaviour, associated Codes and Regulations.
appropriate housing, and
protection from injury and disease.
• While horse racing carries risks,
reasonable steps should be taken
to prevent avoidable risks and
research should be undertaken
to reduce risks, and to share this
information between participants
in horseracing.
• In the context of these
responsibilities it is recognised that
properly conducted euthanasia can
be a humane option for racehorses;
for example, for individual horses
with severe or chronic injuries, or
where care would be inadequate,
and long-term pain and distress is
likely to be the result.18 NEW ZEALAND THOROUGHBRED RACING
THOROUGHBRED WELFARE ASSESSMENT GUIDELINES 19
Section 4 – Welfare assessment guidelines for
thoroughbreds in breeding
The well-being of Thoroughbreds is the The NZTBA guidelines state:
primary consideration of breeders who
are committed to the enhancement • Horses should be provided with
of the health and welfare of the appropriate amounts of food and
Thoroughbreds in their care. have access to quality drinking
water.
The NZ Thoroughbred Breeders • Handling should accommodate the
Association (NZTBA) regularly provides horse’s behaviour and be done in a
its members with advice, education, calm manner.
guidance and policy updates via
• Horses should not be forced into
newsletters, resources and information
positions or situations which cause
available to them on the NZTBA
unnecessary pain, harm or injury
website.
and no horse should be abused.
The NZTBA also supports equine • Horses should not be subjected to
research, development and educational submissive techniques that injure
projects through the NZ Equine or harm.
Research Foundation (NZERF) and the • Sick and injured horses should be
NZ Equine Trust as well as endorsing given appropriate care and medical
updated equine health and biosecurity attention in a timely manner in
information through the NZ Equine keeping with best practice. Where
Health Association (NZEHA). necessary, veterinary advice should
be sought.
The NZTBA aims to provide members
with information ensuring a standard
of care well above the minimum
standards and constantly promotes
and encourages this through its
guidelines.20 NEW ZEALAND THOROUGHBRED RACING
THOROUGHBRED WELFARE ASSESSMENT GUIDELINES 21
Section 5 – Welfare assessment guidelines for
thoroughbred horses after racing
Thoroughbred racehorses are retired rare occasions, potentially up to 12 between NZTR and Equestrian
from racing by their owners for a months of active and skilled retraining Sport New Zealand to promote
variety of reasons, because: for a horse to physiologically and Thoroughbreds in dressage,
psychologically transition out of racing. show jumping, show hunter and
• the horse does not show an initial eventing.
desire or aptitude for racing, Many mares with commercial pedigrees
• Also, the NZ Show Horse Council
• the horse has progressed to a are recruited into the broodmare
runs a series for Off the Track
point where it struggles to be population when they are retired from
Thoroughbreds in showing.
competitive, racing. Outside the racing industry,
Thoroughbred dams can also be utilised NZTR has jurisdiction over horses in
• it is relocated to a stud for
to improve sport horse breeds, or racing, with the Owner(s) and Racing
breeding,
occasionally as surrogate dams. When Managers able to be held responsible
• it is disabled, injured or lame, or it is necessary (unresolvable injuries or and accountable for not meeting the
• of its age or the owners wish to unmanageable temperament), horses requirements, as outlined in the Rules
relocate the horse to a retirement may be euthanised. of Racing and these guidelines.
paddock.
Off the track Thoroughbreds may be NZTR does not have jurisdiction over
The most common outcome for retired sold for a nominal sum. A low value adopters and anyone else in charge
racehorses is rehoming, with the horse may attract adopters who may of the care of a Thoroughbred after
potential for horses to have a ‘good not have the financial capability to retired from racing, unless those
life’ for decades in a second career. provide sustained adequate care. This persons are licenced by NZTR or
Thoroughbred horses are well suited creates the potential for poor welfare deemed an accountable person under
for other equestrian disciplines because outcomes. The average cost of keeping the Rules of Racing. Where NZTR lacks
they are relatively young, intelligent, a recreational sport horse in New jurisdiction, the compliance framework
athletic and attractive animals (see Zealand is significant ($12,000pa), so and enforcement are addressed in
Appendix D for a list of possible potential adopters must be realistic animal and equine welfare legislation
‘second careers’). NZTR endorses and about their financial ability to support and regulation (principally the Animal
promotes rehoming of Thoroughbreds a horse. Welfare Act and the Code of Welfare:
after racing where it is possible and Horses and Donkeys).
appropriate. NZTR also supports initiatives that
celebrate the achievements of Some racing jurisdictions promote
Retraining ensures a greater likelihood Thoroughbred racehorses in their a ‘full circle’ approach, whereby one
of better future homes and is an second careers. owner takes responsibility for the
effective way to minimise any potential Thoroughbred in retirement. This may
welfare problems arising from the • Beyond the Barriers has a website
be regarded as an improvement in the
transition out of racing. Having started providing support and information
retiree management for the industry
under saddle, racehorses are prepared for adopters, and sponsorship
but is not a guarantee of good welfare
specifically to race, but in the right for various events that involve
outcomes.
hands are usually very adaptable Thoroughbreds, including the
to training and learning new skills. Dunstan Ex-Factor competition If owners are to take responsibility for
Racehorses are adapted to sometimes and showcase for Thoroughbreds retired Thoroughbreds, they should
specific high-energy diets, and to some within 12 months of leaving racing have the required knowledge, skills,
extent, will need to learn to forage or which is held at Equidays each year. support and resources to provide a
find water from natural sources, or to Further, Beyond the Barriers also ‘good life’ in retirement for their horse.
negotiate and utilise natural terrain conducts horse and rider clinics. NZTR is able to provide education
for protection from bad weather. It • Thoroughbreds in Equestrian materials such as these guidelines.
may take as little as a few days, or on Sports (TiES) is a joint project22 NEW ZEALAND THOROUGHBRED RACING
Deliberate neglect and abuse are rare, that need to be actively managed g) Responsibility of Adopters
so the problem is more one of benign or may make the horse unsuitable Prospective adopters or purchasers
neglect due to inadequate knowledge. for the anticipated use. of retired racehorses straight from
However, neglect – even if unintended d) Decisions around Retirement training should be aware of the
– is not an acceptable condition for If the trainer is not the need to manage the transition out
retired Thoroughbred racehorses. Accountable Person or Racing of racing and consider their ability
Manager, they should be involved to achieve this successfully. If
when considering which option is they do not have this ability, they
Responsibilities and processes should seek support and guidance
best for the horse. The trainer’s
to ensure good horse welfare knowledge from their working from a capable source.
when retiring Thoroughbreds relationship with the horse during Adopters should also consider
from racing training will be useful when their financial ability and the
making a decision. resources required to provide
a) Duty of Care
e) Retraining adequate care for horses.
The duty of care to ensure that
the horse is treated in a way The Racing Manager or h) Euthanasia (humane death of the
that enables it to transition to a Accountable Person could consider retired horse)
second career. Responsibility will retraining by a capable person to Adopters should consider
ultimately lie with the new owner, transition the horse to a career euthanasia if injury, temperament,
but prior to a potential transfer of after racing. illness, age or other conditions
ownership, the person in charge f) Assessing Adopters and negatively affect the physical
of the horse (the vendor) needs Purchasers welfare or mental state of the
to satisfy him/herself that the The Racing Manager or horse they have adopted. This will
person intending to own the horse Accountable Person has a not be an easy decision, but the
possesses the competence and responsibility to assess prospective need to avoid suffering of the horse
resources necessary for the horse’s purchasers or adopters if the horse must outweigh personal feelings
future well-being. is being rehomed straight from and loss of companionship.
training. The Owner or Racing Anyone that euthanises, or
b) Traceability
Manager should consider the arranges the euthanasia of a
The Racing Manager or
match of the horse’s temperament retired Thoroughbred:
Accountable Person must
promptly submit the SR24 Death with the skills, resources and
i. must ensure that the
or Retirement form within one capability of the prospective
euthanasia is carried out either
month of a horse dying or being adopter.
by:
retired from racing. If the Racing Manager or
a. intravenous injection by a
Anyone who euthanises, or Accountable Person is not satisfied
veterinarian; or
arranges the euthanasia of a that the person would provide
proper care of the horse they b. by a veterinarian or
retired Thoroughbred, should
notify NZTR of the death. should decide against proceeding another person who is
with a sale or adoption of the competent in the use of
All Thoroughbreds are traceable
horse. captive bolt or firearm, in
via permanent identification in the
compliance with Schedule
form of a brand on the shoulder NZTR acknowledges that whilst
III of the Code of Welfare:
and/or a microchip and or DNA resale of horses through public
Horses and Donkeys, and
hair samples. This identification auction is a legitimate means
links to individual horse of securing a new owner for ii. notify NZTR of the death.
registration with NZTR. a horse, this diminishes the
ability of the vendor to assess
c) Responsibility to communicate
the appropriateness of the
The Racing Manager or
purchaser. NZTR will seek to work
Accountable Person must
with auction houses to develop
communicate to any adopter
appropriate safeguards on behalf
the temperament and physical
of vendors.
condition of the horse, including
any injuries or chronic conditionsAppendices
24 NEW ZEALAND THOROUGHBRED RACING
Appendix A
The 5 Domains Model for Equine Welfare
HORSE WELFARE ASSESSMENT GUIDE
This guide is an adaptation of the Five Domains Model of Welfare Assessment and Monitoring
that shows how it can be applied to achieve good horse welfare. The model has four physical or
functional domains and a mental domain that acknowledges the horse’s experience.
The aim for providing good welfare is to achieve physical and functional well-being, as well
as give horses the opportunity to experience positive emotions in all areas: nutrition, health,
environment, behaviour and interactions with humans.
Nutrition Health
The physical domain The physical domain
Restrictions: Opportunities: Minimum Signs of ill-health: Signs of health:
standard of Minimum
Disease (acute, chronic) Little or no disease
Not enough water Drink enough water
Care Injury (acute, chronic, surgery) Little or no injuries
standard of
Not enough food
Poor quality food
Eat enough food
Eat a balanced diet Functional impairment (due Little or no dysunctional Care
Lack of food variety Eating correct quantities to limb, lung, heart, kidney, body systems
Eat a variety of foods neural or other problems). Well nourished
Poisons Body condition is
Obesity/leanness appropriate
Poor physical fitness (muscle Good fitness level
The mental domain de-conditioning)
Negative experience: Positive experiences: The mental domain
Thirst Wetting/quenching and Welfare Negative experience: Positive experience:
Hunger (general)
Hunger (salt)
the pleasure of drinking
The pleasure of different Breathlessness Comfort of good health
Welfare
Malnutrition, malaise tastes, smells and textures Pain (many types) and a high functional
Bloated, over full The pleasure of salt taste Debility, weakness capacity
Colic (gastrointestinal The pleasure of chewing for long periods Sickness, malaise Vitality and fitness
pain), gastric ulcers Post prandial satiety (comfortably full) Nausea
Gastrointestinal comfort Dizziness
Physical exhaustion
As well as providing for the physical and behavioural
needs, how many positive experiences can you make
available to your horse on a daily basis?
Environment Behaviour and
human interaction
The physical domain The physical domain
Restrictions: Opportunities: Agency is impeded: Agency:
Thermal extremes Thermally tolerable Minimum Barren environment Varied, novel,
Unsuitable footing Suitable footing standard of Choices markedly restricted engaging Minimum
Care
standard of
Confinement Space for free movement Constraints on environment- environmental challenges
Pollutants and odours Fresh air focused activities (exploration, Free movement Care
Noise Noise acceptable grazing) Exploration
Monotony - ambient, Normal environmental Constraints on horse-to-horse Foraging
lighting variety interactions. Bonding
Sleep/rest deprivation Rearing young, sexual behaviour
Training confusion Sufficient sleep/rest
Inconsistent human interaction Consistent, clear training
The mental domain
Negative experience: Positive experience: The mental domain
Discomfort due to: Comfort:
Negative experience: Positive experience:
Chilling, overheating Thermal Welfare Welfare
Physical pain, skin Physical Frustration, loneliness Calm, engaged, in control
irritation, muscle stiffness Respiratory Boredom, helplessness Affectionate sociability
and tension. Olfactory, visual Depression Maternally rewarded, sexual
Breathlessness, auditory Herd living Sexual frutstration gratification, playfullness
impairment, eye strain Variety related comfort Anxiety, fear, panic, anger Secure, protected, confident,
Malaise from unnatural Neophobia likes novelty, energised
constancy Exhaustion
Adapted by Cristina Wilkins, Horses and People Magazine, in collaboration with NZ Thoroughbred
Racing, from Mellor, D.J. (2017). Operational details of the Five Domains Model and its key applications
to the assessment and management of animal welfare. Animals 7(8), 60. doi: 10.3390/ani7080060
Figure 1: How optimal and minimal provisions for nutrition, environment, health and behaviour
contribute to the mental state of Thoroughbreds14
14 Adapted from D.J. Mellor (2017). Operational details of the Five Domains Model and its key applications to the assessment and management
of animal welfare. Animals 7(8), 60; doi:10.3390/ani7080060.THOROUGHBRED WELFARE ASSESSMENT GUIDELINES 25
Domain Challenge or Measure
Nutrition Sufficient energy intake to maintain body condition for winter outdoors
Calcium: Phosphorus ratios balanced
Sufficient carbohydrate/protein in weanling/yearling ration to achieve growth
Identification and management of toxic plants
Environment Appropriate shelter and rugging during winter
Stock and pasture management to minimize slippery terrain and mud in winter
Safe enclosures
Transport – safety during loading and unloading, and periodic access to food and drink while
transported
Health Adverse heritable conditions and conformational traits
Injuries which are difficult to detect
Surgeries (bone chips, gelding)
Well maintained and knowledgeably fitted equipment and saddlery to avoid pain or pressure points
Diagnosis and treatment of gut ulcers
Allergens and pathogens managed at pasture
Appropriate cycle of training workload and rest training to ensure optimal musculoskeletal
development
Behaviour Managing changes in interaction with humans at weaning and start of work
Requirement for play (foals and weanlings) or other daily interaction with other horses
Recognition of stereotypies that indicate unmet needs
Habituation and training to deal with novel and new experiences and environments
Balance between variety and ability to cope with new situations and objects
Enablement of spontaneous or managed exercise movement to induce optimal musculoskeletal
development in foals through to yearlings
Sufficient sleep and rest
Limits on threat avoidance, escape and defensive activity in herd
Mental state Distress, fear, anxiety at weaning
Transport – initial stress reduced by familiarization, travel with companions
Managing transitions to new experiences and environments (avoiding neophobia)
Table 2: Using the Five Domains to identify potential challenges to optimal welfare for Thoroughbred horses
(illustrative examples):26 NEW ZEALAND THOROUGHBRED RACING
Appendix B
Welfare Guidelines in relation to horses in racing
(based on IFHA guidelines)
1. At all stages during c) Shoeing 2. Horses should be suitably
the preparation and Horseshoes and racing plates must conditioned and healthy
be designed and fitted to minimise
presentation of horses for before being allowed to race
the risk of injury. Shoes used in
racing, welfare should be a racing must be included in the a) Veterinary Examinations
primary consideration NZTR Register of Notifiable Gear. A veterinary examination must be
a) Good Horse Management d) Transport undertaken of any horse showing
The housing, feeding and training The risk of injury and disease must signs of disease, lameness or
of racehorses should be consistent be minimised when racehorses other ailments to determine its
with good horse management and are transported. Vehicles should suitability to race.
must not compromise welfare. be purpose built, safe, clean, well b) Immaturity
Any practices whether in stables, ventilated, regularly maintained Horses mature at widely different
training or racing which are and disinfected. rates. Training and racing
inconsistent with legislative Long journeys must be planned schedules should be carefully
requirements, nor with the carefully, and horses should be planned to minimise the risk of
minimum provisions outlined in allowed regular rest periods musculoskeletal injuries.
Section 1 of this document, must and access to water and feed as c) Surgical Procedures
not be tolerated and may lead necessary. Respiratory problems Any surgical procedure which
to penalties, as stipulated in the arising from transport can often be compromises the welfare or safety
NZTR Rules of Racing. reduced if horses are able to lower of any horse or rider must not be
Industry training programmes their heads to ground level during allowed. Refer to Rules 345 and
should contain components on rest periods. 650 (NZTR Rules of Racing)
animal welfare relevant to the d) Severe or Recurrent Conditions
role performed by the person • Horses with severe or
receiving the training. Audits of recurrent clinical conditions
Thoroughbreds under the control should, on veterinary advice,
of licensed trainers should be be temporarily or permanently
undertaken by the RIU or other excluded from racing. Without
officers mandated by NZTR, or limitation, two specific
officers mandated by legislation. examples are:
b) Training Methods for Racehorses • Two instances of nasal
Pre-training and training bleeding caused by exercise
methods which unreasonably induced pulmonary
influence the normal behaviour haemorrhage (EIPH) (Rule
of racehorses should not be 651); and
used. Horse training schedules • Cardiac arrhythmia (Link:
should include graduated learning NZTR Directive)
training practices with positive
reinforcement, adjusted to the e) Pregnant Mares
horse’s physical capabilities and Mares must not be raced beyond
level of maturity. 120 days of pregnancy.THOROUGHBRED WELFARE ASSESSMENT GUIDELINES 27
3. Conditions of racing should e) Medication 4. Racehorses should receive
not prejudice horse welfare One purpose of the rules proper attention after they
controlling medication is to
a) Racecourse Conditions have raced and be treated
protect the welfare of the horse
Racecourses and racing surfaces and the safety of riders. After any humanely when their racing
should be designed and maintained veterinary treatment, sufficient careers are over
to reduce risk factors which may time should be allowed for a) Veterinary Treatment
lead to injuries. Attention should recuperation before competition. When a horse is injured during a
be paid to running rails, crossings, Drugs must not be allowed to race, the jockey must dismount. A
and the provision of good and modify the racing performance of registered veterinarian must be in
consistent running surfaces. the horse, adversely impact on its attendance on the racecourse at
b) Steeplechasing and Hurdling welfare or conceal adverse genetic race meetings and official barrier
Participation in these races should or acquired conditions. (NZTR trials. Injured horses must be given
be restricted to horses with a Prohibited Substances Regulations) appropriate first aid. A suitable
demonstrated level of fitness f) Starting Gates / Barriers vehicle for moving injured horses
and jumping ability. Weights to Horses should be educated to be from the racetrack should be made
be carried, race distances, and familiar with loading procedures. available. If required, an injured
the number, size, design and Barriers should be properly horse should be transported to the
placement of fences should all be designed and safe. Aids to loading nearest referral centre for further
carefully assessed when planning must be humane and used assessment and therapy.
these races. appropriately. b) Racing Injuries
c) Extreme Weather g) Racecourse accommodation The incidence of injuries sustained
Due care and attention should be Stabling and sampling facilities in racing and training should be
paid to the welfare of horses racing for horses on racecourses should monitored wherever possible. Track
in extreme weather. Provision must be safe, clean and well-ventilated. conditions, frequency of racing,
be made to cool horses quickly Suitable drinking and washing- age and any other risk factors,
after racing in hot and/or humid down water must always be should be carefully examined to
conditions. available. Safe facilities for loading indicate ways to minimise the risk
d) Misuse of the Whip and unloading horses should be of injury.
Excessive, unnecessary or improper provided. c) Euthanasia
use of whips is not condoned, for If injuries are sufficiently severe,
example, on a horse that is clearly an injured horse may need to be
out of contention, a horse that is euthanised. If after evaluation
fatigued and unable to respond, euthanasia is deemed necessary,
or a horse clearly winning. (NZTR it should be undertaken as soon
Whip Directive) as possible with the sole aim of
minimising suffering.You can also read
