A Study to Assess the Perceived Stress and Coping Strategies among B.Sc. Nursing Students of Selected Colleges in Pune during COVID-19 Pandemic ...
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International Journal of Science and Healthcare Research
Vol.5; Issue: 2; April-June 2020
Website: ijshr.com
Original Research Article ISSN: 2455-7587
A Study to Assess the Perceived Stress and Coping
Strategies among B.Sc. Nursing Students of Selected
Colleges in Pune during COVID-19 Pandemic
Lockdown
Deepika Sheroun1, Dapple D Wankhar2, Amita Devrani3, Lissamma PV4, S Gita5,
Keka Chatterjee6
1
MSc Nursing Student (Psychiatric Nursing), Department of Psychiatric Nursing, College of Nursing, AFMC -
Pune -40
2
Asst Professor (Psychiatry Nursing), Department of Psychiatric Nursing, College of Nursing, AFMC, Pune -40.
3
Principal and HoD Department of Child Health Nursing, College of Nursing, AFMC Pune -40
4
Professor and Vice Principal, College of Nursing , AFMC Pune-40
5
Professor and HoD, Department of Med &Surg Nursing , College of Nursing, AFMC , Pune-40 .
6
Asst Professor , Department of Obs & Gynae Nursing, College of Nursing, AFMC , Pune -40.
Corresponding Author: Deepika Sheroun
ABSTRACT Results: A total of 427 nursing students
completed the questionnaire. Male students had
Introduction: The global pandemic has more perceived stress score (22.73) than female
proven to be challenging for students in more students (21.86). Majority of participants were
ways than one. Ever since in-person classes between 21-25 years. The maximum mean
moved online and “Stay Home Stay Safe” perceived stress score (22.56) was observed in
executive order was implemented; many 4th year students, and least mean perceived
students have faced a distressing change in their stress score (20.20) was found in 2nd year
employment status. The present study aimed to students. On the whole the maximum mean
assess perceived stress and coping strategies coping score (78.45) was found among 1st years
amidst the COVID 19 lockdown, among the and least coping score (71.23) was found among
BSc Nursing students studying in nursing 4th year BSc Nursing students
colleges located in Pune Conclusion: The present study indicates
Objectives: The objectives of the study are to moderate level of perceived stress with mean
assess the perceived stress and coping strategies perceived stress score of the students Nurses
of the BSc Nursing students of all batches in being 21.88 (+4.30) and the mean coping
regard to COVID 19 lockdown, and to strategies score was 74.38 (+12.30). The IV
determine the association of stress and coping Year Nursing students have the highest stress
with selected demographic variables. score with a mean of 22.56 ± 4.207. Hence there
Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional is a need to take measures by the authorities to
online study was undertaken from 15th to 20th of reduce stress among the students.
May 2020. Participants were BSc Nursing
Students (1st -4th year), whose perceived stress Keywords: COVID 19, Pandemic, Perceived
and coping strategies related to COVID 19, Stress, Coping Strategies, Nursing Students,
were assessed using an online questionnaire. Psychological support
The tool has 3 sections consisting of
demographic data as section A, Perceived Stress INTRODUCTION
Scale as Section B, and Coping Strategies Scale ‘History has shown us that courage can
as section C. Score was categorised into three be contagious and hope can take on a life
parts as good, moderate and low
of its own’
-Michelle Obama
International Journal of Science and Healthcare Research (www.ijshr.com) 280
Vol.5; Issue: 2; April-June 2020Deepika Sheroun et.al. A study to assess the perceived stress and coping strategies among B.Sc. nursing
students of selected colleges in Pune during COVID-19 pandemic lockdown
The world has seen outbreaks of Uncertainty, poor prognosis, economic loss,
epidemics and pandemic since prehistoric insecurity, confusion, emotional isolation,
times - 5000 BC China , 430 BC Plague of stigma, school/work closure, inadequate
Athens , AD 165-180 Antonine Plague , The resources for medical response, and
Black Death 1346-1353 Asia to Europe , deficient distribution of necessities. As a
American Plague 16th century , to the result people experience a lot of emotional
present age like Great Plague of London disturbances such as stress, insomnia,
1665-1666 , Great Plague of Marseille frustration, irritability which could lead to
1720-1723 , Philadelphia yellow fever psychiatric disorders like depression,
epidemic 1793 , Spanish Flu 1918-1920 , anxiety, behavioural changes (substance
Asian Flu: 1957-1958 , SARS pandemic abuse), also post-traumatic stress disorder in
2003 , H1N1 Swine Flu pandemic: 2009- later stages. [5] Some groups may be more
2010 , West African Ebola epidemic: 2014- vulnerable than others to the psychosocial
2016 , Zika Virus epidemic: 2015-present effects of pandemics. In particular, people
day. [1] Covid Pandemic, which is currently who contract the disease, those at
affecting the world with its origin in Wuhan, heightened risk for it (including the elderly,
China started in Dec 2019. Affecting nearly people with compromised immune function,
all the countries in the world it is a historic and those living or receiving care in
health emergency condition the world has congregate settings), and people with pre-
ever seen which is even worse than world existing medical, psychiatric, or substance
war II. use problems are at increased risk for
The rate of contagion and patterns of adverse psychosocial outcomes. [6]
transmission is threatening the whole The psychological issue can worsen
mankind. with social distancing and the lockdown
Pandemic is the outbreak of a disease that measures taken by administrations as
occurs over a wide geographic area and observed in many countries worldwide.
affects an exceptionally high proportion of Limacaoco et al (Apr 2020) In a
the population: a pandemic outbreak of a descriptive study titled Anxiety, worry and
disease. [2] perceived stress in the world due to the
The occurrence of Pandemic had COVID-19 pandemic, March 2020 which
increased over the last years with global was conducted in 41 countries, revealed that
warming, urbanization, globalization, and significant higher scores of perceived stress
exploitation of natural resources. With the were observed among women, youth,
previous epidemic and pandemic, the students, and among those who expressed
International Health Regulation and WHsO concern and those who perceived increased
prepared to meet specific standards for susceptibility to the COVID-19. [7]
detecting, reporting on, and responding to Lee J in an article published in
outbreaks. [3] Despite these improvements, Lancet (Apr 2020) explains the effects of
significant gaps and challenges exist in COVID 19 pandemic on students. In a
global pandemic preparedness. Pandemics survey, which included 2111 participants up
not only impact the mortality morbidity but to age 25 years with a mental illness history
also stagger the economic growth, delays in the UK, 83% said the pandemic had made
development. There is social disruption, their conditions worse, 26% said they were
political tension and individual behavioural unable to access mental health support; peer
changes, such as fear-induced aversion to support groups and face-to-face services
workplaces and other public gathering have been cancelled, and support by phone
places. [4] Pandemic affects the mental or online can be challenging for some young
health of individual as a total result. people. [8]
Pandemics like COVID 19, affects According to India Today (07 Apr
the mental health due to numerous reasons – 20) there are three major education
International Journal of Science and Healthcare Research (www.ijshr.com) 281
Vol.5; Issue: 2; April-June 2020Deepika Sheroun et.al. A study to assess the perceived stress and coping strategies among B.Sc. nursing
students of selected colleges in Pune during COVID-19 pandemic lockdown
problems that students and educators pandemic can be very challenging. As there
currently face due to the Covid-19 is no current study done in India among
pandemic: 1. Students caught in the cross- nursing student, the present study attempts
wire. These are those students who are to explore the perceived stress and the
caught in the limbo on account of education coping strategies utilized by the BSc nursing
outcomes being withheld due to the Covid- students in the COVID 19 pandemic
19 pandemic. Some of them do not have a lockdown.
result because exams either did not happen Title of the study: A study to assess the
or were left in the middle. 2 .Students one perceived stress and coping strategies
year away from school or college-leaving among BSc Nursing students of selected
exams. 3. Education disruption. In response colleges in Pune during covid 19 pandemic
to the Covid-19 scare, many schools and lockdown.
colleges have moved online and parents Objectives:
seem to have assumed the role of teachers. 1. To assess the perceived stress of the BSc
Again, while there are a ton of fantastic Nursing students of all batches in regard
resources which are available, there are not to covid 19 lockdown.
too many resources which mimic the school 2. To assess the coping strategies adopted
that is, provide for multidisciplinary by the BSc Nursing students of all
learning, encourage connections across batches in regard to covid 19 lockdown.
different domains and inspire ideas which 3. To find the association of the perceived
help a child develop 21st century skills and stress level of the BSc Nursing students
prepare themselves for the jobs of the with selected socio demographic
future. [9] variable.
A survey done was by Dartlet et al 4. To find the association of Coping
2020 (US) to assess the effect of COVID 19 strategies adopted by the BSc Nursing
on college students. 4 in 5 students see their students with selected socio
institutes as trustworthy sources of COVID- demographic variable.
19 information. 4 in 5 students report having Inclusion Criteria:
to make large or drastic life changes to 1. All BSc Nursing students can participate
accommodate the current COVID-19 in the survey
situation. Despite being digital natives, most 2. Age should be 17-25 yrs
students are not fully comfortable with an
exclusive online learning medium. [10] Thus Exclusion Criteria:
it is obvious that the covid 19 pandemic has 1. Participants residing in other cities than
a negative impact on the student’s life. Pune city were not included in the study.
With the imposing stress of COVID
19 on the students, the present study is Operational Definition:
focused on the perceived stress by the BSc 1. BSc Nursing Students: All students
nursing students . Previous studies from UK undergoing I , II, III , IV Basic BSc Nursing
and India have revealed that nursing course in various Nursing colleges in Pune.
students face comparatively higher level of 2.Lockdown: Restrictions imposed on the
stress as compared to their counterparts in general public to remain indoors and
other colleges. [11-12] maintain social distancing with each other in
Senturk et al (2018) in Turkey the outbreak of pandemic.
determined in a descriptive study done on 3. Perceived Stress: Perceived stress is the
the nursing students that the level of stress feelings or thoughts which the BSC Nursing
faced by them was above moderate level. [13] students have about how much stress they
Therefore, dealing with the hectic are since being under lockdown in the past
student nursing life the drastic lifestyle one month.
changes imposed due to COVID 19
International Journal of Science and Healthcare Research (www.ijshr.com) 282
Vol.5; Issue: 2; April-June 2020Deepika Sheroun et.al. A study to assess the perceived stress and coping strategies among B.Sc. nursing
students of selected colleges in Pune during COVID-19 pandemic lockdown
4. Coping strategies: Coping strategies and lower levels indicating lower levels of
refer to the specific efforts, both behavioral stress. [13]
and psychological, that the BSc Nursing iii) Brief Cope Strategy Scale :
students are employing to master, tolerate, The Brief-COPE is a 28 item self-
reduce, or minimize stressful events during report questionnaire designed to measure
lockdown. effective and ineffective ways to cope with
a stressful life event. [15] “Coping” is defined
MATERIALS AND METHODS broadly as an effort used to minimize
Design : Cross sectional Descriptive study distress associated with negative life
Population : College Students experiences. The scale can determine
Target population: BSc Nursing students someone’s primary coping styles such as
Accessible population : BSc Nursing Emotion Focused Coping, Problem Focused
Students of various colleges in Pune Coping, Adaptive Coping and Maladaptive
Sampling Method : Purposive sampling Coping.
Data collection tool : Online Questionnaire Validity: The Brief-Cope was developed as
consisting of 3 sections a short version of the original 60-item
i) Sociodemographic data COPE scale (Carver et al., 1989), which was
ii) Modified Perceived Stress Scale theoretically derived based on various
iii) Modified Brief Coping Strategies Scale models of coping. The Breif-Cope was
i) Sociodemographic Data : initially validated on a 168 participant
It conists of 10 questions – Gender , Age , community sample whom had been
Year of study , Basic qualification , impacted by a hurricane (Carver, 1997), and
Religion , Residing with family or in hostel , shown to have adequate factor structure.
Family status , Parents qualification, Data Measurement : Data measurement
Comorbidity in the family and Source of was done by self administered online survey
information about COVID 19 . Method of data collection :
ii) Perceived Stress Scale 1. Permission was taken from the
Perceived Stress Scale was developed by psychiatric department to conduct the
Sheldon Cohen in the year 1983. [14] study and ethical clearance was
The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) is the obtained.
most widely used psychological instrument 2. Participants who were meeting the
for measuring the perception of stress. The inclusion criteria were selected by
scale also includes a number of direct convenient sampling.
queries about current levels of experienced 3. Consent from the participants were
stress. The items are easy to understand, and obtained and the purpose of the study
the response alternatives are simple to was explained to them through online
grasp. Moreover, the questions are of a survey questionnaire.
general nature and hence are relatively free 4. The self administered questionnaire
of content specific to any subpopulation consisted of socio demographic data,
group. The questions in the PSS ask about Perceived Stress Scale and Brief Coping
feelings and thoughts during the last month. Strategies Scale.
In each case, respondents are asked how 5. An email was provided to the
often they felt a certain way. participants to give their comments or to
Stress among nursing students was write to the authors.
measured using a previously validated 6. Participants who were unwilling to
(Cronbach's α coefficient of internal complete the questionnaire due to
consistency 0.85) perceived stress scale personal reasons were free to withdraw
(PSS). The scale yielded a single score, with from the study .
high scores indicating higher levels of stress
International Journal of Science and Healthcare Research (www.ijshr.com) 283
Vol.5; Issue: 2; April-June 2020Deepika Sheroun et.al. A study to assess the perceived stress and coping strategies among B.Sc. nursing
students of selected colleges in Pune during COVID-19 pandemic lockdown
7. The questionnaire were taken from the females. The maximum number of
participants and analysis was done participants were in their final year of study
further . (31.9%).
8. Confidentiality of the collected data was Hinduism was the most followed religion
maintained and used only for the (81.0%). Almost all of the participants were
research purpose . residing in hostel (92.3%) belonging to
9. Data collection was done from 427 nuclear family (86.2%) and with basic
participants on in the second week of qualification of higher secondary school
May. (82.9%).
The participants reporting of comorbidity in
Statistical Analysis: the family were only 20.2% and 61.4% of
The collected data were organized as the participants parents were government
descriptive, and they included the student’s employed. Maximum of the participants
age, gender, year of study etc, the data were received information of COVID 19 through
analysed and tabulated as percentage the internet.
distribution (Table 01). The mean score and
SD were tabulated for each of the measures Perceived Stress Score (PSS) in nursing
under research, year in college, gender, age, Students:
religion, basic qualification, family type, The high PSS score was seen in 13.35 %
parents’s occupation, comorbidity in the of the participants while 82.67% of the
family and place of residing presently. participants experienced moderate
Inferential statistical analysis was done for perceived stress. (Fig 1)
the perceived stress and coping strategies. Among the years of study, fourth year
The mean score and SD were tabulated. The students had the highest scores for PSS,
data were analysed using the Statistical followed by third -year students.
Package for the Social Sciences statistical Second-year students had the lowest
software (SPSS -21) . score.
Association between socio demographic None of the socio demographic variables
data was analysed using ANOVA and Mann showed association with the PSS score.
Whitney test Coping Strategies Adopted by the
students:
RESULTS As depicted in Table 2, maximum of the
A total of 427 responders took the participants were found to be having
survey from different Nursing Colleges. The moderate coping strategies score 76.58
study was carried out through online survey %, while as only 18.5% of the
after the questionnaires were prepared on participants had high coping strategy
Google form and passed on to the scores and 4.9% of the participants had
participants through email and WhatsApp low coping strategies.
messages. The main findings of the study On observing the type of coping strategy
indicate that the mean perceived stress score style as seen in Table 3 – Maladaptive
among the participants was 21.88 (+4.30) coping scores were highest with mean –
and the mean coping strategies score was 31.5 (+5.19) and adaptive coping being
74.38 (+12.30). the least 9.44 (+2.64).
Association of age with coping
Demographic Characteristics: The strategies was seen, with age group of
demographic characteristics of the 17-20 years showing higher scores of
participants are presented in Table 01. coping strategy as against age group of
Most of participants were of age group 21- 20-25 yrs.
25 years (60.2). Out of total 427 Significant association was found out
participants, 11 were males and rest with the year of study and coping
International Journal of Science and Healthcare Research (www.ijshr.com) 284
Vol.5; Issue: 2; April-June 2020Deepika Sheroun et.al. A study to assess the perceived stress and coping strategies among B.Sc. nursing
students of selected colleges in Pune during COVID-19 pandemic lockdown
strategies score with F value of 7.93 at Association of coping strategies was
pDeepika Sheroun et.al. A study to assess the perceived stress and coping strategies among bsc nursing students
of selected colleges in Pune during covid-19 pandemic lockdown
stress, anxiety, worry etc With COVID19 stress is higher in students than employed or
having psychological impact on college unemployed individuals co-relating to the
students like anxiety and distress; [14] findings of the present study. [7]
nursing students do not remain untouched The second aspect explored in the
with this gigantic problem. The aim of the study is the coping strategies adopted by the
study was to assess the perceived stress and students. "Coping is the process of
coping strategies adopted by the BSc managing demands that are appraised as
Nursing students during COVID 19 taxing or exceeding the resources of the
pandemic. person." (Shelley E. Taylor, 2003). [21] Thus,
Perceived stress is a measure of the coping is not a one-time action that
degree to which situations in one’s life are someone takes; rather, it is a set of
appraised as stressful.This survey revealed responses, occurring over time, by which
that as much as 82.67 % of the students had the environment and the person influence
moderate level of perceived stress score and each other’s. [22]
13.35% had high perceived stress scores Coping helps individual to adapt to
because of COVID 19 outbreak and new and challenging situations and is
lockdown. Lockdown and social distancing important for stabilization. In the times of
were undertaken throughout the country in lockdown and COVID 19 pandemic it
order to prevent the spread of infection and important to adapt ourselves to the new and
due to the devastating effect on health due modified routine. In the present study Brief
to increasing mortality and morbidity as Cope was used to assess the Coping
seen in many other countries. [16] The state Strategies of the students using ‘Brief Cope
of lockdown which was followed in many – By Carver ‘.
parts of the world has leads to changes in The study revealed that 76.58 % of
everyday routine life. With the spread of the participants had moderate Coping
COVID19 anxiety, worry and stress has Strategies, while as 18.5 had high Coping
increased among the masses, including in Strategies and only 4.92 % had low Coping
India. [17] The shortage of sanitizers, medical Strategies. Maximum of the participants
supply, the overwhelming and sensational utilized maladaptive coping as compared to
news headlines, and erroneous news reports the other types of emotion focused ,
have also added to anxiety and fear. [18] problem focused and adaptive coping .
Social distancing amidst the crisis Analysis of variance revealed that
has contributed greatly to the perceived the socio demographic variable like age
stress as reduction in interpersonal were significantly associated with Coping
communication leads to increase in strategies utilized by the participants. Age
psychological distress. [19] Maximum of the group of 17-20 had maximum coping
students (92.3%) had been residing in strategies. Religion, gender, basic
hostels away from home (Table 01) which qualification, type of family of the
could be contributing factor to stress in participants, co morbidity in family and
students. This stress adds on to the already sources of information regarding COVID
stress perceived by nursing students who 19, was not associated with the coping
experience stress related to assignments and strategies. The year of study was associated
clinical work. [20] significantly with coping strategies, with I
Analysis of variance reveals that year adopting maximum coping strategies,
there is no association between perceived followed by III year and least by IV year.
stress and any of the socio demographic Maximum coping was showed by those
variables. This is in contrast with study by participants who were residing with
Limacao 2020, where age (less than 30 relatives than those staying in hostel or
yrs), and sex (females) was associated with home. Those participants whose parents
higher perceived stress. However perceived
International Journal of Science and Healthcare Research (www.ijshr.com) 286
Vol.5; Issue: 2; April-June 2020Deepika Sheroun et.al. A study to assess the perceived stress and coping strategies among bsc nursing students
of selected colleges in Pune during covid-19 pandemic lockdown
were private employees showed maximum ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
coping. We thank the nursing students who have
Coping strategies in the pandemic actively taken part in this study. We are greatly
and lockdown have been utilized by the indebted to the valuable contributions made by
masses indifferent ways, along with the the faculty of other nursing colleges who have
co-operated in the survey carried out.
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