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BREXIT BRIEF
BRIEF
BREXIT
Brexit Brief Issue 57: 07 February 2019
Introduction
The Brief seeks to provide up-to-date information on the progress and content of the UK-EU negotiations, and
bring together relevant statements and policy positions from key players in Ireland, the UK and EU.
The Brief is part of a wider communications programme covering the work of the IIEA’s UK Project Group –
including commentaries, speeches, texts and event reports – which are highlighted on the Institute’s website.
(www.iiea.com)
Section One: State of Play However, Mr Tusk’s most widely reported comments were
on the topic of the “promoters of Brexit”, wondering aloud
No new offer from the EU “what the special place in hell” looked like for those who
campaigned for Brexit but never had a plan for how to
In a speech this week, European Council President Donald
manage the UK’s withdrawal.
Tusk stated that the EU will not “make any new offers”
to the UK, and that the Withdrawal Agreement and the Commons Votes for Brexit Renegotiation
backstop to prevent the return of a physical border to
the island of Ireland cannot be reopened. Nonetheless, On 29 January, a fortnight after the historic defeat
President Tusk also stated that any alternatives envisaged of the proposed Withdrawal Agreement and Political
by Prime Minister May could be discussed in the context of Declaration, the House of Commons voted 317 to 301 in
future relations between the EU and the United Kingdom favour of the so-called Brady amendment which calls for
but that they “cannot replace the backstop.” the Brexit withdrawal agreement and political declaration
to be approved – on condition that the Northern Ireland
President Tusk went on to note that a “common solution” backstop is replaced with alternative arrangements to
is still possible, assuring that he will do everything possible prevent a hard border. The vote was welcomed by the Prime
to find it. Mr Tusk also said he “hopes” that the British Minister Theresa May as a mandate to seek “legally binding
Theresa May whom he will meet on Thursday 7 February changes to the Withdrawal Agreement that deal with
in Brussels, will be able to provide “realistic solutions to concerns on the backstop while guaranteeing no return to a
overcome the impasse”. hard border between Northern Ireland and Ireland.”
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The vote came as the seventh in a series of amendments by phone, indicating that it was up to the UK to find a
arising from the dramatic result of the first debate on solution and warning that a precondition for any further
the outcome of the UK-EU negotiations. Five of the talks was a concrete plan that could certainly command
amendments were rejected, including the Cooper-Boles the support of the House of Commons.
amendment, which provided for the introduction of
a Bill forcing the Government to seek an extension to Speaking in the European Parliament, Commission
Article 50 if no deal had been successfully concluded by President Jean-Claude Juncker told MEPs that “the
the end of February. This was defeated by 321 votes to Withdrawal Agreement remains the best and only
298. Amendments from the Opposition, highlighting the deal possible. The Withdrawal Agreement will not be
Labour Party’s advocacy of a customs union arrangement, renegotiated.” Referring to the backstop, he said that “no
and from the former Attorney General Dominic Grieve, safety net can ever truly be safe if it can be removed at
providing for a series of votes on options for Brexit any time.” The EU Chief Negotiator, Michel Barnier, told
withdrawal, failed to attract a majority. the same European Parliament session that “the backstop
is part and parcel of the Withdrawal Agreement and it
The second successful amendment, proposed by the Tory will not be renegotiated.” French President, Emmanuel
MP Caroline Spelman and Labour’s Jack Dromey and Macron insisted that the Agreement was “the best accord
carried by 318 votes to 310, symbolically ruled out a no- possible. It is not renegotiable.” He said that a no-deal
deal Brexit but did not impose a legal obligation on the scenario was one that “no one wants, but we should all
Government. prepare for.”
The Prime Minister responded to the Commons vote, Running Down the Clock?
arguing that the vote made it clear that there is a route that
can secure a substantial and sustainable majority in the After the Commons vote Government sources indicated,
House for leaving the EU with a deal. She said that “We that the eventual approach to the EU would pledge
will now take this mandate forward […] My colleagues unconditional support for the Good Friday Agreement
and I will talk to the EU about how we address the House’s but would focus on getting an expiry date for the backstop
views.” She admitted that “there is a limited appetite for or a unilateral exit mechanism – both of which have
such a change in the EU and negotiating it will not be easy. been firmly ruled out by both Dublin and Brussels. The
But in contrast to a fortnight ago, this House has made UK approach will be based on the necessity of a legally
clear what it needs to approve a Withdrawal Agreement.” binding arrangement.
She promised to return to the House of Commons on 13
Given the known attitude to the UK developments in
February with a new meaningful vote, which MPs will be
Brussels and across all EU Member States many political
able to amend, and extended an invitation to the Leader
and media commentators have voiced the opinion that
of the Opposition, Jeremy Corbyn, to meet “to see if we
Prime Minister May is deliberately running down
can find a way forward.”
the clock in order to maintain time pressure on the
There was an immediate response from the EU Conservative Party and on Dublin. The Irish Government
institutions. European Council President Donald Tusk responds by arguing that pressure at the 11th hour might
stated firmly that “the backstop is part of the Withdrawal produce “some little bit of comfort language or reassurance
Agreement and the Withdrawal Agreement is not open – not a change to the backstop.”
for renegotiation.” He then spoke to the Prime Minister
As an independent forum, the Institute does not express any opinions of its own. The views expressed in the article are the sole
responsibility of the author.BREXIT
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The Malthouse Compromise a referendum. This would require an extension of the
Article 50 process which would almost certainly be
Prior to the Commons debate on 29 January a group
granted by the European Council. Another option is re-
associated with the European Research Group produced
negotiation of the Withdrawal Agreement although this is
a set of compromise proposals in the event of a further
unlikely to be welcomed by the EU. However, a majority
defeat for the Prime Minister. The so-called Malthouse
in the Commons may be able to accept the terms of the
Compromise involves an extension of the transition
Agreement if it has confidence that the Government is
period by a further 12 months to allow for more time to
on track to negotiate a future relationship that it would
secure a UK-EU trade deal. During the extended period,
find acceptable after exit. It may be necessary to seek
citizens’ rights would be guaranteed, budget contributions
an extension for future negotiations on the Political
would continue and there would be no customs checks
Declaration to seek to define before exit a future
on the Irish border. The backstop would be renegotiated
relationship that the Commons can accept.
on the basis of technology and, if this proved unworkable,
replaced with a ‘safety net’ provision allowing tariff-free
Irish Responses
market access for both sides. “The proposal provides for
exit from the EU on time with a new backstop which The Irish Government issued an immediate response to
would be acceptable indefinitely but which incentivises us the Westminster votes, in a carefully drafted statement:
all to reach a new future relationship.”
The EU position on the Withdrawal Agreement,
including the backstop, is set out in the conclusions
The proposal was received in Brussels with immediate
of the December meeting of the European Council.
scepticism, with officials saying that it was not workable It has not changed. The Withdrawal Agreement is
and that it failed to offer Ireland any reassurance on the not open for renegotiation.
avoidance of a hard border. It has been reported that The Agreement is a carefully negotiated compromise,
Michel Barnier has insisted that without the legally which balances the UK position on customs and the
operable backstop there will be no transition period after single market with avoiding a hard border and
protecting the integrity of the EU customs union
29 March. and single market. The best way to ensure an orderly
withdrawal is to ratify this Agreement.
House of Commons Exit Committee
We have consistently said that we want the closest
possible future relationship between the EU and
The House of Commons Exiting the European Union
the UK. A change in the UK red lines could lead
Committee produced a swift response to the heavy defeat to a change in the Political Declaration on the
of the Withdrawal Agreement and Political Declaration. framework for the future relationship, and a better
It insisted that it was vital that the House of Commons overall outcome.
would be given the opportunity to identify an option We will continue our preparations for all outcomes,
that might secure a majority. It made it clear that, while including for a no-deal scenario.
there is no majority in the Commons in favour of a no
deal exit, that outcome remains the legal default outcome The Taoiseach and the Prime Minister then spoke by
if Parliament is unable to approve the deal. phone on 31 January, after which the Government issued
a Statement, saying that “The Taoiseach set out once again
The report indicates that options exist. The UK has the the unchanged Irish and EU position on the Withdrawal
right to revoke Article 50 and, if there is a majority for Agreement and the backstop, noting that the latest
such a course of action, Parliament could legislate for developments had reinforced the need for a backstop which
As an independent forum, the Institute does not express any opinions of its own. The views expressed in the article are the sole
responsibility of the author.BREXIT
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is legally robust and workable in practice.” The Taoiseach A spokesman said that all sectors “agree that the Withdrawal
indicated that further consultations are taking place in Agreement, whilst not perfect, is workable and much better
London and the leaders agreed to stay in touch over the than no deal.”
coming period.
Some 1,500 people attended a conference in Belfast to
Section Two: The Evolving Debate discuss the issue of the future of Ireland beyond Brexit.
Speakers from Fine Gael, Fianna Fail, Sinn Fein and the
State of the Union Address SDLP addressed a gathering that had its origins in an
The Tánaiste and Minister for Foreign Affairs and Trade, open letter from 200 citizens in Northern Ireland to the
Simon Coveney, gave the ‘State of the Union Address’ at Taoiseach. The Minister for Education was among the
the Institute of International and European Affairs on 30 speakers.
January 2019. On Brexit he made three key points, initially
In County Louth hundreds of people demonstrated along
welcoming the Commons vote on avoiding a no deal Brexit.
the border against a hard Brexit while a similar number of
On the issue of alternative arrangements to replace the
people met at Stormont to protest at the continuing lack
backstop he stated that “there are currently no alternative
of devolved government at a time when Northern Ireland’s
arrangements which anyone has put forward which achieve
voice on Brexit is diminished.
what both sides are determined to achieve – to avoid a hard
border, including any physical infrastructure or related
Irish no-deal Preparations
checks and controls, and to protect the all-island economy,
North-South cooperation and the Good Friday Agreement A European Commission spokesman has stated that, in the
and we need a backstop or insurance mechanism base on scenario of a no-deal Brexit, there would be a hard border in
legal certainty, and not just wishful thinking.” Ireland. The Taoiseach commented that a no-deal scenario
would bring about a ‘major dilemma’ requiring Ireland,
On the debate in the UK parliament he commented on the UK and the EU to reach an agreement to honour
the situation in relation to Northern Ireland, saying that “it commitments on a hard border. He said that “Ireland has
is highly unfortunate that only one party from Northern obligations to protect the single market – it’s our market,
Ireland representing a minority view takes its seats at our jobs, our standards. Both the UK and Ireland would
Westminster, and it makes it all the more critical that have a responsibility to honour the Good Friday Agreement
the UK listens to other political parties […] and to cross and the peace process.”
community groups.” He pointed out that these groups are
saying “that the backstop is infinitely preferable to a no The Government has published the general scheme of
deal Brexit. We hope, still, that those arguments are heard, proposed primary legislative measures required in the event
however loud other voices in London become.” of a no-deal Brexit. While ratification of the Withdrawal
Agreement is the Government’s preferred outcome, this
Northern Ireland Developments publication is seen as the next step in the series of measures
required – nationally and in conjunction with the EU
Representatives from Northern Ireland’s business, farming,
institutions – to protect citizens and support the economy,
trade union, community and voluntary sectors travelled
enterprise and jobs. The proposed legislation makes provision
to London on 28 January to urge political party leaders to
for continued access to healthcare, social security protection,
avoid a no-deal Brexit.
student support and the protection of consumers.
As an independent forum, the Institute does not express any opinions of its own. The views expressed in the article are the sole
responsibility of the author.BREXIT
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The detailed draft Bill will be published on 22 February and of the UK’s exit from the European Union. Nicola
the Oireachtas debate will commence on 25 February 2019. Sturgeon and Mark Drakeford were invited by the Prime
Further legislative measures are proposed for, transport; Minister to participate in a new Cabinet sub-committee
energy; taxation; justice and security. Specific legislation will bringing together work on preparations for UK exit from
be required to establish the definition of the term ‘Member the EU, covering both deal and no-deal outcomes. A
State’ to address the position of the UK during the transition Government spokesman commented that “this builds
period. on our commitment to give them an enhanced role in
the next phase of the Brexit process, respecting their vital
The Tánaiste spoke in Seanad Éireann on the Government’s interests in these negotiations.” The continued absence of
Brexit Preparedness, saying that “we are all deeply aware a representative of Northern Ireland was noted.
of the potentially profound political, economic and trade
impacts of a no-deal Brexit. The Government is taking very UK Business Concerns
clear steps to mitigate these impacts. But given the scale
and uncertainty surrounding a no-deal Brexit, we must all The British Chambers of Commerce have reported that
recognise that – if this outcome materialises – there will be many of their members have already triggered emergency
significant disruption and change.” plans to cope with a no-deal Brexit, with many preparing
to move operations abroad if the UK crashes out of the
Government Brexit Updates give details of the Brexit- EU. The BCC said it believed that companies that had
related activities of Government Ministers and Government already gone ahead with their plans represented the ‘tip
Agencies. of the iceberg’ and that many companies were spending
significant funds to prepare for a disorderly exit, a
The Taoiseach and the Minister for Finance participated spokesman commented that “Since the defeat for the
in the annual Davos gathering, speaking in roundtable Prime Minister’s deal, we have seen a sharp increase in
sessions, meeting with business leaders and holding bilateral companies taking actions to try and protect themselves
discussions with their counterparts. from the worst effects of a no-deal Brexit.”
The Brexit Stakeholder Forum meets regularly to receive Some of the UK’s largest industrial enterprises – including
updates on the Government Contingency Action Plan. The Airbus which employs 14,000 people in the UK and
Departments of Health; Business, Enterprise and Innovation; supports as many as 110,000 through supply chains –
and Agriculture have published information material and have warned the Government of the potentially disastrous
organised meetings on key policy issues. Ministers have impact of no-deal. Research for the Institute of Directors
held meetings with EU officials, including Chief Negotiator suggests that almost a third of UK companies could move
Michel Barnier and Competition Commissioner Margaret operations abroad because of Brexit with 16% already
Vestager. Europe Minister McEntee has visited Slovenia for having relocation plans.
Brexit discussions. Regular ministerial briefings are given to
Dáil and Seanad at plenary and committee levels. On 30 January 2019 the Prime Minister hosted the
launch session of the Industrial, Manufacturing and
Prime Minister meets First Ministers of Scotland and Wales Infrastructure Business Council, one of five business
councils formed by the Prime Minister to advise on how
Prime Minister Theresa May met with the First Ministers
to create the best business conditions in the UK after it
of Scotland and Wales on 23 January 2019 as part of a
leaves the EU. The Council represents companies from
process of consultation seeking consensus on the terms
sectors including automotive, energy and advanced
As an independent forum, the Institute does not express any opinions of its own. The views expressed in the article are the sole
responsibility of the author.BREXIT
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manufacturing. The Prime Minister provided an update These moves can be seen in the context of likely moves,
on Brexit following the recent votes. after Brexit, to negotiate a UK-US trade agreement. The
Irish Caucus will work to ensure that any agreement meets
Each of the five councils represents a sector of the UK Irish concerns notably in respect of the border question.
economy, including financial services; the manufacturing Congressman Neal has been appointed to head the House
industry and infrastructure; consumer goods, retail and Ways and Means Committee which would oversee any
life sciences; telecoms, the creative industry, technology UK-US trade deal.
and the media; and small businesses, scale-ups and
entrepreneurs. Ten members will make up each council, Section Three: Background Material and Further
including a representative from a leading business group. Reading
Brexit Identities Background Material
An academic report published by The UK in a Changing HM Government Statement by Prime Minister in
Europe indicates that the country is increasingly polarized House of Commons, 29 January 2019. www.gov.uk/
by Brexit identities which seem to have become stronger government/speeches/pm-statement-to-the-house-of-
than party identities. Only one in sixteen people did not commons-29-january-2019
have a Brexit identity while more than one in five said
they had no party identity. New information about Brexit BBC Brexit: Theresa May set for further talks with EU
is interpreted in ways that reinforce pre-existing views. leaders. BBC, 30 January 2019. www.bbc.com/news/uk-
Those seeing themselves predominantly as Scottish or politics-47052227
Irish are more inclined to support Remain while among
European Commission Speeches by President Juncker
those who describe themselves as English there is strong
and Chief Negotiator Michel Barnier at the European
support, not only for Brexit but for a ‘hard’ Brexit.
Parliament, Brussels, 30 January 2019. http://europa.eu/
The number of people who see immigration as one of rapid/press-release_SPEECH-19-789_en.htm
the most important issues facing the country has fallen
Government of Ireland Statement on outcome of
from about 45% in 2016 to under 20% - the lowest figure
Westminster votes, 29 January 2019. www.merrionstreet.
since 2001. Most people are ‘balancers’ when it comes to
ie/en/News/Government_Statement_on_outcome_of_
immigration – appreciating both its costs and its benefits.
Westminster_votes.html
Irish America and Brexit
Government of Ireland Statement following phone call
In Washington, a Democrat Congressman, Brendan between An Taoiseach and the British Prime Minister,
Boyle, has introduced a resolution opposing a hard border 31 January 2019. www.merrionstreet.ie/en/News-
in Ireland in order to protect the Good Friday Agreement. Room/Statement_following_phone_call_between_An_
Boyle works closely with fellow Democrat Richard Neal Taoiseach_and_the_British_Prime_Minister.html
who co-chairs the Friends of Ireland Caucus on Capitol
An Tanaiste Simon Coveney. State of the Union Address
Hill. Neal has been lobbying President Trump to send
to Institute of International and European Affairs, 30
a special envoy to Northern Ireland to seek a role in
January 2019. www.dfa.ie/news-and-media/speeches/
addressing the Stormont impasse.
speeches-archive/2019/january/state-of-the-union-
address-by-tanaiste--iiea-30-january-2019-php
As an independent forum, the Institute does not express any opinions of its own. The views expressed in the article are the sole
responsibility of the author.BREXIT
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HM Government Prime Minister’s meeting with First Financial Times EU negotiator says Brussels open to
Ministers of Scotland and Wales, 23 January 2019. ‘alternative’ backstop. FT, 28 January 2019. www.ft.com/
www.gov.uk/government/news/pm-meeting-with-first- content/74f39350-231e-11e9-8ce6-5db4543da632
ministers-of-scotland-and-wales-23-january-2019
RTE UK parliament urged to rule out no-deal Brexit as
HM Government PM Business Council, 30 January Commons showdown looms. RTE, 28 January 2019.
2019. www.gov.uk/government/news/readout-from- www.rte.ie/news/brexit/2019/0128/1025924-brexit-
pm-business-council-30-january-2019. commons
HM Government Ministerial Forum (EU Government of Ireland Government Brexit Update.
Negotiations) Meeting, 31 January 2019. www. www. Issue No 13, 25 January 2019. www.dfa.ie/brexit
gov.uk/government/publications/ministerial-forum-
communique-31-january-2019 Government of Ireland Government Brexit Update.
Issue No 14, 1 February 2019. www.dfs.ie/brexit
Politico May wins chance for last throw of Brexit dice.
Politico, 30 January 2019. www.politico.eu/article/may- Government of Ireland Irish Government publishes next
wins-chance-for-last-throw-of-brexit-dice phase of Brexit ‘No Deal’ legislative planning, 24 January
2019. www.dfa.ie/news-and-media/press-releases/
The Telegraph Theresa May wins backing from MPs to press-release-archive/2019/january/irish-government-
renegotiate backstop as Brussels insists it won’t re-open publishes-next-phase-of-brexit-no-deal
Brexit deal Telegraph, 30 January 2019. www.telegraph.
co.uk/politics/2019/01/29/brexit-vote-amendment- Government of Ireland Statement by the Tanaiste
result-theresa-may-brady-cooper-news and Minister for Foreign Affairs and Trade on Brexit
Preparedness, 22 January 2019. www.dfa.ie/news-and-
The Guardian It’s up to you to sort out Brexit impasse, media/speeches/speeches-archive/2019/january/tanaistes-
Donald Tusk tells Theresa May. Guardian, 30 January statements-on-the-governments-brexit-prepredness-php
2019. www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/jan/30/eu-
calls-for-lucid-and-realistic-approach-as-it-holds-firm- The Guardian Brexit backstop amendment would
on-backstop give May ‘enormous firepower’. Guardian, 28 January
2019. www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/jan/28/
Financial Times Parliamentary backing sets May on brexit-backstop-amendment-would-give-may-enormous-
Brexit collision course with EU. FT, 30 January 2019. firepower
www.ft.com/content/390709e2-23de-11e9-8ce6-
5db4543da632 The Guardian Brexit: EU dismisses Tory compromise
plan as unworkable. Guardian, 29 January 2019. www.
House of Commons Exiting the European Union theguardian.com/politics/2019/jan/29/brexit-tories-
Committee. Response to the vote on the Withdrawal unite-to-back-compromise-giving-theresa-may-extra-
Agreement and Political Declaration: Assessing the time-transition-period
Options. 28 January 2019. www.publications.parliament.
uk/pa/cm201719/cmselect/cmexeu/1908/1908.pdf
As an independent forum, the Institute does not express any opinions of its own. The views expressed in the article are the sole
responsibility of the author.BREXIT
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Irish Times Brexit: Backstop will be revised if UK moves Centre for European Reform The cost of Brexit to
towards customs union, Juncker tells May. IT, 27 January September 2018. CER, 27 January 2019. www.cer.eu/
2019. www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/brexit- insights/cost-brexit-september-2019
backstop-will-be-revised-if-uk-moves-towards-customs-
union-juncker-tells-may-1.3772122 The Guardian Jobs fears haunt the frantic scramble
for a Brexit deal. Guardian, 26 January 2019. www.
RTE NI groups visit Westminster with plea to avoid theguardian.com/politics/2019/jan/26/jobs-fears-haunt-
no-deal Brexit. RTE, 28 January 2019. www.rte.ie/news/ the-frantic-scramble-for-a-brexit-deal
brexit/2019/0128/1025920-no-deal-northern-ireland-
westminster Ruth Dudley Edwards Naïve Leo Varadkar has finally
clocked that the EU has used Ireland to punish Britain.
Financial Times If parliament cannot resolve Brexit, Telegraph, 25 January 2019. www.telegraph.co.uk/
a new referendum is needed. FT, 24 January 2019. politics/2019/01/24/naive-leo-varadkar-has-finally-
www.ft.com/content/e3f3fc60-1b3d-11e9-9e64- clocked-eu-has-used-ireland-punish
d150b3105d21
Daniel Hannan Singapore shows us how we might
Michel Barnier Speech at the European Economic and make a success of Brexit – even if we get there by accident.
Social Committee, 23 January 2019. www.europa.eu/ Telegraph, 27 January 2019. www.telegraph.co.uk/
rapid/press-release_SPEECH-19-642_en.htm politics/2019/01/27/singapore-shows-us-might-make-
success-brexit-even-get-accident
RTE Barnier says time-limited backstop would be
useless. RTE, 23 January 2019. www.rte.ie/news/ Gideon Rachman Britain underestimated Europe’s
brexit/2019/0123/1024915-brexit commitment to the single market. IT, 21 January 2019.
www.irishtimes.com/opinion/britain-underestimated-
Financial Times Can the Brexit backstop be renegotiated? europe-s-commitment-to-the-single-market-1.3765282
FT, 29 January 2019. www.ft.com/content/21501616-
2309-11e9-b329-c7e6ceb5ffdf The Telegraph Brexit Plan C - The Malthouse
Compromise. The secret Tory pact that could unite
The Guardian One in three UK firms plan for Brexit the FRG and Remainers. Telegraph, 29 January 2019.
relocation, IoD says. Guardian, 1 February 2019. www. www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2019/01/29/brexit-plan-c-
theguardian.com/politics/2019/feb/01/one-three-uk- hailed-breakthrough-boris-johnson-government-urged
firms-activate-plans-move-operations-abroad-no-deal-
brexit-iod-survey Kevin O’Rourke The EU has no incentive to blink on the
Irish border question. FT. 2 February 2019. www.ft.com/
Financial Times Eurosceptic and pro-EU Tory MPs content/0021aaa8-2602-11e9-b20d-5376ca5216eb
draft Brexit deal compromise. FT, 29 January 2019. www.
ft.com/content/a63e932a-239a-11e9-b329-c7e6ceb5ffdf IFO Institute Hard Brexit ahead: breaking the deadlock.
January 2019. www.cesifo-group.de/ifoHome/presse/
UK in a Changing Europe New report reveals Brexit pressemitteilungen/
identities stronger than party identities. UKandEU, 23
January 2019. www.ukandeu.ac.uk/new-report-reveals- Tony Connelly Brexit and the Brady Amendment:
brexit-identities-stronger-than-party-identities Game Changer or Phony War? www.rte.ie/news/
brexit/2019/0201/1027016-brexit
As an independent forum, the Institute does not express any opinions of its own. The views expressed in the article are the sole
responsibility of the author.BREXIT
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Tony Connelly Brexit: No Deal and the Irish Patrick Smyth Commission confirms no-deal Brexit
Border. RTE, 26 January 2019. www.rte.ie/news/ will mean hard border in Ireland. IT, 22 January
analysis-and-comment/2019/0126/1025621-tony- 2019. www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/
blog/0124/1025281-plans-for-brexit commission-confirms-no-deal-brexit-will-mean-hard-
border-in-ireland-1.3766612
Pat Leahy Dublin’s discipline on backstop wobbles as
strain starts to tell. IT, 29 January 2019. www.irishtimes. Irish Times Brexit must not damage the interests of
com/news/politics/dublin-s-discipline-on-backstop- people in Ireland, diplomat says. IT, 22 January 2019.
wobbles-as-strain-starts-to-tell-1.3773823 www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/brexit-
must-not-damage-the-interests-of-people-in-ireland-
RTE Government publishes plans for no-deal Brexit. RTE, diplomat-says-1.3766487
24 January 2019. www.rte.ie/news/2019/0124/1025281-
plans-for-brexit Irish Times UK’s Brexit vote driven by complex new
social divides. IT, 28 January 2019. www.irishtimes.com/
Irish Times Taoiseach warns of ‘major dilemma’ on opinion/uk-s-brexit-vote-driven-by-complex-new-social-
Border in no-deal Brexit. IT, 24 January 2019. www. divides-1.3772543
irishtimes.com/business/economy/taoiseach-warns-of-
major-dilemma-on-border-in-no-deal-brexit-1.3769246 Pat Leahy Ireland has yet to make its most important
decision on Brexit. IT, 2 February 2019. www.
Stephen Collins Ireland cannot afford Leo Varadkar’s irishtimes.com/opinion/ireland-has-yet-to-make-its-
foolish missteps on Brexit. IT, 31 January 2019. www. most-important-decision-on-brexit-1.3778824
irishtimes.com/opinion/ireland-cannot-afford-leo-
varadkar-s- foolish-missteps-on-brexit-1.3776218 Further Reading
Irish Times Brexit: Ireland portrayed as ‘awkward’ on Mary C. Murphy Europe and Northern Ireland’s Future.
backstop, says McEntee. IT, 27 January 2019. www. Agenda Publishing.
irishtimes.com/news/politics/brexit-ireland-portrayed-as-
awkward-on-backstop-says-mcentee-1.3772064
Newton Emerson Can Irish America throw a spanner in
the works of Brexit? IT, 31 January 2019. www.irishtimes.
com/opinion/newton-emerson-can-irish-america-throw-
a-spanner-in-the-works-of-brexit-1.3776331
RTE Protests, conference held over Brexit risks and
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