Garcinia kola and Chrysopyllum albidum from rainforest

Antioxidant, nutritional and anti-nutritional compositions of
 Garcinia kola and Chrysopyllum albidum from rainforest
           ecosystem of Ondo State, Nigeria

     Jonathan C. Onyekwelu1, Olufunmilayo Oyewale1, Bernd
                  Stimm2, Reinhard Mosandl2

     1 Department of Forestry and Wood Technology, Federal University
     of Technology, P.M.B. 704, Akure, Nigeria.
     2Institute
              of Silviculture, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Hans-
     Carl-von- Carlowitz-Platz 2, D- 85354 Freising, Germany

Outline
 •   Introduction
 •   Objective
 •   Materials and Methods
 •   Results
 •   Discussion
 •   Conclusions
 •   Recommendations

Introduction

• Tropical rainforests are the most species rich and diverse terrestrial ecosystems
• They account for only 7% of the earth’s dry surface area but accommodate 70%
  of animal and plant species in world ecosystems
•   They contains many edible fruit tree species, which have been supplying fruits for
    decades.

Introduction

 Fruit

                                  Seed Kernel
           Irvingia gabonensis
           (African Bush Mango)

Introduction Contd…
Fruit head               Seed

             Treculia africana
             (African Bread fruit)

Introduction Contd…

Fruit                      Seed

        Chrysophyllum albidum
          (African Star apple)

Introduction Contd…
Fruit              Seed

           Garcinia kola
           (Bitter kola)

Introduction Contd…

Fruit                     Seed

           Dacryodes edulis
          (African bush butter)

Introduction Contd…

     Seed                          Fermented Seed kernel

            Pentaclethra macrophylla
            (African Oil Bean Seed )

Introduction Contd…

Fruit pod                  Fermented Seed

              Parkia biglobosa
            (African locust bean)

Introduction Contd…
Fruit

                                Fruit with seed
        Ackee meal

           Blighia sapida (Ackee)

Introduction Contd…

                                  Fruit pod and seed

Leaves and flower
                    Moringa oleifera
                     (Tree of life)

Introduction Contd…

              Fruit/Seeds
         Canarium odontophyllum
                 (Dabai)

Introduction Contd…

             Fruit head
          Annona muricata
           (Soursop Fruit)

Introduction
 These edible forest fruits have immense
       social
       economic,
       nutritional and
       cultural importance, especially to rural
        dwellers.
 They serve as alternative sources of:
     medicine,
     income, and
     food (especially during the “hungry season”,
      when farm crops are planted)
  thus they contribute to food security
  and livelihood sustainability.

Introduction Contd…
However, the continuous supply of these forest fruits is
threatened by deforestation and other anthropogenic forces.

Introduction Contd…
 Other challenges to the continuous supply of these fruits
 includes:
       threat of extinction of mother trees,
       old age of mother trees,
       lack of domestication and conservation measures,
       lack of appropriate storage and post-harvest technology
       lack of preservation methods, etc

Introduction Contd…
Chrysophyllum albidum (Star apple)
 and Garcinia kola (bitter kola) are
 among the widely consumed forest fruit
 species.
    They are widely distributed from west
     Africa through central to east Africa
     (Keay, 1989).
    They are consumed as food or snack
     and thus serve as a delicacy and
     alternative source of food

Introduction
The fleshy pulp of C. albidum fruits
 contains:
   high amount of ascorbic acid (higher
     than those of orange and guava)
   vitamins,
   irons, flavours to diets.
   tannins, flavanoids terpenoids, proteins,
     carbohydrates and resins
   The fruit pulp is suitable for jams and
    jellies
   Also, oil extracted from the seed is used
    for soap making

Introduction Contd…
Garcinia kola seeds are chewed and
used for traditional ceremonies.
    The seeds are also used in folk
     medicines and in many herbal
     formulations
    The seeds have potential therapeutic
     benefits due largely to the activity of
     flavonoid and other bioactive
     compounds
    G. kola has potential utilization as hop
     substitutes in brewing operations

Objective

    To investigate the nutritional , anti-
    nutritional and antioxidant composition
    of G. kola and C. albidum fruits.

Materials and Methods
Fruit Collection
         4°30 '                        5°00 '                            5°30 '                           6°00 '
                                                                                                            6
                                                                                                                                               N
                                                                             Akoko North W est

7°30 '
                                                                            Akoko North East                             7°30 '
                                                                                             Akoko South East
                                                 Ifedore             Akoko So uth W est

                           Ile O luji/Okeig bo             Akure North
                                                     Akure Sou th                      Ose                                         Ondo State Vegetational Zones.
                                                                                                                                       Derive d Savanna
                                    Ondo East                            Owo
                                                                                                                                       Mangrove/Freshw ater s wamp
                         Ondo W est                                                                                                    Rainfores t
7°00 '                                               Idanre                                                              7°00 '

                             Odigbo                                                                                               C. albidum and
                                                                                                                                  G. kola fruits were
6°30 '
                       Okitipupa        Irele
                                                                                                                         6°30 '   collected from
                         Ilaje       Ese Odo
                                                                                                                                  agroforestry farms
                                                                                                                                  in the rainforest
                                                                                                                         6
                                                                                                                                  ecosystem of Ondo
6°006'                                                                                                                   6°00 '

                                                                                                                                  State, Nigeria
         4°30 '                        5°00 '                            5°30 '
                                                                                                            6
                                                                                                          6°00 '
                                                                                                                                  ecosystem
                  70                             0                                70                               140 Kilometers

Materials and Methods Contd…
Chemical Analyses
Prior to chemical analyses,
C. albidum fruits were opened, the pulp and seeds
extracted, washed with distilled water and dried.
G. Kola fruit pods were split open and the seed
extracted, washed with distilled water and dried.

1.Proximate chemical composition
    i.     moisture content,
    ii.    ash content,                   AOAC (2005)
    iii.   fat,                            methods.
    iv.    crude fibre,
    v.     carbohydrate,
    vi.    crude protein

Materials and Methods Contd…
Chemical Analyses
2.      Anti-nutrients      Compositions :
     a. Phytate content: determined following Marfo et al.
        (1990) method.
     b. Oxalate content: determined by titrating against boric
        acid solution according to AOAC (2005) method.
     c. Tannin contents: estimated by Vanillin-HCl method of
        Price et al. (1978).
     d. Saponin content: determined using the method of Birk
        et al. (1963) as modified.
     e. Phytin phosphorus content: determined using the
        method of Wheeler and Ferrel (1971).

Materials and Methods Contd…
Chemical Analyses
3. Antioxidants Composition
a. Total phenolic content: determined by Folin-Ciocalteu assay
   using gallic acid as standard (Enujiugha. 2010).
b. The total flavonoid content: determined using colorimetric
   method (Heimler et al., 2005)
c. Vitamin C content: determined using the titration method of
   AOAC (2005).
d. DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl–2 picrylhydrazyl): were measured in
   terms of hydrogen donation or radical scavenging activity
   using the stable radical DPPH method as modified by
   Sanchez-Moreno et al. (1998).

Results: Nutritional Compositions
Table 1: Nutritional composition of the fruit and seed parts of C. albidum and G. kola

 Fruit Fruit/seed                                    Proximate composition
 spp           part          Ash (%)    Moisture (%) Protein (%) Fat (%)     Fibre (%)   CHO (%)

               Seed kernel 1.66±0.01a 78.3±0.80a 2.68±0.18a 0.71±0.01a 1.94±0.01a 14.71±0.06a
  C. albidum

               Fruit Pulp    1.53±0.02b 76.03±0.05a 3.45±0.33a 1.65±0.04b 16.58±0.01b 1.1±0.05b
               Seed kernel
                             0.33±0.03a 71.99±0.00a 1.74±0.00b 0.95±0.12b 3.22±0.19c 21.79±0.36b
  G. Kola

               fruit pulp    0.26±0.06a 92.62±1.36c 1.00±0.18a 0.38±0.08a 0.53±0.09a 5.81±1.54a
               Fruit pod     0.81±0.00b 87.68±0.19b 1.68±0.03b 0.83±0.03b 2.23±0.08b 7.60±1.02a

   Each value is a mean of three replicates ± standard error. Means within the same column
   followed by the same letter are not significantly different (p≥0.05)

Results: Anti-Nutritional Compositions
Table 2: Anti-nutritional composition of the fruit and seed parts of C. albidum and G. kola

                                       C. albidum                        G. kola
   Anti-nutrients               Fruit pulp   Seed kernel    Seed kernel Fruit pulp Fruit pod
   Tannin (mg/100g)                0.16         0.59            0.02        0.05       0.04
   Saponin (mg/100g)               0.09         0.06            7.31        5.12       9.06
   Alkaloid (mg/100g)              0.05         0.11            1.39        1.00       1.50
   Phytate (mg/g)                  2.75         2.29            2.47        1.64       1.64
   Phytin phosphorus (mg/g)        0.64         0.65            0.69        0.46       0.46
   Oxalate (mg/g)                  0.89         1.01            1.26        0.31       0.18

Results: Antioxidant compositions
Table 3: Antioxidant composition of the fruit and seed parts of C. albidum and G. kola
                               C. albidum                                 G. kola
Antioxidant        Fruit pulp Seed kernel Fruit skin      Seed kernel    Fruit pulp      Fruit pod
Total phenolic
content (mg/g)     10.7±2.6a 14.2±3.0b      17.1±3.1b    21.08±0.21b 9.94±0.83a          9.22±0.02a
Total flavonoid
(mg/g)             0.60±0.4b   0.60±0.3b    0.30±0.2a     0.79±0.18b    1.15±0.35b       0.37±0.11a
Vitamin C
(mg/g)             0.50±0.1a 0.70±0.2a      0.80±0.4a     0.69±0.00a    1.25±0.00b       0.69±0.00a
DPPH (1, 1-
diphenyl picaryl   50.4±12.1a 41.2±31.4a 46.6±25.8a       54.59±5.05c   26.28±20.5a 41.84±24.5b
hydrazyl) (%)

Each value is a mean of three replicates ± standard error. Means within the same row followed
by the same letter are not significantly different (p≥0.05)

Discussion
 The fast deterioration rate of C. albidum fruit pulp could be due to its
  high moisture content, which encourages microbial growth and enzymatic
  reaction
 While C. albidum fruit pulp is a better source of protein, fibre and fat,
  the seed kernel is a better source of ash and carbohydrate.
 The low fat contents of C. albidum and G. kola indicates that they can
  be used as part of weight reducing diet.
 Dietary fibre is important for reducing cholesterol levels in the body to
  minimize risks of cardiovascular diseases caused by high plasma
  cholesterol. Thus C. albidum fruit pulp and G. kola seed kernel are
  important in this regard.

Discussion contd…
 The presence of toxic substances otherwise known as anti-nutritional factors
  is one of the major drawbacks limiting the direct use of some fruits.
 The composition of these anti-nutrients such phytate, tannin, saponin,
  alkaloid and flavonoid in C. albidum and G. kola seed kernel and fruit pulp
  are low.
 It has been established that only high content of these anti-nutrients prevent
  the absorption of minerals like, iron, magnesium, potassium, calcium and
  amino acid, which are essential for metabolism of the body
 High content of anti-nutrients would also affect homeostasis of zinc and
  iron, inhibit enzymatic digestion of proteins by forming complexes with
  large quantities of protein and would therefore be toxic to the body

Discussion contd…
 Antioxidant is a molecule that inhibits the oxidation of other molecules.
  Oxidation of other molecules can produce free radicals.
 Free radicals are unstable molecules that essentially feed on other
  healthy molecules in order to survive
 Free radicals can spread and could lead to stroke, heart attack, arthritis,
  vision problems, Parkinson's disease, cancer, etc.
 Antioxidants are essential for human health. Dietary antioxidants play
  important role in controlling oxidative stress
 Thus, supplementing natural antioxidants with a balanced diet
  containing enough antioxidants could be most effective in protecting
  against various oxidative stressors

Discussion contd…
 The antioxidant contents of the edible portions of C. albidum (fruit pulp)
  and G. kola (seed kernel) fruits are high.
 The inedible parts of the fruits with high phenolic content (e.g. C.
  albidum seed kernel and fruits skin) could be used as source phenols.
 DPPH values show that antioxidant activity in all parts of the fruits of
  both species is high (except G.kola fruit pulp). Thus, the DPPH content
  can be extracted and used as food supplement.
 The high composition of antioxidants in G. kola seed kernel and C.
  albidum fruit pulp suggests that they can be good sources of natural
  antioxidant, thus they can be used as supplement in food manufacturing

Conclusions

  • C. albidum and G. kola fruit contain essential
    nutrients and anti-oxidants necessary for good
    functioning of human body
  • Their anti-nutritional compositions are not high,
    thus the consumption of the fruits is not
    detrimental to human health

Recommendations
 • The consumption of these G. kola and C. albidum
   as well as other forest fruits species should be
   promoted
 • Measure to regenerate the species should be put in
   place to ensure increased productivity and
   sustainability of the products.
 • Efforts should be made towards their domestication

Acknowledgement

Alexander von Humboldt Foundation (AvH). Bonn,
                  Germany

Acknowledgement

Thanks for your
           attention

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