Year 9 English Knowledge Organiser
←
→
Page content transcription
If your browser does not render page correctly, please read the page content below
Year 9 English
Knowledge Organiser
1Year 9 Autumn 1 Term
Of Mice and Men – Steinbeck
Contents
1. Tier two vocabulary and themes (Page 3) 14. Chapter 4– Character: Crooks and social
commentary (Page 17)
2. Context - (Page 4)
15. Chapter 5 – Summary (Page 18)
3. Chapter 1 – Summary (Page 5)
16. Chapter 5 – Tier one and three vocabulary
4. Chapter 1 – Tier one and three vocabulary Themes/ Context (Page 19)
Themes/ Context (Page 6)
17. Chapter 5 – Steinbeck’s use of repetition (Page 20)
5. Chapter 1 – George and Lennie (Page 7)
18. Chapter 6 – Summary (Page 21)
6. Chapter 2 – Summary (Page 8)
19. Chapter 6 – Tier one and three vocabulary
7. Chapter 2 – Tier one and three vocabulary/ Themes/ Context (Page 23)
Themes/ Context (Page 10)
20. Chapter 6 – Steinbeck’s use of structure (Page 24)
8. Chapter 2 – Characters: Candy, Curley
and Curley’s Wife (Page 11)
9. Chapter 3 – Summary (Page 12)
10. Chapter 3 – Tier one and three vocabulary
Themes/ Context (Page 13)
11. Chapter 3 – Characters: Slim, Carlson and
Whit, and Candy’s dog (Page 14)
12. Chapter 4 – Summary (Page 15)
13. Chapter 4 – Tier one and three vocabulary
Themes/ Context (Page 16)
21. TIER TWO VOCABULARY THEMES
Each character in the text has their own
dreams that they live and work for:
WORD DEFINITION
None of the characters make their
aspirational If you describe someone as aspirational, you mean dream, showing the impossibility of the
that they have strong hopes of moving to a higher Dreams American Dream.
social status.
ethical If you describe something as ethical, you mean that it Loneliness appears to be part of human
is morally right or morally acceptable. nature – it is something the characters
inequality can’t escape.
Inequality is the difference in social status, wealth, or
All of the characters, in some sense,
opportunity between people or groups. Loneliness experience loneliness.
futility Futility is a total lack of purpose or usefulness. To use
is as an adjective, you would describe something as Of Mice and Men was set in a time in
futile. which the laws favoured white people,
labour and men held far more rights than
Labour is very hard work, usually physical work.
women.
marginalisation To marginalise a group of people means to make them Inequality
feel isolated and unimportant.
Characters’ fate seem to be doomed
moral Moral means relating to beliefs about what is right or from the start of the novel. Throughout
wrong. the novel, Steinbeck shows how men
toil When people toil, they work very hard doing and women are not in control of their
unpleasant or tiring tasks. Destiny destinies.
32. Context – Of Mice and Men was written by John Steinbeck in 1937.
The Wall Street
Crash and The Great
The American
Racism Depression :
Dream
John Steinbeck In the 1920s, the USA had been an
enormously prosperous nation.
The American Dream is a Life was tough for black people
John Steinbeck was an However, in October 1929 millions of
national ethos of the United living in America in the 1930s; there
American author, who lived dollars were wiped out in an event that
States, which declares that were not yet laws ruling against
between 1902 and 1968. became known as the Wall Street
freedoms, prosperity, racial discrimination.
Crash.
His works frequently explore success, and social mobility,
can all be achieved through White and black people were
the themes of fate and This triggered the Great Depression:
hard work. segregated at the time, and black
injustice, as experienced by 12 and 15 million (one third of the
people were considered 2nd class
everyman characters. population at the time) became
It implies that society has few citizens.
unemployed,
Many take place in the barriers preventing anyone from
many people lost their life savings as
achieving their dreams, should Black people often had to work
Salinas Valley of California. banks went bust.
they be willing to put in enough harder for less money.
effort.
There was no social support system,
The Jim Crow laws of post-1876
many families were left to face poverty.
strongly reinforced racism.
43. Chapter 1 –
George and Lennie are by the brush
The story opens in a wooded George catches Lennie George reminds Lennie that He states that he would get George reminds Lennie
area around the Salinas River in petting a dead mouse and they are going to work on a along much better without of their dream: one day,
California. Two men approach: takes it off him, angrily. ranch and he needs to Lennie. He then feels guilty they are going to own
PLOT
George and Lennie. It becomes Lennie swears that he didn’t behave. The two eat beans about getting angry at their own farm. George
clear that Lennie has a mild kill it, although it becomes for dinner, with George Lennie. instructs Lennie to return
mental disability, and that clear that Lennie’s enormous losing his temper with to the pool if something
George looks out for him. strength means that he kills Lennie for persistently bad happens. They then
things unintentionally. asking for ketchup. settle for the night.
QUOTES
“They had walked in single "I wasn't doin' nothing “You can't keep a job and “His anger left him “I want you to come right
file down the path, and bad with it, George. Jus' you lose me ever' job I suddenly. He looked here an‘ hide in the
KEY
even in the open one strokin' it.“ get.” across the fire at Lennie's brush."
stayed behind the other.” (Lennie to George) (George to Lennie) anguished face.”
54. CHAPTER 1: TIER ONE VOCABULARY
THEMES
WORD DEFINITION
juncture the shape or manner in which things come together
debris the remains of something that has been destroyed
mottled having spots or patches of colour
recumbent
Dreams Inequality Destiny
lying down; in a position of comfort or rest
drone talk in a repetitious/monotonous voice
lumber move heavily or clumsily
brusquely in a blunt direct manner CONTEXT
pantomime a performance using gestures and movements
without words – usually comical or ridiculous
CHAPTER 1: TIER THREE VOCABULARY
METHOD DEFINITION
foreshadowing giving hints to events that may happen in the
future.
noun a naming word.
Steinbeck based the novella on his own experiences
working alongside migrant farm workers as a teenager
simile describing something as somethings else in the 1910s.
using ‘like’ or ‘as’. 65. George and Lennie- the protagonists
George Lennie
George is one of the two lead protagonists. Lennie is a kind and simple character, who
Although he is occasionally short-tempered possesses enormous physical strength.
with Lennie, he is a loyal and caring friend. He likes to pet soft things.
George could be described as an idealist, as he He is totally devoted to George.
harbours dreams of one day owning his own farm He is an unintentional threat to both himself and
and land. others.
George is relatively smart, thinking and acting Lennie dreams of tending the rabbits on his and
sharply in difficult situations. George’s own farm.
Critical Vocabulary Critical Vocabulary
WORD DEFINITION WORD DEFINITION
idealist naïve showing a lack of experience,
unrealistic.
wisdom, or judgement.
intelligent knowledgeable; being clever.
dependent requiring someone or something for
frustrated expressing distress and
financial or other support.
annoyance.
innocent not guilty of a crime or offence.
76. Chapter 2 –
Meeting everyone at the ranch
The chapter starts with a The two men arrive at the They also meet Curley, Curley’s Wife then appears Slim then enters, who
PLOT
description of bunkhouse. ranch and meet Candy. He who immediately becomes at the bunk, who Lennie is clearly admired by
This is where the men that warns them that the ‘boss’ aggressive towards finds ‘purty’ and who flirts all. He is friendly with
work at the ranch stay. They is cross with them. After Lennie. After he leaves, with them. George has to George and Lennie.
have few material being scolded by their new Lennie tells George to stay tell Lennie to stay away
possessions. boss, are assigned to a away from Curley. from her.
picking team led by Slim.
QUOTES
“Inside, the walls were “The boss stepped into “Curley lashed his body “She had full, rouged lips “he moved with
whitewashed and the floor the room with the short, around.” and wide-spaced eyes, a majesty achieved only
KEY
unpainted.” quick steps of a fat- heavily made up. Her by royalty and master
legged man.” fingernails were red.” craftsmen.”
87. CHAPTER 2: TIER ONE VOCABULARY
THEMES
WORD DEFINITION
vial a small bottle that contains a drug.
pugnacious ready and able to resort to force or violence.
gingerly with extreme care or delicacy.
slough
Dreams Inequality Loneliness
cast off hair, skin, horn, or feathers.
contorted twisted, especially as in pain or struggle.
rouge redden by applying makeup to.
brittle lacking warmth and generosity of spirit. CONTEXT
jerkline skinner the main driver of a mule team who handles the
reins.
CHAPTER 2: TIER THREE VOCABULARY
WORD DEFINITION
omniscient narrator knows everything and everyone, including their
thoughts.
setting where a story or event is happening. ‘The strength of a nation derives from the integrity of the
change of focus When the writer changes from one topic to home.’ - Confucius
another/ setting/character 98. CHARACTERS
Candy Curley Curley’s Wife
Candy is an old odd-job worker who lives on Curley is the boss’s son and is perhaps the Curley’s Wife is initially introduced to the reader
the farm, who only has one hand after an chief antagonist throughout the novella. as a ‘tramp’, a ‘rat-trap’ and a ‘tart’, such are
accident. He is confrontational, mean-spirited and the views towards women on the farm.
Candy worries that one day the boss will violent, and to back up his threats he is She reveals that she is disappointed with her
declare him unfit to work and he will be cast rumored to be a former prizefighter. life, that ‘Curley ain’t a nice fella’ and that she is
aside, left to die in poverty. Curley tries to compensate for this small lonely.
He has an ‘ancient’, smelly dog. stature by picking fights with larger men – such Eventually her longing for attention becomes
as Lennie. her downfall..
Critical Vocabulary Critical Vocabulary Critical Vocabulary
WORD DEFINITION WORD DEFINITION WORD DEFINITION
judgemental having or displaying an overly controlling maintaining authority over secluded not seen or visited by many
critical point of view. others. people; sheltered and private.
frail weak and delicate belligerent hostile and aggressive. solitary existing alone.
hopeful feeling or inspiring optimism malicious intending or intended to do promiscuous demonstrating or implying an
about a future event. harm. 10
unselective approach; casual.9. Chapter 3 –
Lennie vs Curley
Slim gives one of his new Carlson begs Candy to let Curley comes in, asking Thinking they are left alone, The other men return, Curley
pups to Lennie. George tells him shoot his old, stinking where his wife is. When he George discusses the dream apologising to Slim for false
Slim of how they got chased dog, to which Candy learns that she is not there, again to Lennie. Candy accusations. Curley turns his
PLOT
out of the last town – Lennie reluctantly agrees. After an and neither is Slim, he overhears, and swears to attention on Lennie, beating
grabbed hold of a girl’s red awkward silence, the storms out. The others devote his life savings to it if him. Lennie only fights back
dress and wouldn’t let go. gunshot is heard. follow, hoping to see a fight. he can be in. when George tells him to,
severely crushing Curley’s
hand.
QUOTES
"I would of had to drowned “Carlson said, "The way I'd “Curley burst into the room "George, how long's it “The next minute Curley
most of 'em anyways. No shoot him, he wouldn't feel excitedly. "Any you guys gonna be till we get that was flopping like a fish on a
KEY
need to thank me about nothing.” (Carlson) seen my wife?“ he little place an‘ live on the line, and his closed fist was
that.“ (Slim) demanded.” fatta the lan'- an' rabbits?“ lost in Lennie's big hand.”
(Lennie to George)
1110. CHAPTER 3: TIER ONE VOCABULARY
THEMES
WORD DEFINITION
nuisance a bothersome annoying person.
subdued quieted and brought under control.
chamber the chamber of a gun is where the bullet is held right
bore it is fired. Dreams Inequality Loneliness
raptly feeling a great delight and interest.
bemused Deeply absorbed in thought.
poised Marked by balance and readiness for action.
CONTEXT
bleated a weak, wavering cry (a noise a sheep makes).
whimpering low feeble sounds expressive of fear or pain.
CHAPTER 3: TIER THREE VOCABULARY
WORD DEFINITION
animal imagery the use of animal instincts and behaviours that
are attributed to a character.
setting where a story or event is happening. “The most terrible poverty is loneliness, and the feeling
change of focus when the writer changes from one topic to of being unloved.” ― Mother Teresa
another/ setting/character. 1211. CHARACTER AND METHODS
CARLSON AND CANDY’S DOG
SLIM
WHIT
Slim is the most respected character on the Carlson and Whit are both workers on the The repeated use of animals is there to
ranch, despite not actually being in charge ranch. symbolise the cruelty of life in the 1930s.
(although he is in charge of one of the grain They depict the life of ranch workers and how Candy’s dog is killed because it is seen
teams). the view the world. as useless, an inconvenience and
He is calm and thoughtful; all of the other Through both of these characters you get a troublesome.
men look up to him and value his opinions. sense of the challenges and loneliness Steinbeck shows the cruel and brutal
Slim empathises with other characters, experience by itinerary workers. nature of men/ society through the
particularly George. Carlson is the one that kills Candy’s dog. treatment of Candy’s dog.
Critical Vocabulary Critical Vocabulary Critical Vocabulary
WORD DEFINITION WORD DEFINITION WORD DEFINITION
respected practical guided by an awareness of the disposable intended to be thrown away
having or displaying an overly
critical point of view. reality of things. after use.
authoritative pragmatic practical and focused on expendable of relatively little significance.
weak and delicate
reaching a goal. superfluous
empathetic feeling or inspiring optimism unnecessary.
insensitive unsympathetic; heartless
about a future event. 1312. Chapter 4 –
The outcasts
Crooks sits in his room Crooks initially tells him to Lennie begins to talk about Curley’s Wife interrupts, Crooks asks her to leave,
alone. We learn that go away, saying that he (as his and George’s dream. and taunts the men about but she threatens that she
PLOT
Crooks is educated. a black man) is not allowed Crooks speaks of his own being ‘the weak ones’ left could easily have him
Lennie soon wanders in, in the others’ bunk, and so loneliness; he taunts Lennie. behind. She speaks of her lynched if he says too much
lonely as the other men they should not be allowed Candy enters and begins to own loneliness. more. The other men then
have gone out to town. in his. Lennie persists; speak of their dream. return and Curley’s Wife
Crooks lets him in. leaves.
“his bunk in the “I could get you strung up
QUOTES
"'Cause I'm black. They "You guys is just kiddin' “Lennie watched her,
harness room; a little play cards in there, but I yourself. You'll talk about it fascinated; but Candy on a tree so easy it ain't
KEY
shed that leaned off the can't play because I'm a hell of a lot, but you and Crooks were even funny.“ (Curley’s Wife
wall of the barn.” black. They say I stink.” won't get no land.” (Crooks scowling down away from to Crooks)
(Crooks to Lennie) to Lennie and Candy) her eyes.”
1413. CHAPTER 4: TIER ONE VOCABULARY
THEMES
WORD DEFINITION
accumulated get or gather together.
civil of or relating to or befitting citizens as individuals.
aloof Remote in manner; detached.
Dreams Inequality Loneliness
Meager deficient in amount or quality or extent.
(meagre (UK))
fawning attempting to win favour by flattery CONTEXT
scornful expressing extreme contempt or dislike.
Indignation a feeling of righteous anger.
crestfallen brought low in spirit
CHAPTER 4: TIER THREE VOCABULARY
WORD DEFINITION
irony where words are used in such a way that their
“To truly strip a man of everything, one must take away his
intended meaning is different from the actual
meaning of the words.
money, community, and the core of his beliefs until he is
charactonym a name given to a literary character that is bathed in the agony of isolation.” ― Leinad Eibam
descriptive of a quality or trait of that character.
1514. CHARACTER AND SOCIAL COMMENTARY
Through Crooks, Steinbeck draws
attention to the extreme racism of that
prevailed in America around the 1930s.
Crooks
Crooks is the lively and quick-witted stable-
buck, who is named so because of his crooked
back.
Crooks openly admits that he is lonely –
Through Candy, Steinbeck explores the
however in his case this is caused by the racial
poor treatment the aged and physically
discrimination and separation that he suffers.
disabled experienced.
Inequality
Critical Vocabulary
WORD DEFINITION
ostracised exclude from a society or group.
bitter Through Curley’s wife and the mention of
feeling or showing anger, hurt,
or resentment because of a Suzy’s place, Steinbeck highlights how
sense of unjust treatment. sexism was accepted in society.
nervous anxious or apprehensive.
1615. Chapter 5 –
Lennie does a bad thing
Lennie sits in the barn, Curley’s Wife enters, She asks Lennie to stroke He runs away, towards the George asks Candy to
stroking his dead puppy, reassuring him that it is her hair, but he quickly clearing that he and George pretend that George hasn’t
PLOT
questioning why it died. He safe to talk to her. She becomes too excited and were in at the beginning of seen it, so he can’t be
decides to try and hide the speaks of her loneliness, holds on too tight. When the story. Candy finds the implicated. He calls the other
puppy but then gets angry and her past dreams. She she cries out, he tries to body and informs George – guys in. Curley instantly asks
with it for dying and hurls it explains that she doesn’t silence her, and accidentally they immediately know what for his shotgun, to track
across the room. like Curley. breaks her neck. has happened. down Lennie.
“Why can't I talk to “he shook her; and her "I done a real "I'm gonna shoot the
QUOTES
"Why do you got to get
killed? You ain't so little you? I never get to talk to body flopped like a fish.” bad thing," he said. "I guts outa that big bastard
KEY
as mice. I didn't bounce nobody. I get awful shouldn't of did that. myself, even if I only got
you hard." lonely." George'll be mad.” one hand.”
1716. CHAPTER 5: TIER ONE VOCABULARY
THEMES
WORD DEFINITION
jeer laugh at with disapproval and derision.
woe misery resulting from affliction.
console give moral or emotional support.
writhe move in a twisting or contorted motion. Dreams Inequality Loneliness
bewildered perplexed by many conflicting situations or
statements.
discontent a longing for something better than the present
CONTEXT
situation.
viciously Doing something in a cruel and brutal way.
CHAPTER 5: TIER THREE VOCABULARY
WORD DEFINITION
simile a stated comparison using ‘like’ or ‘as.
motif a recurrent image, idea or symbol that enables
“We live as we dream--alone....”
to develop a major theme.
onomatopoeia a word that sounds like the sound it is
― Joseph Conrad, ‘Heart of Darkness’
describing. 1817. STEINBECK’S USE OF REPETITION
The death of animals. Light and dark Steinbeck describes Animal imagery is
Aside from Candy’s imagery is repeated the horses’ halter repeated throughout
dog, Lennie keeps on throughout the novel chains rattling several the novel. In
killing small, fragile to symbolise hope times in the novel. particularly when
animals. At the start and despair. This could be to associated with
of the novel he killed Each chapter begins symbolise how all the Lennie it suggests his
a mouse and now he with a reference to characters are lack of understanding
has just killed the the sun going down. trapped. and inability to see
puppy. the consequences of
his behaviour.
1918. Chapter 6 –
Hiding in the brush
Lennie appears by the He has two visions: of his Carlson questions what
George appears, seeming Lennie sits, listening to the
riverside from the start of Aunt Clara scolding him for happens, and George lies
PLOT
unusually quiet. George tells story, looking out over the
the novella. He is anxious, getting into trouble, and a that he had to wrestle the
Lennie that he is not made stream, George pulls
but also proud that he has giant rabbit telling him that
at him, comforting Lennie. Carlson’s gun from his gun from Lennie and shoot
remembered the place that George will leave him. him with it. Only Slim
Lennie asks him to talk jacket and shoots Lennie in
he should come to if he understands what has truly
about the dream again, the back of the head.
finds himself in trouble. happened. They walk away.
which George does. Lennie immediately dies.
QUOTES
“Already the sun had left “She stood in front of "George came quietly “The hand shook “Slim came directly to
the valley to go climbing Lennie and put her hands out of the brush and the violently, but his face set George and sat down
KEY
up the slopes of the on her hips, and she rabbit scuttled back into and his hand steadied. beside him, sat very
Gabilan Mountains” frowned disapprovingly at Lennie's brain.” He pulled the trigger.” close to him.”
him.”
2019. CHAPTER 6: TIER ONE VOCABULARY
THEMES
WORD DEFINITION
lance move quickly, as if by cutting one's way.
clearing a treeless tract of land in the middle of a wooded
area.
belligerent characteristic of an enemy or one eager to fight. Dreams Destiny Loneliness
retort answer back.
monotonous sounded or spoken in a tone unvarying in pitch. CONTEXT
crafty marked by skill in deception.
muzzle the open circular discharging end of a gun.
jarred move or cause to move with a sudden jerky motion
CHAPTER 6: TIER THREE VOCABULARY
WORD DEFINITION
“Why did you do all this for me?' he asked. 'I don't
foil a character that shows qualities that are in contrast
with the qualities of another character. deserve it. I've never done anything for you.' 'You have
cyclical where ideas/events are repeated at the start and been my friend,' replied Charlotte. 'That in itself is a
narrative
the end of piece of writing. tremendous thing.” ― E.B. White, ‘Charlotte's Web’
allusion a reference to another piece of literature or event.
2120. STEINBECK’S USE OF STRUCTURE
CLIMAX – the key
event that changes
the course of events
RISING ACTION- events Steinbeck uses a cyclical structure in ‘Of Mice and
leading to the turning point
Men’ as Lennie and George return to the riverside.
RESOLUTION – how Steinbeck could have done this to emphasise:
the conflict is solved
• The fact that all characters can’t escape
INCITING INCIDENT-
the main problem is their gloomy and lonely destinies.
EXPOSITION- introduced • That inequality will never be achieved.
introduction of
characters and • There is no hope for the working
settings
class/minority groups because they are
always easily exploited by those in power.
22Year 9 Autumn 2 Term
The History of Rhetoric
Contents
1. Aristotle and The Three Pillars of Persuasion (Page 24)
2. Common rhetorical devices (Page 25)
3. Advanced rhetorical devices (Page 26)
4. Structuring your argument (Page 27)
231. TIER THREE VOCABULARY THE THREE PILLARS OF
PERSUASION
WORD DEFINITION
rhetoric The art of persuasive writing or speaking. This is establishing the credibility and
rhetorical The use of language intended to have a persuasive authority of the speaker. They show why
devices
effect (linguistic devices). the person is worth listening and can be
orator trusted.
A speaker, especially one who is skilled and eloquent. Ethos
Persuasion based on logic, reason and
facts. The use of evidence from research
Aristotle Born in Greece, Aristotle lived from 384 BC to 322 BC. that can be used to back up an
Instructed on how to best persuade people. argument.
Logos
Aristotle was a student of Plato (another Greek
philosopher).
Persuasion based on emotion. Eliciting
Alexander the Great became a student of Aristotle in
emotions from the audience aiming to
343 BC. Aristotle was also a teacher to Ptolemy and
gain sympathy from the crowd. Anything
Cassander, who would both eventually be crowned
that is happy, funny, sad or scary is part
kings. Pathos
of pathos.
“He who has overcome his fears will truly be free.”
242. Tier 3 Vocabulary: Common Rhetorical Devices
Direct Opinion A belief which cannot be proven to
Referring to the reader directly using
address
the pronouns ‘we’ or ‘you’. be true.
Alliteration Rhetorical Any question in a piece of writing
The repetition of the same sound in
question
a sequence of words beginning with which does not require an answer.
the same letter.
Repetition Emotive Words which elicit a powerful
The repetition of a word or phrase
language
across the text. emotional response.
Knowledge Similes and A simile directly compares one
Knowing the topic/subject you are
metaphors
writing or speaking about. object to another using ‘like’ or ‘as’.
A metaphor compares two things by
stating one is the other.
Facts Something which can be proven to Triplets Lists of three things in a sentence.
be true.
254. Tier 3 Vocabulary: Advanced Rhetorical Devices
Allusion A reference to an event, place, literary Hypophora A figure of speech in which a writer
work or person. raises a question, and then
Example: "I can't get changed that immediately answers it.
…
quickly, I'm not Superman!" Example: ““What should young
Anaphora The repetition of a word or phrase at people do with their lives today?
the start of successive phrases. Many things, obviously.”
Example: "If you prick us, do we not Hyperbole An exaggeration.
bleed? If you tickle us, do we not Example: "I have done this a
laugh?" thousand times"
Anecdote A short amusing or interesting story
Parallelism The use of words or phrases with a
about a real incident or person.
similar structure.
Example: “When I was your age, I …"
Example: "Like father, like son"
Epistrophe The repetition of a word or expression
Oxymoron A combination of contradictory or
at the end of successive phrases,
unsuitable words.
clauses, sentences, or verses
Example: “It is a cruel kindness”
especially for rhetorical or poetic effect.
Example: “of the people, by the
people, for the people”
264. Structuring your argument
Introduce the topic you are Offer your first point Offer your second point
Make your position clear.
writing about. Still make through a topic sentence through a topic sentence
What is your point of view
your opinion clear. and identify one issue. and identify one issue.
on how?
Explain your point. Explain your point.
Acknowledge the opposing Offer solutions for the Repeat your position. This
point of view but then points you raised: How can is the last message you
challenge it. Why are we avoid these issues? want your reader/listener
those critics wrong and What are the benefits? to leave with.
you’re right? Create a sense of urgency.
27Year 9 Spring 1 Term
19th Century Contexts
Contents
1. Tier two vocabulary (Page 29)
2. Changes to Britain during the 19th Century (Page 30)
3. Living conditions and changes in legislation (Page 31)
281. TIER TWO VOCABULARY 19th CENTURY THEMES
WORD DEFINITION The justice system was gradually being
social a system by which a society ranks categories of reformed in Victorian times, however there was
stratification people in a hierarchy. still much about it that we would consider
destitution poverty so extreme that one lacks the means to punitive and unfair today. 19th Century writers
provide for oneself.
sometimes depict the legal system as corrupt
cruelty unkind, harsh behaviour or attitudes.
Justice
and harsh.
capitalism trade and industry controlled by private owners for their
own profit, not for the state.
In the Victorian period class determined how
exploitation treating someone unfairly in order to benefit from their an individual lived their life. As Britain became
work. an increasingly industrial nation, a developing
rural relating to, or characteristic of the countryside. middle class became increasingly noticeable.
urban relating to, or characteristic of a city or town. Social Class However, it was very difficult to change your
avarice social class unless, you had money.
extreme greed for wealth or material gain.
egalitarian believing in the principle that all people are equal and
Victorian society ignored the poverty of its
deserve equal rights and opportunities.
underclass. On the one hand were the rich who
parsimonious very unwilling to spend money or use resources. enjoyed comfort, and on the other were children
discrimination the unjust or prejudicial treatment of different forced to live in dreadful conditions in
Social
categories of people. workhouses.
Injustice
legislation laws, considered collectively.
292. How much did Britain change between Live under the Industrial Revolution
aa1750-1900?
Long working hours: normal shifts were usually
Power: development of steam power &
12-14 hours a day, with extra time required during
electricity. busy periods. Workers were often required to clean
their machines during their lunch time.
Travel: improved roads, new canals &
railways (Telford, Stephenson, Brunel). Low wages: a typical wage for male workers was
about 15 shillings (75p) a week, but women and
Work: transfer from farming to industrial children were paid much less, with women earning
production in factories; huge increases seven shillings (35p) and children three shillings
in production of iron, steel, coal. (15p). Employers preferred to employ women and
children. Many men were sacked when they
Factories built to produce textiles using
reached adulthood.
new technologies.
Health and safety: cotton thread had to be spun
Population: Britain's population grew in damp, warm conditions. Going straight out into
massively & so did towns & cities. the cold night air led to many cases of pneumonia.
The loud noise made by machines damaged
Health: improvements in healthcare & workers hearing..
life expectancy, although living Accidents: forcing children to crawl into
conditions remained very poor for many. dangerous, unguarded machinery led to many
accidents. 303. Living Conditions for the poor Fighting for change – Laws
The Factory Act of 1833
Pollution: coal was used to heat houses, cook
Children who worked in factories would now be given
food and heat water to produce steam to power
more safe regulations.
machines in factories. The burning of coal created
smoke, which led to terrible pollution in the cities. Poor Law Amendment Act (1834)
The poor were to be treated as harshly as possible to
Overcrowding: due to large numbers of people
dissuade them from seeking help from the state. In
moving to the cities, there were not enough
future able-bodied people with no income were to be
houses for all these people to live in. Sometimes
forced to enter a workhouse.
whole families lived in one room due to high rent
prices. The Legislation of 1842
The Mines Act of 1842 prohibited all females and boys
Poor quality housing: houses were built very under ten years old from working underground in coal
close together so there was little light or fresh air mines.
inside them. Houses were made out of cheap
The Ten Hours 1847
materials. Many households had to share a single
The Ten Hours Act was made to ensure that women and
outside toilet.
children only worked up to 10 hours a day in factories.
Lack of fresh water: people could get water from The Public Health Act of 1875
a variety of places, such as streams, wells and Local authorities to implement building regulations, or
stand pipes, but this water was often polluted by bye-laws, which insisted that each house should be self-
humans. contained, with its own sanitation and water.
31Year 9 Spring 2 Term
Genre Study
Contents
1. Tier two vocabulary and dystopian themes (Page 33)
2. ‘There Will Come Soft Rains’ by Bradbury (Page 34)
3. ‘Examination Day’ by Seslar (Page 35)
4. Freytag’s Pyramid and conventions of horror (Page 36)
5. ‘The Hitchhiker ’ by Jackson (Page 37)
6. ‘The Masque of the Red Death ’ by Poe (Page 38)
7. Tier one vocabulary for the Poe's story (Page 39)
8. Structuring Stories (Page 40)
9. ‘The Sniper’ by O'Flaherty (Page 41)
10. 'Where are you?' by Oates (Page 42)
321. TIER TWO VOCABULARY DYSTOPIAN THEMES
Dystopian fiction is most recognisable in
WORD DEFINITION the way it depicts inequality. Typically, a
powerful minority exercises
utopia a perfect paradise that doesn’t exist, but which we all
dominance and control over a vastly
dream of anyway. Inequality weaker majority.
dystopia comes from adding the Latin prefix dys, which means
Oppression is key in dystopian fiction,
“bad,” to the word utopia. So a dystopia is a utopia
as it explores what could happen if a
gone wrong. Often a dystopia in a book is a society of
power-hungry government, secret
the future where there is great suffering and injustice. .
society or alien race robbed people of
post-
apocalyptic
'post' means after. 'apocalypse' is the total destruction Oppression agency and free-will
of the world, as prophesied in the biblical book of
Revelation.– so after the end of the world. Surveillance is a very common theme
totalitarianism where the government has complete and absolute as it symbolises the loss of privacy. It
power over the people. highlights the expectation to conform
regime rather than express individuality.
he ruling government of a country. Surveillance
hierarchy a system that organizes or ranks things, often Ideas of post-apocalypse and dystopia
according to power or importance. go hand in hand. Futuristic technology
conform means to adapt to fit in with new conditions. often plays a large role in dystopian
cautionary serving to warn. fiction, showing how loss of humanity is
wrong and ultimately leads to self-
Destruction
destruction.
332. There Will Come Soft Rains – Ray Bradbury
An alarm clock rings and an The house is the only one A dog enters the house, The house automatically Later that night, a tree bough
reads the woman's favourite
PLOT
abandoned house begins left standing and it gives off covered with sores, and falls on the house, causing a
making breakfast for the a radioactive glow at night. dies. The robotic mice that poem. The poem describes fire that consumes the whole
family that once lived there. On one of the outside walls automatically clean the how, once man is destroyed house except one wall. The
Time passes and the house there are scorch marks of house take the dog away to because of a war, nature will house repeats the date as its
deploys machine mice to people – a man, a woman the incinerator. go on as if nothing had last voice fades.
clear up the kitchen. and two children. happened.
QUOTES
‘Somewhere in the walls, ‘The five spots of paint - the ‘The dog, once huge and ‘The voice said at last, ‘Among the ruins, one
relays clicked, memory man, the woman, the fleshy, but now "Since you express no wall stood alone.’
KEY
tapes glided under electric children, the ball - gone to bone and covered preference, I shall select
eyes.’ remained.’ with sores, moved in and a poem at random.“’
through the house’
343. Examination Day – Henry Seslar
Dickie’s mother reveals Hours later, the family receive
The story opens with a Dickie’s father is oddly
some details about the exam a call to inform them that
family eating breakfast. It is vague about what the test is
– something about a liquid Dickie scored too highly on the
Dickie’s twelfth birthday and or why Dickie needs to do it.
PLOT
and a machine. The family test – he proved too intelligent
because he has turned Dickie asks questions about
arrive at the Government and the government killed him.
twelve, he must take the the weather and rain cycle,
Educational Building. Dickie The family are told how they
Government Intelligence but his father refuses to
takes the test. can have him buried.
test. answer them.
‘It’s just a sort of ‘Nobody knows,’ his father ‘give your answers into ‘We regret to inform you
QUOTES
Government Intelligence snapped, then the microphone. The that his intelligence
KEY
test they give children at immediately regretted his machine will take care of quotient is above the
the age of twelve. abruptness. the rest.’ Government regulation’
354. Freytag’s Story Telling Pyramid CONVENTIONS OF HORROR
Small communities or isolated places.
Churchyards, castles or anything
associated with medieval times.
Setting
In horrors, you usually have your main
hero who is usually a victim or
encounters the problem. There is always
a villain too.
Characters
Supernatural comes from the Latin
word supernaturalis, meaning beyond
nature. The adjective form
of supernatural describes anything that can't
be explained by the laws of nature and
Supernatural
therefore creates fear.
The Other is an individual who is perceived
by the group as not belonging, as being
different in some fundamental way. Any
The Other stranger becomes the Other.
365. The Hitchhiker – Charlotte Jackson
We are introduced to Joel Joel comes across a girl Because she looks cold, Joel approaches the house Joel drives to the place
who is driving along a hitchhiking on the side of Joel offers the girl his coat and is greeted by an old where the girl is buried
PLOT
solitary road in the early the road. He picks her up and she accepts. When he woman. He describes the because he cannot rest
hours of the morning. It is and she tells him she wants arrives at the girl’s strange event and she tells having encountered
raining. to go to Middletown. She address, he turns to the him that the girl is her something so strange. Over
looks sixteen and is wearing back seat and finds it daughter, although she Laura’s gravestone, he finds
old-fashioned clothes empty. died ten years before. his jacket neatly folded.
‘Joel Harris was tired, ‘A young girl, alone at night ‘There was no possible ‘”She was killed on a rainy ‘Draped over the
QUOTES
so tired that he on a deserted road, way for anyone to have night like this one. She gravestone, neatly folded,
shouldn’t have been wearing only a flimsy dress, gotten out of the car. Yet seems to be trying to get was Joel’s jacket’.
KEY
driving at all.’ with the rain beginning to the girl in the white dress home.”’
really come down.’ was gone.’
376. The Mask of the Red Death – Edgar Alan Poe
A disease known as the The prince, Prospero, feels After several months, he At midnight, a new guest Prospero is furious and tries
Red Death plagues the happy and hopeful. He throws a masquerade ball. appears, dressed more to find the new guest. He
fictional country where decides to lock the gates of For this celebration, he ghoulishly. His face reveals catches up to the new guest
PLOT
this tale is set, and it his palace in order to fend decorates the rooms of his spots of blood suggesting in the black-and-red room.
causes its victims to die off the plague, ignoring the house in single colors. The that he is a victim of the He confronts the figure;
quickly and gruesomely. illness ravaging the land. seventh room is black and Red Death. The guests are Prospero dies. There is no
contains a clock. scared of the new guest. one in the shroud. All the
guests die.
‘No pestilence had ‘But the Prince Prospero ‘It was a voluptuous ‘His vesture was dabbled ‘And Darkness and Decay
QUOTES
ever been so fatal, or was happy and dauntless scene, that masquerade.’ in blood—and his broad and the Red Death held
so hideous.’ and sagacious.’ brow, with all the features illimitable dominion over
KEY
of the face, was all.’
besprinkled with the scarlet
horror.’ 387. TIER ONE VOCABULARY FOR POE
WORD DEFINITION WORD DEFINITION
pestilence any epidemic disease with a high death rate. decorum politeness in manners and conduct
dauntless invulnerable to fear or intimidation. gaunt very thin especially from disease or hunger or cold
sagacious having or showing good judgement; wise or shrewd. visage the human face
hale exhibiting or restored to vigorous good health. blasphemous disrespectful toward what is held to be sacred
august of or befitting a lord. illimitable without restrictions in extent or size or quantity
ingress the act of entering.
egress the act or means of going out.
shroud form a cover like a burial garment.
TIER THREE VOCABULARY
profusion the property of being extremely abundant. Allegory a writer tells a fictional story where
harken listen; used mostly in the imperative. everything and everyone in it is
disconcert cause to lose one's composure. supposed to be symbolic of a deeper
pervade spread or diffuse through. meaning.
Cyclical where ideas/events are repeated at
embellishment a superfluous ornament. narrative
the start and the end of piece of
gaiety a festive merry feeling.
writing.
cessation a stopping.
398. STRUCTURING STORIES
A plot that follows a Fichtean Curve start Latin for “into the middle of things,” In Media A less detailed adaptation of The Hero’s Journey,
right in the rising action — embedded with Res is a narrative structure that starts midway the Seven-Point Story Structure focuses
exposition and several crises that include through the story. It typically includes the specifically on the highs and lows. Writers are
their own rising and falling action. following parts: encouraged to start by knowing their resolution.
The main points include: 1. Middle Crisis The main seven points include:
1. Rising Action (including multiple crises) 2. Rising Action (including exposition, often 1. The Hook
2. Climax in the form of flashbacks) 2. Plot Point 1
3. Falling Action 3. Climax 3. Pinch Point 1
4. Falling Action (including exposition, often 4. Midpoint
in the form of flashbacks) 5. Pinch Point 2
5. Denouement 6. Plot Point 2
7. Resolution 409. The Sniper – Liam O’Flaherty
The story begins in darkness The sniper wonders if he An enemy armoured car The enemy sniper on the Using his revolver, the
near dawn. It is the Civil War. should risk lighting a comes down the street. other roof takes his chance protagonist shoots the enemy
PLOT
A Republican sniper lies on a cigarette. After he strikes An old woman appears on and shoots the protagonist sniper and goes to investigate
rooftop along a the match, a bullet hits the the street and points up at in the arm. He cannot use the body. Suddenly he is shot
deserted street. The writer roof he is on. He realizes the protagonist’s position. his rifle. But he tricks the at again and throws himself
tells us he is used to death that an enemy sniper is on He kills the driver and then enemy sniper and makes next to the dead sniper and
and violence. a roof just across the street. the woman. them think that he is dead. realises that it is his brother.
‘they were…the eyes of a ‘There was a flash and a ‘The sniper fired again. ‘as if the arm had been ‘The sniper turned over
QUOTES
man who was used to bullet whizzed over his The woman whirled round cut off.’ the dead body and looked
looking at death.’ head. He dropped and fell with a shriek into into his brother’s face’
KEY
immediately.’ the gutter’
4110. Where are you? – Joyce Carol Oates
The husband refuses to The husband calls the wife
A husband is always calling The wife is calm and listens
wear his hearing aid. He again when she’s upstairs.
for his wife. She would to her husband’s complains
calls his wife again and she She rushes to get to him and
answer, but as her husband or whatever issue is
PLOT
comments on how he will trips over. She dies. The
seems to refuse to move, bothering him. She would
cope when she’s not there. husband continues calling for
she would have to go and answer and leave him only
She reassures him she’s her unaware of the fact that
find him wherever he was in for him to call her again with
always there. she is dead.
the house. a new issue.
'The husband had got into ‘a complaint, a remark, an ‘he disliked wearing his ‘Descending the stairs,
QUOTES
the habit of calling the observation, a reminder, a hearing aid around the she tripped and fell, fell
wife from somewhere in query—and then, later, house, where there was hard, and her neck was
KEY
the house—if she was she would hear him calling only the wife to be heard. ‘ broken in an instant’
upstairs, he was again with a new urgency’
downstairs;’
42Year 9 Summer 1 Term
Animal Farm
Contents
1. Tier two vocabulary and themes (Page 44) 15. Chapter 7 – Summary (Page 58)
2. Context (Page 45) 16. Chapter 8 – Summary (Page 59)
3. Methods (Page 46) 17. Chapter 9 – Summary (Page 60)
4. Chapter 1 – Summary (Page 47) 18. Chapter 10 – Summary (Page 61)
5. Characters – Farmer Jones and Old Major (Page 48) 19. Minor Characters (Page 62)
6. Chapter 2 – Summary (Page 49)
7. Characters – Benjamin and Moses (Page 50)
8. Chapter 3 – Summary (Page 51)
9. Characters – Boxer and Mollie (Page 52)
10. Characters – Squealer and Clover (Page 53)
11. Chapter 4 – Summary (Page 54)
12. Chapter 5 – Summary (Page 55)
13. Characters – Snowball and Napoleon (Page 56)
14. Chapter 6 – Summary (Page 57)
431. TIER TWO VOCABULARY THEMES
In Animal Farm, Orwell uses the animals
to highlight the hardships of the working
WORD DEFINITION
classes.
totalitarianism where the government has complete and absolute
Social Class
power over the people.
monarchy an autocracy governed by a monarch who usually In Animal Farm, Orwell suggests that
inherits the authority. power corrupts. Power is transferrable,
oligarchy a political system governed by a few people. thus leading to repeated corrupt
governments. Orwell also suggests that
tyrannical a tyrannical ruler wields absolute power and authority,
Power those who are intelligent will gain power
and often wields that power unjustly, cruelly, or
and will always be able to control others.
oppressively.
corruption a dishonest action that destroys people's trust. In Animal Farm, Orwell suggests that
idealism impracticality by virtue of thinking of things in their equality is an idealistic dream and that it
ideal form rather than as they really are will never be achieved.
Inequality
autocracy a political system governed by a single individual.
usurp seize and take control without authority and possibly In Animal Farm, Orwell suggests that
with force; take as one's right or possession. rules can easily be changed by those in
power. Rules are also used to control the
dictatorship a dictatorship is a government or a social situation
animals.
where one person makes all the rules and decisions
without input from anyone else. Rules
442. CONTEXT – THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION
Czar Nicholas II was the ruler The February and October Lenin ruled for seven years The two primary competitors
before the Russian Revolution. Revolutions were the revolutions before dying. Six different men were Stalin and Trotsky. Stalin
He was part of the Russian to change the way Russia was wanted power over the newly takes power and becomes a
autocracy that was losing ruled. This forced Nicholas II to formed communist Soviet dictator.
support after WWI and Bloody abdicate. Lenin was placed as Union.
Sunday. provisional government.
Trotsky is banished from the Peasants burned crops and Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact Stalin replaces “The
Soviet Union and Stalin slaughtered livestock rather between Russia and Germany. Internationale” with the
adopts Trotsky’s Soviet Five- than giving it to the state. German invasion of Russia. “National Anthem of the Soviet
Year Plan. NKVD helped Stalin carry out Union”. Postdam Conference
purges. Moscow Trials (show leads to the division of
trials) of Stalin’s opponents. Germany.
453. METHODS – TIER THREE VOCABULARY
Allusion a reference to an event, place, literary Satire making fun/ mocking of people
work or person. (society) by using silly or exaggerated
Example: "I can't get changed that language.
quickly, I'm not Superman!" Example: ‘The Simpsons’ is a satirical
Allegory a writer tells a fictional story where cartoon.
everything and everyone in it is Irony inconsistency between what might be
supposed to be symbolic of a deeper expected and what actually occurs.
meaning.
Example: ‘The Masque of the Red
Foreshadowing giving advance sign or warning of what
Death’
Fable is to come in the future.
a moral tale that often features animal
Example: Steinbeck uses
characters.
foreshadowing in ‘Of Mice and Men’.
Example: ‘The Tortoise and the Hare’
Cyclical Narrative where ideas/events are repeated at
Anthropomorphism attributing human characteristics to the start and the end of piece of
nonhumans — gods, animals, or writing.
inanimate objects. Example: The ending of ‘Of Mice and
Example: the household objects in Men’.
‘Beauty and the Beast’.
464. Chapter 1 –
The beginning of a revolution!
Famer Jones is introduced as The animals enter in a In his speech, he first In his speech, he also The meeting ends with the
an inadequate leader as he specific order and Old Major encourages the animals to addresses different animals singing of ‘Beasts of
PLOT
forgets to feed the animals. waits to speak to them on a question their existence and comments on how England’. Farmer Jones is
The animals hold a secret raised platform. The pigs sit and blames man for all Jones exploits them. He awoken by the uproar and
meeting showing that they are at the front. He tells the their suffering. warns Boxer that he will be shoots at the barn to
scared of him. animals that he has had a sold to the butchers. quieten the animals.
dream.
“Mr Jones, of Manor “then the pigs, who “Man is the only real “Boxer, the very day that “The pellets buried
QUOTES
Farm, […] was too drunk settled down in the straw enemy we have.” those great muscles of themselves in the wall
to remember to shut the immediately in front of yours lose their power, of the barn and the
KEY
pop-holes” the platform” Jones will sell you to the meeting broke up
knackers” hurriedly.”
475. CHARACTERS
Farmer Jones Old Major
The often-drunk owner of Manor Farm, later expelled An old boar whose speech about the evils
from his land by his own animals. He dies in an perpetrated by humans rouses the animals into
inebriates' home after abandoning his hopes to reclaim rebelling. He introduces the ideals of Animalism and
his farm. teaches the animals ‘Beasts of England’.
Symbolic of… Symbolic of…
Tsar Nicholas II. Karl Marx, putting forward the Communist ideals
Embodies the tyranny of man. which will free them from the tyranny of capitalism.
Monarchial rule and the divine rights of kings. Or Vladimir Lenin.
Capitalism.
Critical Vocabulary Critical Vocabulary
WORD DEFINITION WORD DEFINITION
inadequate unable to deal with a situation or with life. idealistic someone who believes whole-heartedly in
incompetent something, even if it is unrealistic.
not having the necessary skills to do
ingenuous innocent, naïve and unworldly.
something successfully.
inconsiderate thoughtlessly causing pain or inconvenience socialist the idea of collective effort and ownership
to others. benefiting all and removing inequality. 486. Chapter 2 –
Overthrowing the status quo
After the death of Old Major, Among the pigs, Snowball The rebellion occurs when Snowball changes the sign The cows need milking.
the animals spend their days and Napoleon are the most Jones again falls into a reading "Manor Farm" to The cows then give five
PLOT
secretly planning the important to the revolution. drunken sleep and neglects "Animal Farm" and paints buckets of milk, which
rebellion and the pigs are Mollie is concerned about to feed the animals. The the Seven Commandments disappears.
placed in charge of her ribbons and Moses triumphant animals then of Animalism on the wall of
educating the animals about speaks about a place called destroy all traces of Jones. the barn.
Animalism. ‘Sugarcandy Mountain’.
QUOTES
“The work teaching and “Comrade,” said Snowball, “Almost before they knew ‘All animals are equal” “When they came back in
organising the others fell ‘those ribbons that you are what was happening, the the evening it was noticed
KEY
naturally upon the pigs” so devoted to are the Rebellion had been that the milk had
badge of slavery.” successfully carried disappeared.”
through”
497. CHARACTERS
Benjamin Moses
A cynical, pessimistic donkey who continually A tame raven and sometimes-pet of Jones who
undercuts the animals' enthusiasm. He is aware tells the animals stories about a paradise called
of the deceit of the pigs. Sugarcandy Mountain. He takes a bribes from the
pigs to continue preaching on the farm.
Symbolic of… Symbolic of…
The aging Russian population. Russian Orthodox Church and Rasputin.
Intelligentsia (intellectual or highly educated people.
Critical Vocabulary Critical Vocabulary
WORD DEFINITION WORD DEFINITION
cynical believing that people are motivated purely by opportunistic exploiting immediate opportunities.
self-interest; distrustful. manipulative influencing others through deceptive or
pessimistic tending to see the worst aspect of things. underhanded tactics.
indifferent unconcerned or uninterested. unscrupulous having or showing no moral principles.
508. Chapter 3 –
Utopia?
The animals cooperate to The pigs become the To help the animals
When the animals object,
finish the harvest. Boxer supervisors and directors of understand the general
The animals learn that the Squealer explains that the
PLOT
distinguishes himself as a the animal workers. On precepts of Animalism,
cows' milk and wind fall pigs need the milk and
strong, tireless worker, Sundays, the animals meet Snowball reduces the Seven
apples are mixed every day apples to sustain themselves
admired by all the animals. in the big barn to listen to Commandments to a single
into the pigs' mash. as they work for the benefit of
Snowball and Napoleon maxim: "Four legs good, two
all the other animals.
debate a number of topics. legs bad."
“How they toiled and “The pigs did not actually “The birds did not “these would be shared out “Milk and apples (this has
QUOTES
sweated to get the hay in!” work, but directed and understand Snowball’s long equally:[…] all the windfalls been proven by Science,
supervised others.” words, but they accepted were to be collected […] for comrades) contain substances
KEY
his explanations” the use of the pigs.” absolutely necessary to the
well-being of a pig.”
51You can also read
