Who has the critical vote? Power ranking of MEPs in the Agricultural Committee of the European Parliament

Page created by Dale Wong
 
CONTINUE READING
Who has the critical vote? Power ranking of MEPs in the
    Agricultural Committee of the European Parliament

                       A. Kovacs¹; I. Fertő²; L. Kóczy²; B. Sziklai²; A.A. Nás²

1: Tec de Monterrey, Department of International Business, Mexico, 2: Hungarian Academy of
Sciences, Institute of Economics, Hungary
Corresponding author email: attila.kovacs@itesm.mx
Abstract:
We analyze the voting power of the members of the agricultural committee of the European Parliament
using a spatial Banzhaf power index. Using a novel dataset of roll-call votes in the current EP-term, we
identify critical members whose votes are necessary to form winning coalitions. We found that committee
members with formal positions, EP group coordinators as well as German, French, Italian and British
members are powerful actors. Nevertheless, rapporteurs are not necessarily influential. We also concluded
that members with moderate ideological position but from Member States with extreme agricultural
importance are the most powerful ones.
Acknowledegment:
JEL Codes: C71, A12
                                                                                                  #1419
Who has the critical vote? Power ranking of MEPs in
    the Agricultural Committee of the European
                      Parliament

                                                  Abstract
We analyze the voting power of the members of the agricultural committee of the European Parliament using a
spatial Banzhaf power index. Using a novel dataset of roll-call votes in the current EP-term, we identify critical
members whose votes are necessary to form winning coalitions. We found that committee members with formal
positions, EP group coordinators as well as German, French, Italian and British members are powerful actors.
Nevertheless, rapporteurs are not necessarily influential. We also concluded that members with moderate
ideological position but from Member States with extreme agricultural importance are the most powerful ones.

Keywords: European Parliament, Common Agricultural Policy, voting games, Banzhaf index, voting
game over a convex geometry

1. Introduction
Discussion about the content as well as the future of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP)
of the European Union (EU) have been high on the political agenda in the last decades and
generated strong scientific attention as well. CAP reforms have been subject to
comprehensive analysis both from political and policy aspects. In his landmark book, “The
Perfect Storm” on the 2003 Fischler reform, Swinnen (2008) shares the view that this has
been the most radical reform of the CAP since its creation. Ten years later, another, more
moderate CAP reform, the “Imperfect Storm” (Swinnen, 2015a) took place. Swinnen (2015a)
identifies four key domains of this reform: first, the drivers and the assessment of the reform
(see Swinnen, 2015b); second, the factors influencing policy outcomes, including internal,
like the Multiannual Financial Framework (Matthews, 2015), as well as external factors, like
the WTO negotiations (Swinbank, 2015); third, the content, including direct payments
(Sahrbacher et al., 2015) or the so-called greening (Erjavec et al., 2015); finally, the
institutional aspects, with focus on the role of the European Parliament after the entering into
force of the Treaty of Lisbon (Fertő and Kovács, 2015; Olper and Pacca, 2015).
Throughout the last CAP reforms and the EU’s legislation on agricultural policy, scholars
focused on the external and internal stakeholders, their motivations and influence on the
policy and legislative outcomes. Similarly, the driving forces, constraints and achievements
of reforms have been part of the political and scientific discourse. On the other hand, the
decision-making of the CAP, the role and influence of various stakeholders on the legislative
outcome is still largely uncovered. This is especially true for the European Parliament and its
members. This article aims at filling this gap by analyzing the role of the Members of the
European Parliament’s agricultural committee (COMAGRI, Committee on Agriculture and
Rural Development) in the CAP legislation through coming up with quantifiable power
scores based on the roll-call votes of agricultural legislative pieces.

                                                        1
The aim of article is to analyze the power relations and the legislative influence of the
COMAGRI members of the European Parliament. This paper provides the voting power
ranking of the MEPs – both Members and Substitute Members – of the Committee on
Agriculture and Rural Development based on their policy positions along two dimensions:
ideological spectrum of national parties and the agricultural value-added in the total GDP of
the Member States of the MEPs. Unlike previous research on the power of Member States in
the Council, we focus on the analysis of the European Parliament. Contrary to previous
studies on intra-EP structures, like committees or EP Groups (Whitaker, 2005), we
concentrate on the decision-making at the level of individual EP members. The main novelty
of the paper is that it comes up with quantified power scores of individual MEPs in any policy
domain, based on the members’ position in the ideology space. We provide the ranking of
the MEPs – both Members and Substitute Members – of the Committee on Agriculture and
Rural Development on the basis of their Banzhaf power index in a voting game over a convex
geometry. We classify members along two dimensions: an ideological spectrum and the
value-added to the GDP by agriculture. These two dimensions induce an ideology space,
where the members are placed. For the first dimension the member is assigned a value based
on the left-right measure (ParlGov) of the political party he/she belongs to. For the latter we
use the World Bank agricultural value added index of the member’s home country.

2. Influence on EU decision making
There is a broad literature on the role and influence of EP committees. Westlake (1994:191)
described the Standing Committees as the “legislative backbone” of the European
Parliament. Many authors emphasize the increasing role of committees in shaping EU
legislation. In addition, Mamadouh and Raunio (2003) find that the allocation of the
rapporteurship measures the power of Committee members. Neuhold (2001) argues that the
key players in the EP committees are the committee chairmen, the vice-chairs – holding the
formal positions in the committees –, as well as the rapporteurs, also draftsmen of opinion,
shadow rapporteurs and party coordinators in the committees. Kaeding and Obholzer (2012)
also emphasized the key role of EP Group coordinators in the legislative process at EP
committee level. In line with Kaeding (2004), Marshall (2010) also states that rapporteurs
are the most powerful actors of the committee, but also added that the distribution of
influence among ordinary members of the committees is still unclear. Regarding the role of
COMAGRI in the EP, Greer and Hind (2012) concludes that the COMAGRI plays key role
in agricultural legislation. Fertő and Kovács (2015) corroborated this finding.
Power indices are widely used to measure the actors’ a priori voting power in the legislative
and political decisions in the EU institutional setup. In the EU context, most papers deal with
the power of Member States in the Council of the European Union – better known by its
former name: the Council of Ministers (Algaba et al., 2001; Le Breton et al., 2012; Bilbao et
al., 2002; Barr and Pasarelli, 2009; Kóczy, 2012), studying the fairness of voting weights
(before the Lisbon Treaty) and how the extensions of the Union affected existing members’
powers. It is important to stress that these models study voting power a priori, that is, without
taking policy positions into account. This approach is usually motivated by the assumption
that the subject of voting and therefore the voters’ policy positions are not known in advance.
When we study voting in the COMAGRI this approach is neither informative nor appropriate.
We assume that members have clear policy positions that can be approximated by their

                                               2
political inclinations and the significance of agriculture in their delegating member states.
We present a model with this information taken into account.
Dataset
The dataset of this analysis contains three sources of information. The first source of
information is the roll-call votes of legislative proposals and amendments in the COMAGRI
during the first two years of the current EP-term. In case of the roll-call votes, we listed the
votes of MEPs – for, against and abstention –, both Members and Substitutes of COMAGRI.
The second pillar of the dataset is the ideological position of the MEPs based on the left-right
ideological orientation of their national parties (Döring and Manow, 2016). The third dataset
used in this analysis was the agricultural value-added in the percentage of the GDP (The
World Bank, 2013) of the Member State of the MEP. These latter two constitute the two
dimensions of the analysis.

3. Methodology
We study the COMAGRI members’ ability to make and change decisions using spatial voting
indices. Here we introduce and explain the method we use.
We consider a set of voters. Subsets of voters are called coalitions. A coalition is winning if
it is able to make a decision according to the voting rule, for instance, by having the majority
of the votes. Coalitions that are not winning are called losing. We are interested in critical
voters, that is, players, whose loss can turn a winning coalition into a losing one. When all
members of a coalition are critical the coalition is a minimal winning coalition. A priori
voting power then refers to the ability to change decisions without knowing the actual topics
the committee must vote on.
Formally, let denote the set of voters and       the set of winning, ℳ the set of minimal
winning coalitions. For each voter in , let     = { ⊆ | ∈ , \{ } ∉ } denote the
set of winning coalitions, where voter is critical and         = | | the number of such
coalitions. Then the Banzhaf index – a normalized version of the Banzhaf measure (Banzhaf,
1965) – is defined as
                                            =∑         .
                                                   ∈

The standard version of the Banzhaf index ignores the voters’ policy preferences. It is
reasonable to assume that a decision – a CAP policy position – that is acceptable to both a
liberal (ALDE) and a conservative (ECR) MEP, will be acceptable to more central, moderate
(S&D and EPP) MEPs too, as long as they have a comparable interest in agriculture. In the
so-called games on convex geometries (Edelman, 1997) it is presumed that only convex
coalitions may form. In the ideology space, convex coalitions are induced by convex
polytopes whose facets are parallel with one of the axis of the space – in two dimension these
are rectangles (see Fig. 1). In such games only voters residing on the boundary of these
convex polytopes are critical. The Banzhaf index has been extended to such games by Bilbao
et al. (1998). In this paper, we use a Monte-Carlo method for calculating the Banzhaf-index.
This has already been applied for weighted majority games, but not for games over convex
geometry (Matsui and Matsui, 2000).

                                               3
Fig. 1: Convex (on the left) and concave coalitions (on the right). Note that the coalition on
           the right is convex in the Euclidean sense, but not as a voting group.

In order to establish the convex geometry, COMAGRI members are treated as points in the
plane (i.e. the ideology space) where the horizontal axis ( ) represents the ideological
position of the national parties of COMAGRI members and the vertical axis ( ) represents
the agricultural added-value to the GDP index of their home countries. We calculate the
influence of each COMAGRI member by finding all rectangles corresponding to minimal
winning coalitions and checking how frequently a particular MEP is placed on the outline of
such a rectangles. Kóczy and Sziklai (2015) applied a similar methodology for the power
ranking of the cardinals in the Papal Conclave in 2013.
Considering that a voting session consists of 46 representatives where some members are
replaced with substitute members, the number of possible different configurations is
astronomical. Thus, we estimate the Banzhaf-indices by applying a Monte Carlo simulation
based on the probabilities of absence and substitution. The scores in the Table (see Appendix
B) are obtained from the average of four simulation containing 100,000 samples each.
In the current, 8th EP term between 2014 and 2019, the COMAGRI has 46 Members and the
same number of Substitute Members. The ideological and national distribution of Members
and Substitutes in EP Committees reflect the weight of EP Groups and Member States in the
Parliament. It is important to note that substitution in EP committees is not on a Member-to-
Substitutes relationship, but any Substitute Member can replace any missing (standing)
Member. In the power ranking of COMAGRI Members and Substitutes, we finally ranked
72 members. This is the number of MEPs who participated in the 15 roll-call votes in the
first half of this EP-term.

4. Results

                                              4
At first glance the results are well in accordance with our intuition. Members with low
absence rates are usually ranked higher than members with high absence rates. Similarly high
substitution probability comes with better ranking on average. The interesting cases are the
exemptions. How come that some members with relatively high absence value, like Rebega
(20.0%) and Dăncilă (33.3%) are influential while a member like Dorfmann (6.7%) who is
almost always present is virtually powerless? The answer comes from the spatial position of
these players. Kóczy and Sziklai (2015) observed that players close to the center of the
ideology space are rarely critical, while those with relatively extreme positions are likely to
do well and become an influential member. In Appendix A, we see that our results
corroborate this finding. COMAGRI members with central ideological position but with
extreme agricultural position – that is, the agricultural index of their countries is either
extremely high or low – are the most influential ones. The top 6 MEPs in our ranking –
Brannen, Buda, Noichl, Rebega, Jahr, Hausling – are all in these spatial spaces (marked with
red in Appendix A).
Previous research reveals the importance of ‘strong’ persons in EU politics and decision-
making. Now, we provide an overview on this fact for the European Parliament’s agri-
committee. First, we look at the formal Committee positions, the chair and the vice-chairs.
The chair of the COMAGRI in the current EP term is Poland’s Czeslaw Siekierski from the
European People’s Party (EPP) EP Group. There are also four vice-chairs of COMAGRI.
We see in Appendix B that in the power ranking, the chair of COMAGRI takes the 15 th
position (out of 72), but he is not the most powerful member of those with formal position,
as one of the vice-chairs, Viorica Dăncilă is ranked higher. In sum, we can conclude that all
COMAGRI Members with formal positions are in the first half of the ranking, with an
average ranking of 21.2. Therefore, our empirical findings are in line with Neuhold (2001).
Second, we observe the rapporteurships in the legislative files we analyze. We see that only
two MEPs – De Castro and Nicholson – have more than one legislative proposal.
Our calculations show that the ranking of rapporteurs – bold in Appendix 2. – does not
concentrate on the top of the list. While there are influential rapporteurs – Hausling, De
Castro – we observe rapporteurs with minimal influence (Selimovic, Nicholson). Therefore,
the rapporteurs of the legislative proposals in our sample are not critical players in voting
games. Their results do not confirm findings of earlier research revealing the importance of
rapporteurs in the EP committees (Kaeding, 2004; Marshall, 2010).
Third, party coordinators of EP Groups in the committees – underlined in Appendix 2. – play
a key role in the legislative process (Neuhold, 2001; Kaeding and Obholzer, 2012). Our
analysis reinforces this view as four EP Group coordinators are in the top 15, including the
coordinators of the two main EP Groups (EPP and S&D).
Fourth, power rankings in the European Council show that German, British, French and
Italian Council members – ministers – are assumed the most powerful ones. Now, we test
whether Members of the European Parliament from these countries are highly ranked.

                                              5
Our estimations imply that in case of the top 25 MEPs that members from these four countries
dominate the list (14 members out of 25), including positions 1, 3 and 5. These findings are
in accordance with the power ranking of Member States in different Council formations.
Therefore, we see that political actors from the same, limited number of Member States –
Germany, the United Kingdom, France and Italy – dominate both legislative branches of the
European Union, the Council and the European Parliament.
Note, that 16 out of these 25 MEPs are from net contributor, EU-15 Member States. These
16 MEPs represent only 6 Member States. The other 9 MEPs are from net beneficiary, EU-
13 Member States, but these 9 members represent only three countries: Poland, Romania and
Croatia.

5. Discussion, conclusions
The paper analyzes the voting power of the Members of the Committee on Agriculture and
Rural Development of the European Parliament using the Banzhaf index. Our major findings
are following. First, those MEPs who hold formal positions, being either the chair or any of
the vice-chairs of the Committee. In line with Neuhold (2001) we find that these committee
members are highly ranked and powerful. Second, contrary to previous research (Kaeding,
2004; Marshall, 2010) we cannot confirm high power indices for the rapporteurs of the
analyzed legislative files. Third, the party coordinators, who are the most important members
of EP Groups at committee level and have a big say in formulating the legislative proposals
(Kaeding and Obholzer, 2012). We find that most of the group coordinators are powerful and
highly ranked, our research results confirm the main findingsof previous empirical
investigations. Fourth, we also analyze the role and power of those committee members who
are from the most powerful Member States (Germany, France, Italy and UK) are the most
powerful politicians. Our results are in accordance with these findings: COMAGRI members
from these countries are powerful and highly ranked. Future research can be extended to the
calculation of power indices based on plenary roll-call votes. The comparison of the two
intra-EP decision-making stage, committee and plenary, may reveal the power gains or losses
of COMAGRI members in the legislative process.

6. References
Algaba, E; Bilbao, J.M.; Fernández García, J.R.; López, J.J. (2001). Voting Power in the Council of
the European Union under the Nice rules. European Voting Games. pp. 317-343.
Banzhaf, J.F. (1965). Weighted voting doesn't work: A mathematical analysis. Rutgers Law Review,
19. 317-343.
Barr, J. and Passarelli, F. (2009). Who has the power in the EU? Mathematical Social Sciences 57
(2009) 339-366
Bilbao, J. M., A. Jiménez, and J. López (1998). The Banzhaf power index on convex geometries.
Mathematical Social Sciences 36: 157–174.

                                                6
Bilbao, J.M., Fernandez, J.R., Jimenez, N., Lopez, J.J. (2002). Voting power in the European Union
enlargement. European Journal of Operational Research 143 (2002) 181–196
Edelman, P. H. (1997). A note on voting. Mathematical Social Sciences, 34: 37–50.
Erjavec. E., Lovec, M., and Erjavec, K. (2015). From ‘Greening’ to ‘Greenwash’: The drivers and
discourses of CAP 2020 ‘reform’. In Swinnen, J.F.M. (eds). The Political Economy of the 2014-2020
Common Agricultural Policy - An Imperfect Storm, Brussels: Centre for European Policy Studies
and London: Rowman and Littlefield International, 215-244.
Fertő, I. and Kovács, A. (2015). Parliamentary Amendments to the Legislative Proposals of the 2013
CAP Reform. In Swinnen, J.F.M. (eds). The Political Economy of the 2014-2020 Common
Agricultural Policy - An Imperfect Storm, Brussels: Centre for European Policy Studies and London:
Rowman and Littlefield International, 379-412.
Greer, A., Hind, T. (2012). Inter-institutional Decision-making: the Case of the Common Agricultural
Policy. Policy and Society, 31(4), pp.331-341. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polsoc.2012.09.005
Döring, H. and Manow, P. (2016). Parliaments and governments database (ParlGov). Information on
parties, elections and cabinets in modern democracies. Development version. Available:
http://www.parlgov.org/data/table/view_party/
Kaeding, M. (2004). Rapporteurship Allocation in the European Parliament - Information or
Distribution? European Union Politics, 5(3) 353–371
Kaeding, M. and Obholzer, L. (2012). Pulling the strings: party group coordinators in the European
Parliament. EIPAScope, 2012 (1). 13-18.
Kóczy, L. and Sziklai, B. (2015). Electing the Pope. Homo Oeconomicus 32(1) 101-116
Kóczy, L. (2012). Beyond Lisbon: Demographic trends and voting power in the European Union
Council of Ministers. Mathematical Social Sciences 63 (2012) 152–158
Le Breton, M., Montero, M., Zaporozhets, V. (2012). Voting power in the EU Council of Ministers
and fair decision making in distributive politics. Mathematical Social Sciences 63 (2012) 159–173
Mamadouh, V. and Raunio, T. (2003). The Committee System: Powers, Appointments and Report
Allocation. Journal of Common Market Studies 41(2) 333-51
Marshall, D. (2010). Who to lobby and when: Institutional determinants of interest group strategies
in European Parliament committees. European Union Politics, 11(4) 553–575
Matsui, T. and Matsui, Y. (2000). A Survey of Algorithms for Calculating Power Indices of Weighted
Majority Games. Journal of the Operations Research Society of Japan, 43(1) 71-86.
Matthews, A. (2015). The Multi-Annual Financial Framework and the 2013 CAP Reform. In
Swinnen, J.F.M. (eds). The Political Economy of the 2014-2020 Common Agricultural Policy - An
Imperfect Storm, Brussels: Centre for European Policy Studies and London: Rowman and Littlefield
International, 169-192.
Neuhold, C. (2001). The "Legislative Backbone" keeping the Institution upright? The Role of
European Parliament Committees in the EU Policy-Making Process. European Integration online
Papers (EIoP) Vol. 5 (2001) N° 10; http://eiop.or.at/eiop/texte/2001-010a.htm
Olper, A. and Pacca, L. (2015). The European Parliament’ s Position on Market Regulation and the
Impact of the Economic Context. In Swinnen, J.F.M. (eds). The Political Economy of the 2014-2020
Common Agricultural Policy - An Imperfect Storm, Brussels: Centre for European Policy Studies
and London: Rowman and Littlefield International, 357-378.

                                                 7
Sahrbacher, A., Balmann, A. and Sahrbacher, C. (2015). The Political Economy of Capping Direct
Payments: Applications in – and implications for – Germany. In Swinnen, J.F.M. (eds). The Political
Economy of the 2014-2020 Common Agricultural Policy - An Imperfect Storm, Brussels: Centre for
European Policy Studies and London: Rowman and Littlefield International, 277-306.
Swinbank, A. (2015). The WTO: No longer relevant for CAP reform? In Swinnen, J.F.M. (eds). The
Political Economy of the 2014-2020 Common Agricultural Policy - An Imperfect Storm, Brussels:
Centre for European Policy Studies and London: Rowman and Littlefield International, 193-214.
Swinnen, J.F.M. (2008). The Perfect Storm – The Political Economy of the Fischler Reforms of the
Common Agricultural Policy, Centre for European Policy Studies, Brussels, Belgium
Swinnen, J.F.M. (2015a). The Political Economy of the 2014-2020 Common Agricultural Policy -
An Imperfect Storm, Brussels: Centre for European Policy Studies and London: Rowman and
Littlefield International
Swinnen, J.F.M. (2015b). The Political Economy of the 2014-2020 Common Agricultural Policy:
Introduction and key conclusions. In Swinnen, J.F.M. (eds). The Political Economy of the 2014-2020
Common Agricultural Policy - An Imperfect Storm, Brussels: Centre for European Policy Studies
and London: Rowman and Littlefield International, 1-30.
The World Bank (2013). Agriculture, value added (% of GDP), World Development Indicators,
Available: http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.AGR.TOTL.ZS
Westlake, M. (1994). A Modern Guide to the European Parliament. Pinter, London, United Kingdom
Whitaker, R. (2005). National Parties in the European Parliament: An influence in the Committee
System? European Union Politics 6(1) 5-28. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14651165050496

                                                8
Appendix A

                                                                            Most powerful committee members
                                   7

                                                                                                     REBEGA
                                                                                                                BUDA
                                                                                    DĂNCILĂ
                                   6
     Worldbank Agriculture Index

                                                                                  NEKOV
                                   5

                                                                                                                              ERDŐS
                                                                                      JAKOVČIĆ                 PETIR

                                   4                                                ROPĖ
                                                                                                     GLEZOS
                                                                                     KUŹMIUK     SIEKIERSKI
                                                                                     KALINOWSKI WOJCIECHOWSKI                                    GOSIEWSKA
                                                      TORRES MARTÍNEZ
                                   3                                   SENRA RODRÍGUEZ                                                          VALCÁRCEL SISO
                                                                                              AGUILERA GARCÍA                         AYUSO
                                           SEBASTIÀ
                                                                    ZULLO                                                 RIBEIRO                HERRANZ GARCÍA
                                                                             CAPUTO             FERNÁNDEZ                                   POLČÁK
                                                            VIEGAS                              SERRÃO SANTOS                                         MELO
                                                                   MOI                                          DORFMANN             BOGOVIČ
                                   2                                           DE CASTRO
                                                         HAZEKAMP D'AMATO                                                                      BELDER               LOISEAU
                                                                                    BOVÉ                                           HUITEMA          DELAHAYE
                                                                                             KADENBACH              MCGUINNESS   KÖSTINGER
                                            CARTHY                       ANDRIEU                                                              DANTIN
                                                         FLANAGAN                                                                                       DOHRMANN FERRAND
                                                                        HEUBUCH           ERIKSSON            FEDERLEY PAULSEN    SELIMOVIC  ROHDE
                                   1                                             TARABELLA                                      JAHR
                                                                                                                                        MÜLLER ASHWORTH
                                                                                            NOICHL                                                AGNEW
                                                         ECK
                                                                                                                                      DEß                  NICHOLSON
                                                                                 HÄUSLING          BRANNEN           LINS     GIESEKE
                                                                    SCOTT CATO
                                                                                                                                       DODDSMCINTYREGIRLING
                                   0
                                       0         1              2             3            4            5              6           7            8            9            10

                                                                                               Left-Right index

                                                                                                 9
Appendix B

                                                                                       Left-right
                                                                        Probability                  Agricultural
                                                                                        ideology
                                COMAGRI       Member                    of absence/                  value-added Banzhaf-
Rank             Name                                      EP Group                    (ParlGov,
                                 position      State                    substitution                   (World     index (%)
                                                                                       1-left; 10-
                                                                            (%)                      Bank, 2013)
                                                                                          right)
                                               United
                                                                            6.7
 1      Paul Brannen             Member       Kingdom         S&D                         4.35          0.693       4.218
 2      Daniel Buda              Member       Romania         EPP           0.0           5.38          6.128       3.556
 3      Maria Noichl             Member       Germany         S&D          13.3           3.64          0.789       3.040
 4      Laurenţiu Rebega         Member       Romania         ENF          20.0           4.76          6.128       2.987
 5      Peter Jahr               Member       Germany         EPP          13.3           6.25          0.789       2.961
 6      Martin Häusling          Member      Germany       Greens-EFA       0.0           2.93          0.789       2.797
 7      Marijana Petir           Member        Croatia        EPP           0.0           5.30          4.393       2.638
 8      Albert Deß               Member       Germany         EPP           0.0           7.28          0.789       2.611
 9      Giulia Moi               Member         Italy         EFD          13.3           2.50          2.327       2.212
 10     Zbigniew Kuźmiuk         Member        Poland         ECR           0.0           4.18          3.236       2.187
 11     Nicola Caputo            Member         Italy         S&D           0.0           2.62          2.327       2.180
 12     Paolo De Castro          Member         Italy         S&D           0.0           2.62          2.327       2.180
 13     Viorica Dăncilă         Vice-Chair    Romania         S&D          33.3           3.23          6.128       2.070
 14     Marc Tarabella           Member       Belgium         S&D           6.7           2.93          0.791       2.054
        Czesław Adam
                                                                            6.7
 15     Siekierski                Chair        Poland         EPP                         4.18          3.236       2.053
 16     Rosa D'Amato            Substitute      Italy         EFD          53.3           2.50          2.327       2.050
 17     Marco Zullo              Member         Italy         EFD          20.0           2.50          2.327       2.044
 18     Ivan Jakovčić           Substitute     Croatia       ALDE          53.3           3.42          4.393       2.011
 19     Eric Andrieu            Vice-Chair     France         S&D           0.0           2.93          1.627       1.927
 20     Jarosław Kalinowski      Member        Poland         EPP          13.3           4.18          3.236       1.917
 21     Michel Dantin            Member        France         EPP           6.7           7.49          1.627       1.877
 22     Ulrike Müller            Member       Germany        ALDE          20.0           7.40          0.789       1.788
 23     Norbert Lins            Substitute    Germany         EPP          20.0           6.25          0.789       1.676
 24     Esther Herranz García    Member        Spain          EPP          13.1           7.59          2.821       1.643
 25     Janusz Wojciechowski    Vice-Chair     Poland         ECR          26.7           4.18          3.236       1.622
 26     Jordi Sebastià           Member        Spain       Greens-EFA      33.3           1.20          2.821       1.620
 27     Norbert Erdős            Member       Hungary         EPP          33.3           6.54          4.553       1.593
                                               United
                                                                           40.0
 28     Anneliese Dodds           None        Kingdom         S&D                         7.40          0.693       1.522
 29     Peter Eriksson          Substitute    Sweden       Greens-EFA      40.0           3.37          1.386       1.476
 30     Elisabeth Köstinger      Member       Austria         EPP           6.7           6.47          1.433       1.463
 31     Mairead McGuinness       Member        Ireland        EPP          13.3           6.43          1.430       1.459
 32     Momchil Nekov           Substitute    Bulgaria        S&D          26.7           3.00          5.341       1.413
 33     Bronis Ropė              Member       Lithuania    Greens-EFA      33.3           3.26          3.952       1.385
        Clara Eugenia
                                                                            0.0
 34     Aguilera García         Vice-Chair     Spain          S&D                         3.73          2.821       1.194
 35     Jan Huitema              Member      Netherlands     ALDE           6.7           7.34          1.920       1.192

                                                             10
36   Bas Belder              Substitute   Netherlands      ECR       40.0   7.40   1.920    1.189
     Estefanía Torres
                                                                     20.0
37   Martínez                Substitute     Spain       GUE-NGL             1.20   2.821    1.177
38   Beata Gosiewska          Member        Poland         ECR       40.0   7.69   3.236    1.177
                                            United
                                                                     46.7
39   Richard Ashworth         Member       Kingdom         ECR              7.42   0.693    1.160
40   Luke Ming Flanagan       Member        Ireland     GUE-NGL      40.0   1.20   1.430    1.157
     Maria Lidia Senra
                                                                     40.0
41   Rodríguez                Member        Spain       GUE-NGL             2.91   2.821    1.151
42   Nuno Melo               Member        Portugal        EPP       40.0   8.02   2.365    1.076
43   José Bové                Member        France      Greens-EFA   20.0   3.15   1.627    1.069
                                            United
                                                                     26.7
44   Molly Scott Cato        Substitute    Kingdom      Greens-EFA          2.57   0.693    1.039
45   Maria Heubuch           Substitute    Germany      Greens-EFA   13.3   2.93   0.789    1.027
46   Philippe Loiseau         Member        France         ENF       46.7   9.65   1.627    1.011
47   Edouard Ferrand          Member        France         ENF       46.7   9.65   1.627    1.011
48   Fredrick Federley       Substitute    Sweden         ALDE       20.0   5.80   1.386    0.968
49   Marit Paulsen           Member        Sweden         ALDE       60.0   6.29   1.386    0.839
50   Matt Carthy              Member        Ireland     GUE-NGL      60.0   1.20   1.430    0.783
51   Sofia Ribeiro           Substitute    Portugal        EPP       60.0   6.29   2.3650   0.781
52   Angélique Delahaye      Substitute    France          EPP       13.3   7.49   1.627    0.778
                                           United
                                                                     13.3
53   Anthea McIntyre         Substitute   Kingdom         ECR               7.42   0.693    0.770
54   Jens Gieseke            Substitute    Germany         EPP       6.7    6.25   0.789    0.729
55   Jasenko Selimovic       Member        Sweden         ALDE       66.7   6.29   1.386    0.701
56   Karin Kadenbach         Substitute     Austria       S&D        20.0   3.72   1.433    0.688
57   Stefan Eck              Substitute    Germany      GUE-NGL      20.0   1.21   0.789    0.653
58   Jens Rohde               Member       Denmark        ALDE       60.0   7.29   1.488    0.645
59   Herbert Dorfmann         Member        Italy          EPP       6.7    5.40   2.327    0.600
                                           United
                                                                     46.7
60   John Stuart Agnew        Member      Kingdom          EFD              7.84   0.693    0.589
                                           United
                                                                     6.7
61   James Nicholson         Member       Kingdom         ECR               8.30   0.693    0.534
62   Miguel Viegas           Substitute    Portugal     GUE-NGL      6.7    2.17   2.365    0.479
63   Franc Bogovič           Substitute    Slovenia        EPP       20.0   6.69   2.065    0.476
64   Anja Hazekamp            Member      Netherlands   GUE-NGL      80.0   1.21   1.920    0.472
                                            United
                                                                     6.7
65   Julie Girling           Substitute    Kingdom         ECR              7.42   0.693    0.461
     Ramón Luis Valcárcel
                                                                     6.7
66   Sisoi                   Substitute     Spain          EPP              7.59   2.821    0.433
67   Pilar Ayuso             Substitute     Spain          EPP       6.7    7.59   2.821    0.432
68   Emmanouil Glezos        Substitute     Greece      GUE-NGL      6.7    4.49   3.727    0.400
                                            Czech
                                                                     6.7
69   Stanislav Polčák        Substitute    Republic        EPP              7.40   2.695    0.367
70   Jørn Dohrmann           Substitute    Denmark         ECR       6.7    8.22   1.488    0.360
71   Ricardo Serrão Santos   Substitute    Portugal       S&D        6.7    4.04   2.365    0.166

                                                         11
You can also read