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airport urbanism
airports, landscapes and cities
01
Direttore Laura Cipriani U n i v e r s i t à d e g l i S t u d i d i Tr e n t o Comitato scientifico Bernardo Secchi U n i v e r s i t à I u a v d i Ve n e z i a Giovanni Corbellini U n i v e r s i t à d e g l i S t u d i d i Tr i e s t e Marino Lupi Università degli Studi di Pisa C h a r l e s Wa l d h e i m Harvard Design School, USA
airport urbanism
airports, landscapes and cities
T h e a i r p l a n e, f l y i n g o v e r f o r e s t s , r i v e r s , m o u n t a i n s , a n d
seas and revealing supremely powerful laws, the simple
principles which regulate natural phenomena, will arrive
at the city of the new era of machine civilization.
Le Corbusier
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p r o j e c t s d e a l i n g w i t h t h e a i r p o r t l a n d s c a p e t h e m e. T h e i n t e r d i s c i p l i -
nary approach aims to stimulate debate and knowledge of a topic
which is still marginal in international scientific debate and the tea-
ching field.
La collana accoglie ricerca e sperimentazioni progettuali relativamen-
t e a l l a t e m a t i c a a e r o p o r t i e p a e s a g g i o . L’ a p p r o c c i o i n t e r d i s c i p l i n a r e
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ancora marginale nella formazione didattica e nel dibattito scientifico
i n t e r n a z i o n a l e.T h i s v o l u m e p r e s e n t s a n u m b e r o f r e f l e c t i o n s o n t h e a i r p o r t l a n d s c a p e t h e m e, f r u i t o f a
s e r i e s o f m e e t i n g s b e t w e e n t h e r e s e a r c h e r a n d t h e Ve n e t o R e g i o n D e p a r t m e n t o f R e g i o n a l
a n d S t r a t e g i c P l a n n i n g o n Ve n i c e a i r p o r t - c i t y a n d t h e d a t a c o l l e c t e d a n d c o n s i d e r a t i o n s
m a t u r e d b y t h e r e s e a r c h e r d u r i n g t h e M a r i e C u r i e C O F U N D - PAT p r o g r a m m e a t Tr e n t o
U n i v e r s i t y.
Tr e n t o U n i v e r s i t y
European Community
Marie Curie Actions Cofund
A u t o n o m o u s P r o v i n c e o f Tr e n t o
The researcher is supported by the European Community and the Autonomous Province
o f Tr e n t o a n d c o - f u n d e d b y M a r i e C u r i e A c t i o n s . T h e w o r k l e a d i n g t o t h i s p u b l i c a t i o n
r e c e i v e d f u n d i n g u n d e r t h e 7 t h E u r o p e a n C o m m u n i t y Fr a m e w o r k P r o g r a m m e 7 P Q / 2 0 0 7 -
2 0 1 3 a n d f r o m t h e A u t o n o m o u s P r o v i n c e o f Tr e n t o u n d e r G r a n t A g r e e m e n t n o . 2 2 6 0 7 0
( n o t i c e “ r e s e a r c h e r p o s t - d o c 2 0 1 0 I n c o m i n g C A L L 1 ” - P r o j e c t “ Tr e n t i n o - P C O F U N D -
GA-2008-226070”).ECOLOGICAL AIRPORT URBANISM
A I R P O RT S A N D L A N D S C A P E S I N T H E I TA L I A N N O RT H E A S T
Lau r a Cip r ian iCopyright © MMXIV
ARACNE editrice S.r.l.
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I edizione: agosto 2014ECOLOGICAL AIRPORT URBANISM
A I R P O RT S A N D L A N D S C A P E S I N T H E I TA L I A N N O RT H E A S T
Laura CiprianiAUTHOR Laura Cipriani IMAGES Laura Cipriani TEXT Laura Cipriani T R A N S L AT O R Te r C e n t r o Tr a d u z i o n i PHOTOS Laura Cipriani, Denver Airport, Brian Robbins, Rui Sousa GRAPHIC DESIGN Laura Cipriani L AY O U T Laura Cipriani with Giorgia Anastasio (A4 Design) Copyright © Laura Cipriani. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted i n a n y f o r m b y a n y e l e c t r o n i c o r m e c h a n i c a l m e a n s ( i n c l u d i n g p h o t o c o p y i n g, r e c o r d i n g, o r i n f o r m a t i o n s t o r a g e a n d r e t r i e v a l – w i t h o u t p e r m i s s i o n i n w r i t i n g f r o m t h e a u t h o r. U s e r s a r e n o t p e r m i t t e d t o m o u n t this file on any network servers.
CONTENTS E C O L O G I C A L A I R P O RT U R B A N I S M A I R P O RT S A N D L A N D S C A P E S I N T H E I TA L I A N N O RT H E A S T 1 0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 12 INTRODUCTION 1 6 A I R P O RT S , C I T I E S A N D T H E L A N D S C A P E 2 8 T H E A I R P O RT L A N D S C A P E O F I TA LY 4 0 O N E , N O N E A N D O N E - H U N D R E D T H O U S A N D “ N O RT H E A S T C I T I E S ” 5 8 V E N I C E A I R P O RT 61 The Role of the Airport: Studies and Future Scenarios 7 0 L a n d s c a p e Tr a n s f o r m a t i o n s 8 2 Obstacles Plan 8 4 Noise Contours 8 6 Flood Risk and Flood Risk Scenarios
Special Conservation Areas and Special Protection Areas 90
Birds and Impact 92
Emissions 97
SCENARIOS 102
2030 Scenarios 107
Constants 108
Va r i a b l e s 109
2100 Scenarios 121
AT L A S 128
BELLUNO | Belluno Airfield 130
BERGAMO | Bergamo Orio al Serio International Airport 134
B E R G A M O | B e r g a m o Va l b r e m b o A i r f i e l d 136
BOLZANO | Bolzano Dolomiti Airport 1381 4 0 BRESCIA | Brescia Montichiari Airport 1 4 2 GORIZIA | Gorizia Airfield 1 4 6 INNSBRUCK | Innsbruck Kranebitten Airport 1 4 8 MILAN | Milan Bresso Airfield 1 5 0 MILAN | Milan Linate International Airport 1 5 2 MILAN | Milan Malpensa International Airport 1 5 4 PA D U A | Pa d u a A i r p o r t 1 5 8 T R E N T O | Tr e n t o M a t t a r e l l o A i r p o r t 1 6 2 T R E V I S O | Tr e v i s o A i r p o r t 1 6 8 T R E V I S O | Tr e v i s o I s t r a n a A i r p o r t 1 7 2 T R I E S T E | Tr i e s t e R o n c h i d e i L e g i o n a r i A i r p o r t 1 7 6 UDINE | Udine Campoformido 1 8 0 UDINE | Udine Rivolto Airport 1 8 4 V E N I C E | Ve n i c e S a n N i c o l ò A i r f i e l d 1 8 6 V E N I C E | Ve n i c e Te s s e r a I n t e r n a t i o n a l A i r p o r t 1 9 0 V E R O N A | Ve r o n a B o s c o m a n t i c o A i r f i e l d 1 9 4 V E R O N A | Ve r o n a V i l l a f r a n c a I n t e r n a t i o n a l A i r p o r t
VICENZA | Vicenza Asiago Airfield 198
VICENZA | Vicenza Airport 202
VICENZA | Vicenza Thiene Airfield 208
D E S I G N S T R AT E G I E S A N D D E V I C E S 212
Noise 219
Air 221
Energy 222
Pe r m e a b i l i t y 223
Wa t e r 225
D e n v e r I n t e r n a t i o n a l A i r p o r t , D e n v e r, U s a 226
Montreal International Airport, Montreal, Canada 230
Zurich Airport, Zurich, Switzerland 234
Amsterdam Schipol Airport, Amsterdam, The Netherlands 236
REFERENCES 240ECOLOGICAL AIRPORT URBANISM
A I R P O RT S A N D L A N D S C A P E S I N T H E I TA L I A N N O RT H E A S T
Laura CiprianiACKNOWLEDGEMENTS T h i s v o l u m e p r e s e n t s a n u m b e r o f r e f l e c t i o n s o n t h e a i r p o r t l a n d s c a p e t h e m e, fruit of the study matured by the researcher during the Marie Curie Cofund- PAT p r o g r a m m e a t Tr e n t o U n i v e r s i t y a n d o f a s e r i e s o f m e e t i n g s b e t w e e n t h e r e s e a r c h e r a n d t h e Ve n e t o R e g i o n D e p a r t m e n t o f R e g i o n a l a n d S t r a t e g i c P l a n n i n g o n Ve n i c e a i r p o r t - c i t y. F i r s t l y, I w o u l d l i k e t o t h a n k t h e M a r i e C u r i e C o f u n d P r o g r a m m e a n d Tr e n t o Province for having given me the opportunity to study the airport and landscape topic in depth. Without the experience and knowledge acquired during the three- y e a r r e s e a r c h p r o g r a m m e, t h i s p u b l i c a t i o n w o u l d n e v e r h a v e s e e n t h e l i g h t o f d a y. M y t h a n k s t o Tr e n t o U n i v e r s i t y a n d i n p a r t i c u l a r t o P r o f. P i n o S c a g l i o n e f o r h i s hospitality and generosity of spirit during these research years. My thanks to Stefania Staniscia, Chiara Rizzi, Ilaria di Carlo and Vincenzo Cribari for their c o n s t a n t s u p p o r t a n d f r i e n d s h i p a n d t o Pa o l o D a l P i a z , C r i s t i n a C h i r i a c, E l e n a U b e r for their continuous help and excellent organizational work. M y t h a n k s t o t h e Ve n e t o R e g i o n D e p a r t m e n t o f R e g i o n a l a n d S t r a t e g i c P l a n n i n g a n d i n p a r t i c u l a r t o i t s d i r e c t o r R o m e o To f f a n o f o r h a v i n g s h a r e d w i t h m e h i s opinions and ideas for reflection and to Alberto Miotto for his enduring help over the years. M y t h a n k s t o a l l t h e p e o p l e I m e t i n t h e a i r p o r t w o r l d . I n p a r t i c u l a r, I w o u l d l i k e t o express my extreme gratitude to Lea Bodossian of the Airport Regions Conference for her constant appreciation of my work and the warmth demonstrated at many international events and to Marcus Nicolescu for his kindness and remarkable 10 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
management at ARC meetings.
M y t h a n k s t o Pa s s e n g e r Te r m i n a l E x p o f o r l e t t i n g m e p r o m o t e m y w o r k i n m a n y
c o n f e r e n c e s w o r l d w i d e.
My thanks to all the people and universities I have been in contact with over the
y e a r s a n d w h o h a v e k i n d l y h o s t e d m y p r e s e n t a t i o n : t o J ö r g S c h r ö e d e r, p r o f e s s o r
in urbanism at Leibniz Universität Hannover; to Laura Martinez, professor in design
at IE University; to all the people I worked with in the international workshop in
Z a d a r, A n i c a È u k a o f t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f Z a d a r D e p a r t m e n t o f G e o g r a p h y, V l a t k a
C o l i c, C r i s t i a n C a n n a o s , G i u s e p p e O n n i o f S a s s a r i U n i v e r s i t y A l g h e r o D e p a r t m e n t
o f A r c h i t e c t u r e, G i o v a n n i C o r b e l l i n i , A l e s s a n d r a M a r i n a n d C l a u d i a M a r c o n o f
Tr i e s t e U n i v e r s i t y D e p a r t m e n t o f A r c h i t e c t u r e ; t o Ve n i c e U n i v e r s i t y I U AV f o r g i v i n g
me the opportunity to teach “airport urbanism”; to Enrique Limon professor in
architecture at Pratt University for letting me promote my research work and to
Kelly Shannon professor in landscape urbanism at Oslo School of Architecture and
Design for her useful insights.
M y t h a n k s t o G i o r g i a A n a s t a s i o f o r a l l t h e h e l p i n g w o r k d o n e i n t o t h e l a y o u t p h a s e.
A special thanks must also go to the libraries I was in contact with to retrieve texts
a n d i n f o r m a t i o n – t o Tr e n t o L i b r a r y a n d t o t h e i n t e r l i b r a r y s h i p p i n g s e r v i c e s , t o t h e
I U AV Ve n i c e U n i v e r s i t y I n s t i t u t e o f A r c h i t e c t u r e L i b r a r y a n d t o t h e I n t e r d e p a r t m e n t a l
C e n t e r f o r S u r v e y, M a p p i n g a n d P r o c e s s i n g ( C I R C E ) f o r t h e i n v a l u a b l e c a r t o g r a p h i c
material.
M y t h a n k s t o e v e r y o n e.
E C O L O G I C A L A I R P O RT U R B A N I S M 11INTRODUCTION E C O L O G I C A L A I R P O RT U R B A N I S M
I N T R O D UC T IO N B y t h e i r n a t u r e, u s e, f o r m a n d s i z e, a i r p o r t s a r e o f t e n c o n s i d e r e d a s s p a c e s e x t r a n e o u s t o t h e l a n d s c a p e a n d d i f f i c u l t t o i n t e g r a t e i n t o t h e l o c a l c o n t e x t . Ye t airport infrastructure is playing an ever more important role in local development, m o d i f y i n g n o t j u s t t h e a s p e c t , b u t a l s o t h e s o c i a l s t r u c t u r e, e c o n o m y a n d environmental quality of the surrounding area. Infrastructure on this scale benefits s o c i e t y a s a w h o l e, b u t t h e e n v i r o n m e n t a l e f f e c t s a r e a p a r t i c u l a r l y h e a v y b u r d e n on the communities directly involved. How is the landscape modified by air transportation? What is meant by “ecological airport urbanism”? Can the landscape and airport infrastructure be integrated following ecological criteria? How can an airport be integrated into the local context? W h a t d e s i g n d e v i c e s c a n b e u s e d ? H o w c a n w e c o m b i n e t o d a y ’s t e c h n o l o g i c a l requirements with the need for unforeseen new functions in the future? In the f u t u r e, h o w m i g h t d i s u s e d a i r p o r t i n f r a s t r u c t u r e p o s s i b l y b e “ r e c y c l e d ” ? This study aims to make an initial contribution to research on the airport system in North East Italy in relation to current landscape transformation dynamics. The first part provides a theoretical background to the theme of airports, cities and t h e l a n d s c a p e. T h e i n t e n t i o n i s t o p r o v i d e a n o v e r v i e w o f c o n t e m p o r a r y s c i e n t i f i c literature in order to open a dialogue on the hitherto little explored theme of a i r p o r t s i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e l a n d s c a p e. T h e s e c o n d p a r t e x a m i n e s t h e p a r t i c u l a r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f I t a l y ’s n a t i o n a l a i r p o r t system, then goes on to consider airports in North East Italy through original data and documents. Pa r t i c u l a r a t t e n t i o n i s g i v e n t o t h e s t u d y o f Ve n i c e a i r p o r t , i d e n t i f y i n g t h e environmental risks and scenarios deriving from the urgent effects of climate c h a n g e. H i s t o r i c a l d o c u m e n t s a n d a c c u r a t e t h e m e d m a p s h i g h l i g h t t h e c o n f l i c t s emerging around the airport and the possible short, medium and long term 14 INTRODUCTION
s c e n a r i o s f o r t h e f u t u r e.
The study aims to develop a method to orient planning and design of an
“ecological” airport system, identifying possible alternative development scenarios
on multiple scales. The final section of the study therefore presents a series of
designed projects proposing targeted design devices able to guide definition of
t h e s t r a t e g i e s a n d d e c i s i o n s t o b e t a k e n t o d a y f o r t h e f u t u r e.
In an era dominated by uncertainty about tomorrow and by a race towards
r e a l o r p r e s u m e d s u s t a i n a b i l i t y, i n f r a s t r u c t u r e m u s t b e r e - p l a n n e d , n o t j u s t t o
a c c o m m o d a t e t o d a y ’s t e c h n o l o g i c a l f u n c t i o n s o r c o n t i n g e n t n e e d s , b u t a l s o w i t h
a v i e w t o p o s s i b l e f u t u r e r e - c y c l e, g e n e r a t i n g a m e t h o d f o r r e - i n v e n t i n g t h e
landscape and thus becoming fertile ground for the unexpected.
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