Caregiver's Guide COVID-19 - January 2021 - Kaiser Permanente
←
→
Page content transcription
If your browser does not render page correctly, please read the page content below
COVID-19
Caregiver's
Guide
January 2021
Visit kp.org/covid19guide to: + View this booklet in English + Vea este folleto en español + 閱讀本手冊的中文版 + Xem tập sách này bằng tiếng Việt + Watch videos and get other useful tips The content in this booklet is not a substitute for medical advice and is accurate as of December 2020. It is adapted largely from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention materials.
Table
of Contents
01 02 03
Stopping Using Items Taking Care of
the Spread in the Kit Your Home
page 1 page 8 page 26
04 05 06
Caring Daily Getting
for Others Activities Help
page 36 page 58 page 68
Quick
I want I want to
Reference to learn more better
Guide about… understand
what to
do if…
How to use items I am a caregiver to
in the kit someone who is sick
with COVID-19
Page 9 Page 37
How to take I am pregnant or
care of myself I have children
Page 38 Pages 51, 53
How to clean and I have pre-existing
disinfect my home health conditions
Page 27 Page 45
What worries I need I want to
me most is… resources quickly
for… understand
prevention
methods
like…
How to prevent Being a Handwashing
getting sick pet parent tips
Page 2 Page 56 Page 19
How to care for others Living in Guidance for mask
while caring for myself shared housing and glove use
Page 38 Page 34 Pages 9, 15
How to manage Getting online or Cleaning, laundry,
stress and phone support and doing
stay positive household chores
Page 41 Page 69 Page 27
01
Stopping
the Spread
As a caregiver for someone
with COVID-19, you can
take important actions to
stop the spread of the virus
within and outside of your
home. Please share these
with all members of your
household, including the
person who is sick.
Chapter 1: Stopping the Spread
Critical actions to stop the spread
Because someone in your Wash your hands often All household members
household has COVID-19 with soap and water and should wear a mask
and you may have been avoid touching your eyes, when they are in the
exposed, you should stay nose, and mouth with same room or space as
in your home until the unwashed hands. one another and if they
quarantine period ends. must leave home.
6 Feet
Put at least 6 feet of Avoid public Do grocery shopping and
distance between yourself transportation, other errands online, by
and other people. A ridesharing, calling, or ask a trusted
mask is not a substitute for and taxis. neighbor to help.
physical distancing.
Have the sick person cover Clean and disinfect Isolate the sick person
their mouth and nose with frequently touched in their own room and
a tissue when they sneeze surfaces daily. use their own bathroom,
or cough or use the inside if possible.
of their elbow.
2
Chapter 1: Stopping the Spread
Critical actions to stop the spread, explained
Stay home Wear
a mask
Because someone in your In a household with The caregiver should
household has COVID-19 COVID-19 present, it is wear a mask when they
and you may have been important that everyone are in the same room or
exposed, you should stay wear masks to prevent space as the sick person
in your home until the spreading the virus. The and others.
quarantine period ends. virus can remain in the air
The sick person should
Do not leave your home, for long periods of time,
wear a mask as much as
except to get medical care. so masks should be worn
possible, even if isolated,
If you have symptoms, call over your nose and mouth
to minimize the chance of
your doctor. If you have if you must be around
passing the virus to others.
trouble breathing or think other people or pets,
you have an emergency, especially at home. Other household
call 911. members should wear a
If you can't put on a
mask each time they are in
mask (because of trouble
the same room or space
breathing, for example),
with others and if they
cover your coughs and
need to leave the house.
sneezes using a tissue or
your elbow.
3Chapter 1: Stopping the Spread
Critical actions to stop the spread, explained
Wash your Cover coughs Avoid sharing personal
hands often and sneezes household items
Wash your hands often It is critical that the sick Do not share dishes,
with soap and water for person cover their coughs drinking glasses, cups,
at least 20 seconds. This and sneezes. Everyone eating utensils, towels, or
is especially important in the household should bedding with other people
after blowing your nose, also do this as a good in your home.
coughing, or sneezing; prevention measure.
Wash these items
going to the bathroom;
+ Cover your mouth and thoroughly after using them
and before eating or
nose with a tissue when with soap and water or put
preparing food.
you cough or sneeze. in the dishwasher.
Use hand sanitizer if soap
+ Throw away used tissues The sick person should
and water are not available.
immediately. use one-time-use dishes,
Use an alcohol-based
utensils and service items.
hand sanitizer with at
least 60% ethanol or 70% + Immediately wash
Wash dirty towels,
isopropyl alcohol, covering your hands with soap
bedding, and other
all surfaces of your hands and water for at least
laundry in the warmest
and rubbing them together 20 seconds. If soap and
appropriate water using
until they feel dry. water are not available,
your usual detergent and
clean your hands with
dry completely.
Washing with soap and an alcohol-based hand
water for at least 20 seconds sanitizer that contains
is the best option, especially at least 60% ethanol or
if your hands are visibly dirty. 70% isopropyl alcohol.
Cover all surfaces of
Avoid touching your eyes,
your hands with sanitizer
nose, and mouth with
and rub them together
unwashed hands.
until they feel dry.
4Chapter 1: Stopping the Spread
Critical actions to stop the spread, explained
6 Feet
Separate the sick If the sick person can't
person from others isolate in their own room
As much as possible, + Wear a mask as often as + Have a designated space
the sick person should possible, especially when for the sick person's items
stay in a specific room others are around. or have the sick person
and away from other mark the items they have
people and pets in the + Mark 6 feet around the touched in the room with
home. If possible, the sick person's space; make tape or post-it notes for
sick person should use sure that no one goes later disinfecting.
a separate bathroom. If within that space.
the sick person needs to + Make sure the room has
be around other people + If available, use a sheet good air flow. Open a
or animals in or outside or material to hang 6 feet window and turn on a fan
of the home, they should around the sick person to to bring in and circulate
wear a mask and practice mark their own space. fresh air if possible.
physical distancing.
+ Frequently clean personal
items and high-touch
surfaces in the room,
particular after use by the
sick person.
5Chapter 1: Stopping the Spread
Critical actions to stop the spread, explained
Clean and disinfect high-touch Avoid leaving home
surfaces in the home
The sick person should
The sick person should + Clean and disinfect avoid leaving home. If
clean their own bedroom areas that may have the caregiver or other
and bathroom, if possible, blood, stool, or bodily household members must
to limit others from being fluids on them. leave home, avoid public
exposed to the virus. transportation, ridesharing,
+ Use household cleaners and taxis. If the caregiver or
Regularly clean and and disinfectants. other household members
disinfect high-touch Clean the area or item need to use public
surfaces including phones, with soap and water transportation:
remote controls, counters, or another detergent if
tabletops, doorknobs, it is dirty. Then, use a + Wear a face mask.
bathroom fixtures, toilets, household disinfectant.
keyboards, tablets, and + Sit or stand as far from
bedside tables. others on the bus or train
as you can.
+ Try to use public
transportation at less-
busy times of day.
+ Wash your hands or use
hand sanitizer as soon as
possible after your trip.
+ Avoid touching your face.
+ C
onsider other modes
of transportation, biking,
or walking.
6Chapter 1: Stopping the Spread
Critical actions to stop the spread, explained
Call ahead before Get rest and Monitor
visiting your doctor stay hydrated symptoms
If you as the caregiver, Make sure the sick person Follow any instructions
or someone in your rests and drinks plenty of given to you by the doctor
household, has a medical water to stay hydrated. The or care team.
appointment that cannot sick person may take over-
Monitor symptoms
be postponed, call the-counter medicines,
carefully. If symptoms arise
the doctor’s office and such as acetaminophen, to
or get worse for anyone in
tell them you are in a help feel better.
the home, call your doctor
household with COVID-19.
immediately.
This will help the office
protect themselves and You may want to check your
other patients. temperature twice daily
and record the readings.
Many medical visits for
Be sure to wash your hands
routine care are being
before and after handling
postponed or done by
your thermometer. Also
phone or video. Language
wash the thermometer off
services are available at
with soap and water or an
no cost.
alcohol wipe when done.
Store it in a safe place.
702 Using Items in the Kit
Chapter 2: Using Items in the Kit
One-time-use masks
These one-time-use masks are a critical
Who Should Use This?
tool in helping prevent the virus from Caregiver
spreading. Germs and the virus can live on Household members
the mask, so these must only be used once Sick person
and then discarded. Here's how to wear
Directed Use
and use the one-time-use masks: Reusable
One-time-use
Caregiver Sick person Household members
The caregiver should wear The sick person should Other household members
a mask when they are in wear a mask as much as should wear a mask each
the same room or space as possible, even if isolated, time they are in the same
the sick person and others. to minimize the chance of room or space with others
passing the virus to others. and if they need to leave
the house.
9Chapter 2: Using Items in the Kit
One-time-use masks (Continued)
General guidance
OVER ALL DO DON' T
+ In a household where + If your mask becomes Don't use a one-time-use
COVID-19 is present, it is damaged or soiled, or mask more than once.
important that everyone if breathing through it
Don't share masks. Each
wear masks to prevent becomes difficult, you
household member should
spreading the virus. should move at least
use their own masks.
6 feet away from the sick
+ It is especially important person, remove it, safely Don't touch the main mask
that the caregiver wear discard it, and replace it area, which is what catches
a mask when interacting with a new one. the germs. Only touch the
with the sick person. loops or straps.
+ Always wash your hands
+ The mask should before and after using Don't place it on children
not be placed on the mask, after adjusting under age 2.
anyone who might not it, or after touching the
Don't place it on anyone
be able to remove it main mask area.
who has trouble breathing,
without assistance.
or who is unconscious or
incapacitated.
10Chapter 2: Using Items in the Kit
One-time-use masks (Continued)
Putting on the mask
1 Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water for at
1
least 20 seconds and dry.
2 Check that the front side of the mask is facing away
2
from you; the pleats should unfold away from your face
and metal nose piece, if any, should be at the top.
3 Hold only the ear loops and pull them over and around
3
your ears, one at a time.
4 Cover your nose and mouth with the mask, and make
4
sure that there are no gaps between the mask edge and
your face. Make sure you have a snug fit at the bridge
of your nose. You should be able to breathe and feel
comfortable wearing the mask.
5 5Wash your hands (follow step 1).
How not to wear the mask
DON’T DON’T DON’T DON’T
wear the mask below touch front fabric. leave your push your mask under
your nose. chin exposed. your chin to rest on
your neck.
11Chapter 2: Using Items in the Kit
One-time-use masks (Continued)
Removing the mask
1 Wash your hands before removing the mask.
1
2 Try not to touch the part of the mask that covers your
2
nose and mouth. It may be contaminated.
3 Remove the mask by holding only the straps or loops.
3
4 Dispose of the mask in one of the special waste bags
4
provided in this kit.
5 Wash your hands (follow step 1).
5
12Chapter 2: Using Items in the Kit
One-time-use masks (Continued)
Frequently asked questions
Q: When should I wear a mask?
A: In a household where COVID-19 is present, it is important
that everyone wear masks to prevent spreading the virus. It
is especially important that the caregiver wear a mask when
interacting with the sick person.
Q: Can't I just reuse the one-time-use masks?
A: Do not reuse the one-time-use masks. After each interaction
with the sick person, please dispose of your mask and begin
the next interaction with a new mask.
Q: Should I wear a mask when I go out of the house?
A: The sick person in your household and those who have
been exposed to them should stay home. If going out is
necessary, a mask should always be worn. Try to figure out
ways to get any needed supplies without leaving the house.
Q: Should my child wear a mask?
A: If your child is under 2 years old, no, they should not wear a
mask. If your child is 2 or older, yes, they should wear a mask.
13Chapter 2: Using Items in the Kit
Digital thermometer and alcohol swabs
Who Should Use This?
This thermometer is for you to monitor Caregiver
the temperatures of those in the Household members
household, especially the caregiver and Sick person
sick person. The alcohol swabs are to Directed Use
sanitize it between users. Reusable
One-time-use
General guidance
OVER ALL DO DON' T
+ Use this thermometer to + Follow the directions Don't share the
monitor the temperature included with the thermometer without
of the caregiver, sick digital thermometer. sanitizing between uses.
person, and household
members as directed by + Wash your hands and
your care team. sanitize the thermometer
before and after every
+ Use the included use with the included
log to record the alcohol swabs.
temperature readings.
+ Tell your doctor if
you have a fever
(over 100.4°F).
How to use
1 Wash your hands thoroughly with soap
1
and water for at least 20 seconds and dry.
2 Sanitize the entire thermometer with an alcohol swab,
2
especially the probe that goes in your mouth.
3 Follow the directions included with the thermometer
3
to get a temperature reading.
4 Wash your hands and sanitize the thermometer. Store
4
the thermometer and alcohol swabs in a safe place.
14Chapter 2: Using Items in the Kit
Gloves
These gloves are for the caregiver to use
Who Should Use This?
when caring for the sick person. Here's Caregiver
how and when to wear gloves. Household members
Sick person
Directed Use
Reusable
One-time-use
General guidance
OVER ALL DO DON' T
+ Wearing gloves creates + Wash your hands for Don't reuse gloves.
a barrier between your 20 seconds with soap Each pair of gloves
hands and contaminated and water after taking should be used once and
items and surfaces. gloves off. then discarded.
For this reason, you
+ If soap and water are Don't touch your face while
should use gloves when
not available, use wearing the gloves as they
disinfecting surfaces
hand sanitizer. may have germs on them
and items in your home
from the items and surfaces
and when caring for the
you touch.
sick person.
+ Wearing gloves should
not replace other
precautions, including
physical distancing,
handwashing, and
wearing a mask.
15Chapter 2: Using Items in the Kit
Gloves (Continued)
Putting on gloves
Put gloves on, one at a time, making sure they are securely
on your hands and do not have any tears or punctures. You
may pull the glove up and around the cuff of a long-sleeved
shirt to eliminate any skin being exposed.
Frequently asked questions
Q: Should the sick person in my home wear gloves?
A: It is not recommended that a symptomatic or confirmed
sick person wear gloves.
Q: How many uses can I get out of a pair of gloves?
A: Do not reuse gloves. Safely dispose of your gloves
after every use.
Q: Should I wear gloves when going out of the house?
A: No, you should not wear gloves if you need to leave the
house. Use gloves only when cleaning and disinfecting
your home or providing care to a sick person.
16Chapter 2: Using Items in the Kit
Gloves (Continued)
Removing gloves
1 2 3
With both hands still
1 Peel the glove away from
2 Hold the removed glove
3
gloved, grab or pinch the your body, turning it inside with the still-gloved hand.
outside of the glove near out as you remove it.
one wrist, without touching
your bare skin.
4 5 6
Slip your now-bare hand
4 Peel the glove away from
5 Dispose of the gloves
6
under the wrist cuff on the your body, turning it inside- safely—do not reuse them.
gloved hand. out as you remove it once
again. You end up with
both gloves inside-out, one
wrapped inside the other.
7
7Wash your hands.
17Chapter 2: Using Items in the Kit
One-time-use dishes and utensils
These one-time-use dishes and utensils Who Should Use This?
are for the sick household member to Caregiver
use for meals. This helps prevent interaction Household members
with the sick person's germs and limit the Sick person
caregiver's exposure to the virus. Directed Use
Reusable
One-time-use
How to use
1 2 3
Keep the one-time-use
1 The caregiver should
2 The sick person should
3
dishes and utensils in a wash their hands, put on dispose of their used
safe place in the kitchen or gloves, put on a mask, dishes and utensils in the
somewhere like a cabinet plate the food, and bring provided waste bag in their
that is designated for the the sick person their food. room once done eating.
sick person's items. After delivering the meal, If they do not want dirty
the caregiver should dishes in the waste bag in
remove and dispose of their room, the caregiver
their mask and gloves and can wash their hands, put
wash their hands. on a mask and gloves, and
retrieve the dirty dishes
and dispose of them in the
designated waste bag in
the kitchen. They should
then remove and dispose
of their mask and gloves
and wash their hands.
18Chapter 2: Using Items in the Kit
Soap
Frequently washing your hands with soap and water is one of
the most important things you can do to prevent the virus from
spreading. Please place one soap dispenser in a commonly used
location, like the kitchen. Place another in the bathroom. Dedicate
one for use by the sick person in your household.
How to use
1 2
Wet your hands with clean, running water (warm or cold),
1 Lather your hands by
2
turn off the tap, and apply soap. rubbing them together with
the soap. Lather the backs
of your hands, between
your fingers, and under
your nails.
3 4 5
Scrub your hands for at
3 Rinse your hands well
4 Dry your hands using a
5
least 20 seconds. Need a under clean, running water. clean towel or air dry them.
timer? Hum the “Happy
Birthday” song from
beginning to end twice.
19Chapter 2: Using Items in the Kit
Hand sanitizer
Use hand sanitizer when soap and water are not available.
General guidance
OVER ALL DO DON' T
+ Washing your hands + Keep alcohol-based hand Don't dry your hands with
thoroughly with soap and sanitizers out of children’s a towel or wipe them in any
water for 20 seconds is reach and monitor their way; this will remove the
highly recommended use. Teach them how to sanitizer and its ability to
because it removes germs apply the sanitizer. work against germs.
and viruses from your
+ Apply a nickel-sized Don't touch your
hands. But if soap and
amount of hand sanitizer eyes, mouth, or nose
water are not available,
to your hands. immediately after using
using a hand sanitizer with
an alcohol-based hand
at least 60% ethanol or
+ Rub your hands together, sanitizer, as it can cause
70% isopropyl alcohol can
covering all surfaces of irritation.
help you avoid getting
sick and spreading germs your fingers, thumbs,
Don't use before handling
and the virus to others. palms, and back of your
fire or cooking as the active
hands until they feel dry:
ingredients are flammable.
+ When to wash your hands about 20 seconds of
or use hand sanitizer: rubbing and air drying. Don't drink or swallow
the alcohol-based
• After going to the + Make sure your hands hand sanitizer. It can
bathroom, and before feel completely dry be poisonous.
and after eating. before touching
surfaces, especially Don't store in places
• After coughing, above 105°F (like your
metal, as a static reaction
sneezing, or blowing car in the summer).
can occur.
your nose.
• After touching any
surface or object
that is touched often
by others - like door
handles, light switches,
and countertops.
20Chapter 2: Using Items in the Kit
Hand sanitizer (Continued)
Frequently asked questions
Q: Where should hand sanitizer be stored?
A: Hand sanitizer should be stored out of reach and sight of
children. It should not be stored above 105°F as it changes
consistency and loses effectiveness.
Q: Can I always use hand sanitizer instead of
soap and water?
A: No. If your hands are visibly dirty or greasy, hand sanitizer
may not be as effective at killing germs. Thoroughly
washing with soap and water is recommended.
Q: What do I do if I get a rash or other reaction to
hand sanitizer?
A: Call your doctor if you experience a serious reaction
to hand sanitizer.
Q: What do I do if I or a household member have
eczema or other skin condition and cannot use
alcohol based sanitizer?
A: Thoroughly wash your hands with water and soap that you
know does not irritate your skin. Gently pat your hands dry.
Use non-scented, non-dyed moisturizer as needed.
21Chapter 2: Using Items in the Kit
Disinfectant spray
Cleaning and disinfecting your home surfaces can help prevent
the spread of COVID-19.
General guidance
OVER ALL DO DON' T
The difference between + Read instructions on the Don't mix chemicals or
cleaning and disinfecting: cleaners and disinfectants cleaning solutions.
you are using.
Cleaning means removing Don't drink or
dust and dirt from surfaces. + Wear proper protection. gargle cleaning or
It may not kill germs, but disinfecting products.
it’s an important first step + Make sure your surfaces
Don't use or spray your
before disinfecting. can be cleaned and
skin or hands with cleaning
disinfected safely by
Disinfecting refers to using or disinfecting products.
following the instructions
chemical cleaners that kill
on the product label or Don't apply cleaning or
germs. By killing germs on
by testing a small hidden disinfecting products to
a surface after cleaning, it
area first. your food.
can further lower the risk of
spreading infection.
+ When using disinfectants,
you may want to open a
window or make sure you
have good ventilation.
22Chapter 2: Using Items in the Kit
Disinfectant spray (Continued)
How to clean and disinfect your home
1 2 3
To prepare your bottle of
1 Put on disposable gloves.
2 Next, gently squeeze
3
disinfectant, unscrew the Clean surfaces with soap the disinfectant bottle to
cap from the bottle and and water or a household squirt it onto the cleaned
remove the foil seal. Screw cleaner, using paper towels surfaces. Completely wet
the included squirt nozzle or rags. the surface and leave wet
onto the bottle. for 5 minutes.
4 5 6
After 5 minutes, wipe
4 When done, push the squirt
5 Remove and safely discard
6
away any solution that has nozzle down to lock. Store your gloves; then wash
not evaporated. out of reach of children. your hands.
Dispose of your paper
towels, or wash rags in hot,
soapy water.
23Chapter 2: Using Items in the Kit
Disinfectant spray (Continued)
How to clean and disinfect your home (Continued)
Other cleaning solutions
A solution of diluted household bleach can be used if
appropriate for the surface. Mix 1/3 cup of bleach per
gallon of water, or 4 teaspoons of bleach per quart of water.
Remember to wear disposable gloves when mixing and
using the solution. Do not mix bleach with any other cleaner
or disinfectant.
Frequently asked question
Q: If a family member is asthmatic or has another
chronic respiratory disease, how can I safely
disinfect surfaces in the home?
A: Get advice from your doctor. To reduce your inhalation
exposure, dampen paper towels or a rag with the
disinfectant and wipe down the surfaces rather than
spraying onto the surfaces. Follow the directions noted
on the disinfectant for safety measures.
24Chapter 2: Using Items in the Kit
Waste bag
These waste bags are for the trash generated by or while caring
for the sick household member.
How to use
1 2 3
Put a waste bag in a
1 Use one-time-use gloves
2 Wash your hands after
1
dedicated trash can in when removing waste handling any trash or the
the sick person's room to bags, and handling and waste bag itself.
collect any of their used disposing of trash.
items, dishes, trash, and the
caregiver's masks
and gloves.
Place another dedicated
waste bag in a common
place, like the kitchen, for
items that have been in
close contact with the sick
person or for discarding
cleaning materials. Advise
your household to not use
this "special trash."
2503 Taking Care of Your Home
Chapter 3: Taking Care of Your Home
Cleaning and disinfecting your home
Cleaning tips Disinfecting tips
+ Wear reusable or one-time-use gloves + It is recommended to use a disinfectant
for routine cleaning and disinfection. listed on www.epa.gov/pesticide-
registration/list-n-disinfectants-
+ Clean surfaces using soap and water, use-against-sars-cov-2. (The cleaning
then use disinfectant. disinfectant spray contained in this
kit is from this list and should be used
+ Cleaning with soap and water reduces as described).
germs, dirt, and impurities on the surface.
Disinfecting kills germs on surfaces. + If using another disinfectant from the
EPA’s list, follow the instructions on the
+ Practice routine cleaning of frequently label to ensure safe and effective use of
touched surfaces. High-touch surfaces the product. Most products recommend:
include: tables, doorknobs, light
switches, countertops, handles, desks, • Cleaning the surface of debris
phones, keyboards, toilets, faucets, or dust first.
sinks, etc.
• Keeping the surface wet for a period
of time (see product label) to disinfect.
+ Wash your hands after you complete
cleaning and disinfecting. • Wearing gloves and making sure you
have good ventilation during use of
the product.
• Washing your hands for 20 seconds
with soap and water afterwards.
27Chapter 3: Taking Care of Your Home
Cleaning and disinfecting your home (Continued)
Disinfecting tips (Continued)
Diluted household bleach solutions may DO
also be used if appropriate for the surface.
+ Read instructions on the cleaners and
+ Check the label to see if your bleach is disinfectants you are using.
intended for disinfection, and ensure the
product is not past its expiration date. + Wear proper protection.
Some bleaches, such as those designed
for safe use on colored clothing or for DON' T
whitening, may not be suitable
for disinfection. + Don't mix chemicals or cleaning solutions.
+ Unexpired household bleach will be + Don't drink or gargle cleaning or
effective against corona viruses when disinfecting products.
properly diluted.
+ Don't use or spray your skin or hands
+ Follow the manufacturer’s instructions for with cleaning or disinfecting products.
application and proper ventilation. Never
+ Don't apply cleaning or disinfecting
mix household bleach with ammonia or
products to your food.
any other cleaner.
+ Do not wipe or bathe pets with
+ To make a bleach solution, mix
disinfectants or any other products that
5 tablespoons (1/3 cup) bleach per
are not approved for animal use.
gallon of water OR 4 teaspoons bleach
per quart of water.
+ Leave the solution on a clean surface for
at least 1 minute.
+ The solution you make will be effective for
disinfection use for up to 24 hours. After
that, discard and mix a new solution.
28Chapter 3: Taking Care of Your Home
Cleaning and disinfecting your home (Continued)
For soft surfaces and fabrics such as carpeted floor, rugs, upholstered
furniture, and drapes/curtains, remove visible dirt or debris if present and
clean with appropriate cleaners indicated for use on these surfaces. Cleaners
will note things like: “For upholstery, fabric, carpet.”
Materials that can be washed Materials that can’t be
washed (carpets, couches,
+ Machine wash items like drapes and
other porous surfaces)
curtains, washable rugs, or blankets
according to the manufacturer’s + Vacuum as usual.
instructions on the item’s tag. Use the
warmest appropriate water setting and + Clean the surface using soap and water
dry items completely. or with appropriate cleaners.
+ Disinfect with an EPA-registered
household disinfectant for porous
surfaces. Most products recommend
testing on a small unseen area before
using on the larger area.
29Chapter 3: Taking Care of Your Home
Cleaning and disinfecting your home (Continued)
Electronics Handling waste and trash
+ Follow manufacturer's instructions for + If possible, place a dedicated lined trash
cleaning and disinfecting electronic can with the waste bag provided in the
devices such as phones, tablets, room of the sick person or in an isolated
remote controls, and keyboards. If area. Place another bag in another space,
there's no guidance, use alcohol- like the kitchen, to dedicate to discarding
based wipes or sprays containing at items that have been in close contact
least 70% isopropyl alcohol. Dry the with the sick person or for cleaning
surface thoroughly. material disposal.
+ Apple says you can clean your iPhone + Use one-time-use gloves when removing
or other Apple device with disinfectant waste bags, and handling and disposing
wipes. Samsung says you can use a of trash.
70% isopropyl alcohol solution and a
microfiber cloth. + Wash your hands after handling any trash
or the waste bag itself.
+ You can also consider putting a
wipeable cover on electronics and then
clean and disinfect appropriately.
30Chapter 3: Taking Care of Your Home
Cleaning and disinfecting your home (Continued)
Food and dishes Bedroom
and bathroom
+ The sick person in your household
should use the provided one-time-use + If you are using a separate bedroom and
plates, cups, and utensils, and dispose bathroom, only clean the sick person’s
in their dedicated waste bag after use. area when needed. This will help limit
If the sick person prefers chopsticks, your contact.
please use one-time-use sets. Using
one-time-use dishes is meant to keep the + If the sick person feels up to it, they
virus from spreading. should clean their own spaces.
+ Handle any non-disposable dishes, cups/ + If you are sharing a bathroom, the sick
glasses, or utensils used by the sick person should clean and disinfect the
person with gloves. Discard the gloves bathroom after each use. If this is not
after handling the dishes and wash your possible, wait as long as possible after
hands. Wash the items with soap and hot they leave bathroom before going in to
water or in a dishwasher. clean it or use it, and wear a mask.
+ Encourage your household to avoid
eating with their hands. This is not
thought to be the main way the virus
spreads, but it is possible. If you must eat
with your hands (sandwiches, etc.), be
sure to wash your hands before and after
and do not share food items.
+ Have the sick household member eat
their meals separately from the rest of
the household. If they cannot be isolated
during mealtimes, have them eat at
different times of the day and make sure
to disinfect shared eating spaces.
31Chapter 3: Taking Care of Your Home
Cleaning and disinfecting your home (Continued)
Laundry
+ Launder items according to the + Don’t shake dirty laundry to minimize
manufacturer's instructions. Use the the possibility of dispersing the virus
warmest appropriate water setting and through the air.
dry items completely. Dirty laundry from
the sick person can be washed with other + Wash or disinfect your laundry bag
people's items. and hamper.
+ Wash bed sheets, towels, and clothes
regularly or as they become dirty.
+ Wear one-time-use gloves when
handling dirty laundry from the sick
person and then discard the gloves after
each use. Wash hands immediately after
gloves are removed.
32Chapter 3: Taking Care of Your Home
Cleaning and disinfecting your home (Continued)
Laundry (Continued)
+ If not using gloves, wash your hands with Laundry Rooms or Laundromats
soap and water, or use hand sanitizer,
+ If you’re using a shared laundry facility in
immediately after doing laundry and
an apartment building or a laundromat,
touching any surfaces.
disinfect handles and surfaces before
+ Wash or disinfect your laundry bag and you touch the machines.
hamper. Consider storing laundry in one-
+ Keep at least 6 feet away from other
time-use bags.
people, and try to go at a time when
At Home there are fewer people.
+ Disinfect all the surfaces in your laundry + Prepare laundry before leaving your
area that may have been contaminated, room/space to help minimize the amount
like doorknobs and the door pull on the of time you spend in the laundry area.
washing machine.
+ Wear a face mask and don’t touch
your face.
+ For indoor laundry facilities, wait outside
for your laundry to finish if you can.
+ Fold your laundry when you return to
your room/space.
33Chapter 3: Taking Care of Your Home
Shared housing
If you have COVID-19 and share housing with roommates,
or live in staff, transitional, or other group housing, here are
some tips on how to self-quarantine.
Wear a face mask when Wash your hands often
Stay in your own space leaving your personal with soap and water
whenever possible. space and potentially for 20 seconds, or use
encountering other people. hand sanitizer.
Get the contact
Minimize your time
information for who you If applicable, let your
in common spaces
should contact to ask facility manager know that
and disinfect any
questions or you have COVID-19.
surface you touch.
report problems.
34Chapter 3: Taking Care of Your Home
Shared housing (Continued)
Kitchens Bathrooms
+ Store, prepare, and eat your food in your + Make sure you wash your hands
personal space if possible. thoroughly, or use hand sanitizer, before
and after using a common bathroom.
+ Wear a mask any time you leave your
personal space. + Touch as few surfaces as possible.
+ If you must use a shared kitchen, go + Do not leave personal items, like a
when there are fewer people, wear a toothbrush or other toiletries, in the
mask, maintain physical distance, and shared bathroom. Use a tote or caddy to
disinfect any common items or surfaces bring your items with you to the bathroom
you touch. Eat in your personal space, and back.
not in shared dining spaces.
+ Disinfect the surfaces of all counters and
appliances that you use.
+ Wash your hands or use an alcohol-
based hand sanitizer before and after
touching surfaces and appliances.
+ Do not share dishes, glasses, cups, or Recreational areas: activity
utensils. Wash your dishes with soap and
rooms, exercise rooms,
hot water or in a dishwasher. Wash your
pools, hot tubs
hands after handling food and dishes.
+ Even if these facilities are open,
do not use them if you have COVID-19 or
have been exposed to it.
3504 Caring for Others
Chapter 4: Caring for Others
Caring for someone diagnosed with COVID-19
If you are caring for someone in your home who has COVID-19, it is
important to protect yourself and others. Follow this advice, even if
the person you’re caring for is not showing symptoms.
Provide support and help
cover basic needs Watch for warning signs
+ Help the sick person follow their + Have the sick person's doctor's
doctor’s instructions. phone number on hand. Fill out the
included contact card so you have
+ See if over-the-counter medicines all information in one place.
for fever, such as acetaminophen
(sometimes called Tylenol), help the + Call their doctor if the person
person feel better. keeps getting sicker. For medical
emergencies, call 911 and tell the
+ Make sure the person who is sick drinks dispatcher that the person has
plenty of water and rests. COVID-19.
+ Help them with grocery shopping, + People who have emergency
filling prescriptions, and getting other warning signs for COVID-19 should
items they may need. Consider having call 911 right away. These include:
the items delivered through a delivery
service, or have a trusted neighbor help, • Difficulty breathing
if possible. • Persistent pain or pressure
in the chest
+ Take care of their pet(s), and limit contact
• New confusion
between the sick person and their pet(s)
when possible. • Bluish lips or face
• Inability to wake or stay awake
37Chapter 4: Caring for Others
How to protect yourself as a caregiver
To prevent getting sick, make sure you practice actions to stop the spread.
Limit contact
+ COVID-19 spreads between people who + If possible, the sick person should stay
are in close contact through respiratory in their own “sick room” or “sick area,”
droplets that are created when someone away from other people. If possible, they
talks, coughs, sneezes, laughs, sings, should use their own bathroom.
or breathes. These droplets can linger
in the air for minutes to hours and can + If you have to share space, make sure
infect people who are further than 6 feet the room has good air flow. Open
apart in enclosed spaces with poor air the window and use a fan. Improving
circulation. Even if a sick person has left ventilation helps remove respiratory
the room, the virus can remain. Masks droplets from the air.
should be worn as often as possible.
+ Do not have visitors, especially people
+ The caregiver, when possible, should who are at higher risk for severe illness.
not be someone who is at higher risk
for severe illness from COVID-19.
38Chapter 4: Caring for Others
How to protect yourself as a caregiver (Continued)
Eat in separate rooms or areas Avoid sharing personal items
+ Stay separated: The sick person + Don't share dishes, cups/glasses,
should eat (or be fed) in their room or, silverware, towels, bedding, or
if not possible, in a space that is 6 feet electronics (like a cell phone or remote
from others with good air circulation. control) with the sick person.
+ If possible, the sick person should use one-
time-use plates, bowls, cups, and utensils,
and throw away their own garbage.
+ If you do not have one-time-use dishes
and utensils, wear gloves when handling
any dishes, cups/glasses, or silverware
used by the person who is sick. Wash
the dishes with soap and hot water or
in a dishwasher.
+ Wash your hands after taking off the
gloves or handling used items.
39Chapter 4: Caring for Others
How to protect yourself as a caregiver (Continued)
Wear a face mask and gloves Track your own health
When to use + Caregivers and household members with
close contact should monitor their health
+ Wear gloves when you touch or have for COVID-19 symptoms.
contact with the sick person’s blood,
stool, or bodily fluids, such as saliva, + Symptoms include fever, cough, and
mucus, vomit, and urine. Also wear shortness of breath. Other symptoms
gloves when touching the sick person's may be present, including diarrhea, or
dirty laundry and while cleaning and loss of taste and smell. Trouble breathing
disinfecting. Throw out gloves in to the is a more serious warning sign that you
dedicated waste bags and wash hands need medical attention.
right away when done.
+ Ask the sick person to put on a face mask
before you enter the room.
+ Try to wear a mask as often as possible at
home and if you must leave the house. It
is especially critical to put on a one-time-
use mask before you enter the room of
the sick person, and keep it on while you
are caring for them and until you leave
the room.
40Chapter 4: Caring for Others
Stress and coping
Dealing with COVID-19 in your household may be stressful. Fear and anxiety
about a disease can be overwhelming and cause strong emotions. Coping
with stress will make you and the members of your household stronger.
Stress during an infectious disease
outbreak can include:
Fear and worry about your
Changes in sleep or Difficulty sleeping or
own health and the health
eating patterns concentrating
of your loved ones
Worsening of chronic Worsening of mental Increased use of alcohol,
health problems health conditions tobacco, or other drugs
Everyone reacts differently to stressful situations. But taking
care of yourself, your friends, and your family can help you
cope with stress. Visit kp.org/selfcare to explore mental
health and wellness resources – including apps, audio
activities, articles, and more. All offerings are available in
English and in Spanish.
41Chapter 4: Caring for Others
Stress and coping (Continued)
Ways to cope with stress Take deep breaths,
stretch, or meditate.
Try to eat healthy,
well-balanced meals.
Exercise regularly,
get plenty of sleep.
Avoid alcohol
Take breaks from Take care and drugs.
watching, reading, or of your body and
listening to news stories, spiritual health.
including social media.
Call your doctor if stress
gets in the way of your
daily activities for several
days in a row.
People with preexisting
mental health conditions
Make time to unwind. Take care of your
should continue with
Try to do some other mental health.
their treatment and
activities you enjoy.
be aware of new or
worsening symptoms.
Connect with others. It is ok to admit you
Talk with people you trust are stressed. These are
about your concerns and hard times for everyone
how you are feeling. and there is no shame in
reaching out for help.
42Chapter 4: Caring for Others
Stress and Coping (Continued)
For parents: Approach the subject of COVID-19 calmly and confidently with your children.
Watch for behavior changes in your child, especially:
Returning to behaviors
Excessive crying they have outgrown
Excessive worry
or irritation in (for example, toileting
or sadness
younger children accidents or bedwetting)
Unhealthy eating or Irritability and “acting out” Poor school performance
sleeping habits behaviors in teens or avoiding school
Difficulty with attention Avoidance of activities Unexplained headaches
and concentration enjoyed in the past or body pain
Use of alcohol, tobacco,
or other drugs
Ways to support your child:
+ Talk with your child or teen + Limit your family’s exposure to news
about COVID-19. coverage of the event, including social
media. Children may misinterpret what
+ Answer questions and share facts they hear and can be frightened about
about COVID-19 in a way that your child something they do not understand.
or teen can understand.
+ Try to keep up with regular routines.
+ Reassure your child or teen that they Create a schedule for learning activities
are safe. Let them know it is ok if they and relaxing or fun activities.
feel upset. Share with them how you deal
with your own stress so that they can + Be a role model. Take breaks, get
learn how to cope from you. plenty of sleep, exercise, and eat well.
Digitally connect with your friends and
family members.
43Chapter 4: Caring for Others
Stress and Coping (Continued)
Support your loved ones
Check in with Help keep your
your loved ones often. loved ones safe.
Virtual communication can help you and + Know what medications your loved one
your loved ones feel less lonely and isolated. is taking. Try to help them have a 4-week
Consider connecting with loved ones by: supply of prescription and over-the-
counter medications and see if you can
+ Telephone
help them have extra on hand.
+ Email
+ Monitor other medical supplies (oxygen,
incontinence, dialysis, wound care)
+ Mailing letters or cards
needed and create a back-up plan.
+ Text messages
+ Stock up on non-perishable food (canned
+ Video chat foods, dried beans, pasta) to have on hand
in your home to minimize trips to stores.
+ Social media
+ Consider members of the household
that may be at greater risk, such as older
adults and people with severe chronic
illness. Choose a room and bathroom (if
possible) in your house that can be used
to separate sick household members
from others.
44Chapter 4: Caring for Others
Care advice for people at higher risk
In a household where someone has COVID-19, it is especially important
to protect household members who are older and who have serious
underlying health conditions.
Who is at higher risk for severe
illness from COVID-19?
+ People 65 years and older + People who are overweight or obese
+ People who live in a nursing home or + People with diabetes
long-term-care facility
+ People with chronic kidney
People of all ages with underlying disease undergoing dialysis
medical conditions, particularly if not
well controlled, including: + People with liver disease
+ People with moderate to severe asthma + People with hemoglobin disorders such
as sickle cell disease and thalassemia
+ People with COPD, cystic fibrosis,
pulmonary fibrosis, and other chronic + People with neurologic conditions such
lung diseases as dementia
+ People who have serious
heart conditions
+ People who are
immunocompromised
45Chapter 4: Caring for Others
Care advice for people at higher risk (Continued)
General tips to reduce your risk of
getting sick with COVID-19
+ Continue your medications and do not + Do not delay getting emergency care
change your treatment plan without for your underlying condition because
talking to your doctor. of COVID-19. Emergency departments
have infection prevention plans to
+ Have at least a 30-day supply of protect you from getting COVID-19 if you
prescription and non-prescription need care.
medications. Talk to your doctor about
getting an extra supply of prescription + Call your doctor if you have any
medications, if possible, to reduce trips concerns about your underlying medical
to the pharmacy. conditions or if you think that you may
have COVID-19. If you need emergency
+ Talk to your doctor about whether help, call 911.
your vaccinations are up to date.
People older than 65 years and those + Eat a healthy diet full of fresh fruits and
with underlying conditions should vegetables. Consult your doctor about
get vaccinations against influenza and community resources for access
pneumococcal disease. to healthy foods.
46Chapter 4: Caring for Others
Care advice for people at higher risk (Continued)
Actions you can take based on your conditions and other risk factors
Asthma (moderate-to-severe) COPD, cystic fibrosis, pulmonary
fibrosis, and other chronic
Having moderate-to-severe asthma might
lung diseases
increase your risk for severe illness from
COVID-19. Having COPD (including emphysema and
chronic bronchitis) is known to increase
+ Follow your normal asthma prevention
your risk of severe illness from COVID-19.
and control plan, including continuing
Other chronic lung diseases, such as
your current medications, like inhalers.
idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and cystic
fibrosis, might increase your risk of severe
+ Know how to use your inhaler.
illness from COVID-19.
+ Avoid your asthma triggers. + Keep taking your current medications,
including those with steroids in
+ Make sure that you have at least a
them (“steroids” is another word for
30-day supply of your medicines.
corticosteroids).
+ If possible, have someone without
+ Make sure you have at least a 30-day
asthma clean and disinfect your home
supply of your medicines.
and follow these instructions:
• Make sure that people with asthma + Avoid triggers that make your
are not in the room. symptoms worse.
• Minimize use of disinfectants that can
cause an asthma attack.
Diabetes
• Open windows or doors and use a fan Having type 2 diabetes increases your risk
that blows air outdoors. of severe illness from COVID-19. Based on
what we know at this time, having type 1 or
• Always follow the instructions on the
gestational diabetes might increase your
product label.
risk of severe illness from COVID-19.
• Pour spray products onto a cleaning
cloth or paper towel instead of spraying + Continue taking your diabetes pills and
the product directly onto the cleaning insulin as usual.
surface (if the product label allows).
+ Test your blood sugar every 4 hours and
keep track of the results.
+ Make sure that you have at least a 30-day
supply of your diabetes pills and insulin.
47Chapter 4: Caring for Others
Care advice for people at higher risk (Continued)
Serious heart conditions Chronic kidney disease being
treated with dialysis
Serious heart conditions, including heart
failure, coronary artery disease, congenital Dialysis patients are more prone to
heart disease, cardiomyopathies, and infection and severe illness because of
pulmonary hypertension, may put people weakened immune systems, treatments and
at higher risk for severe illness from procedures to manage kidney failure, and
COVID-19. It can damage the respiratory coexisting conditions such as diabetes.
system and make it harder for your heart
to work. For people with heart failure and + If you are on dialysis, you should NOT
other serious heart conditions this can lead miss your treatments.
to a worsening of COVID-19 symptoms.
+ Contact your dialysis clinic and your
+ Take your medication exactly doctor if you feel sick or have concerns.
as prescribed.
+ Continue your medicines and your diet
+ Continue angiotensin converting as directed by your doctor.
enzyme inhibitors (ACE-I) or
angiotensin-II receptor blockers (ARB) + Make sure that you have at least a 30-day
as prescribed by your doctor for supply of your medicines.
indications such as heart failure or high
+ Have long-lasting food choices and
blood pressure.
pantry items available to help you follow
+ Make sure that you have at least a your kidney diet.
30-day supply of your heart disease
medications (such as those to treat high Neurologic conditions such
cholesterol and high blood pressure). as dementia
Having neurologic conditions such as
dementia might increase your risk of severe
illness from COVID-19.
+ Take your medicines as prescribed.
+ Make sure that you have at least a 30-day
supply of your medicines.
+ Call your doctor if you have concerns
about your condition or feel sick.
48Chapter 4: Caring for Others
Care advice for people at higher risk (Continued)
Hemoglobin disorders such as Overweight and obesity
sickle cell disease and thalassemia
Obesity, defined as a body mass index
Having sickle cell disease (SCD) increases (BMI) of 30 or above, increases the risk
your risk for severe illness from COVID-19. of sever illness from COVID-19. Being
Having other hemoglobin disorders, like overweight, defined as a BMI between 25
thalassemia, might increase your risk for and 30, might increase your risk of severe
severe illness from COVID-19. illness from COVID-19.
+ Work with your doctor to manage + Take your medications for any underlying
medicines and therapies for your health conditions exactly as prescribed.
disorder (including hydroxyurea,
chelation therapy, blood transfusions, + Follow your doctor's recommendations
and prescriptions for pain management) for nutrition and physical activity
and any other health condition you while maintaining physical distancing
may have (such as diabetes, high blood precautions.
pressure, and arthritis).
Immunocompromised
+ Ask your doctor about remote healthcare
Many conditions and treatments can cause
visits, and know when to go to the
a person to have a weakened immune
emergency department.
system (immunocompromised), including
cancer treatment, bone marrow or organ
+ Try to prevent vaso-occlusive episodes or
transplantation, immune deficiencies,
pain crises by avoiding possible triggers.
HIV with a low CD4 cell count or not
+ Let friends and family know about the on HIV treatment, and prolonged use
need for healthy blood donors. of corticosteroids and other immune
weakening medications. Having a
Liver disease weakened immune system might increase
your risk of severe illness from COVID-19.
Having chronic liver disease, such as
alcohol-related liver disease, nonalcoholic + If you are immunocompromised,
fatty liver disease, and especially cirrhosis continue any recommended medications
(scarring of the liver), might increase your or treatments and follow the advice of
risk for severe illness from COVID-19. your doctor.
+ Take your medications exactly + Call your doctor if you have concerns
as prescribed. about your condition or feel sick.
+ Make sure that you have at least a 30-day
supply of your medicines.
49Chapter 4: Caring for Others
Care advice for people at higher risk (Continued)
+ Make sure you have at least a 30-day • Avoid crowds and people who are sick.
supply of your medicines. • Delay all travel when possible.
+ Do not delay life-saving treatment or + Follow the everyday prevention tips.
emergency care.
+ Stay in touch with others by phone or
People aged 65 years and older email and seek out a “buddy” who will
As you get older, your risk for severe illness check on and help care for you if you
from COVID-19 increases. For example, become sick.
people in their 50s are at higher risk for
+ Have an emergency contact list.
severe illness than people in their 40s.
Similarly, people in their 60s or 70s are at + Have a list of your daily medication and
higher risk for severe illness than people in the time of day you take them, so a
their 50s. The greatest risk for severe illness caregiver will be able to help you if you
from COVID-19 is among those aged 85 or get sick.
older. The immune systems of older adults
weaken with age, making it harder to fight + Have extra medication on hand. Contact
off infections. Also, older adults commonly your doctor to arrange.
have chronic diseases that can increase the
risk of severe illness from COVID-19. + Be sure you have over-the-counter
medicines and medical supplies ready.
+ Take your medications for any underlying
health conditions exactly as prescribed. + Have enough household items and
groceries so that you will be comfortable
+ Follow the advice of your doctor.
staying home for a few weeks, or arrange
with a trusted person to have these items
+ Develop a care plan that
delivered if possible.
summarizes your health conditions and
current treatments.
+ Prepare yourself to stay home for long
periods using this checklist:
• Stay informed and up to date with your
local news for COVID-19 updates.
• Stay home as much as possible and
especially if you are sick.
50Chapter 4: Caring for Others
Care advice for pregnant people
Pregnant people living in a household with someone
who has COVID-19 should take steps to reduce their
risk of getting sick and should talk with their doctor to
ensure they continue to get essential prenatal care.
Inform your doctor that someone General information about
in your household has COVID-19 COVID-19 and pregnancy
and ask for their guidance.
Risk of COVID-19
Call your doctor if you have an during pregnancy
urgent medical question.
+ Based on what we know at this time,
In case of emergency, call 911 or go to pregnant people are at an increased
your local emergency department. If risk for severe illness from COVID-19.
possible, call the emergency department Additionally, pregnant people with
to explain you are pregnant and have an COVID-19 might be at increased risk for
emergency. Let them know that you live other adverse outcomes, such as pre-
with someone who has COVID-19. Do not term birth, needing to go to the ICU, and
delay getting emergency care, and rest requiring a ventilator.
assured that the emergency department
has an infection prevention plan in place + Pregnant people have changes in
to protect you. their bodies that may increase their
risk of some infections. It is always
important for pregnant people to try
to protect themselves from illnesses
whenever possible.
51Chapter 4: Caring for Others
Care advice for pregnant people (Continued)
Risks to the pregnancy Prenatal care during the
and to the baby COVID-19 outbreak
Much is still unknown about the risks of + It is important to take care of yourself
COVID-19 in babies born to mothers with and your baby during pregnancy, and
COVID-19. We do know that: this includes prenatal care.
+ Infections causing COVID-19 in babies + Inform your doctor that you live in a
born to mothers with COVID-19 are household with someone who has
uncommon. COVID-19 and ask for their guidance.
+ Some newborns have tested positive + Ask if your doctor’s office, clinic, or
for COVID-19 shortly after birth. It is hospital has steps in place to separate
unknown if these newborns got the virus healthy patients from those who might
before, during, or after birth from close be sick.
contact with an infected person.
+ Some doctor’s offices might choose
+ Most newborns who tested positive for to cancel or postpone some visits.
COVID-19 had mild or no symptoms Others may switch certain appointments
and recovered. However, there are a to telemedicine visits, which are
few reports of newborns with severe appointments through the phone or
COVID-19 illness. over the internet. These decisions will
be based on the circumstances in your
+ Pre-term (less than 37 weeks gestation)
community, as well as your individual
birth and other problems with pregnancy
care plan.
and birth have been reported among
women who tested positive for COVID-19
during pregnancy. It is unknown
whether these problems were related to
COVID-19.
52You can also read
