CARL L. ZIMMERMAN, PHD CANDIDATE, UCONN PROF. KATHARINE OWENS, PHD, UNIVERSITY OF HARTFORD
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Carl L. Zimmerman, PhD candidate, UCONN Prof. Katharine Owens, PhD, University of Hartford Contact Info: Address: E-mail: carl.zimmerman@ct.gov CZ: 79 Elm Street, Phone: 860-424-3244 Hartford, CT 06106 E-mail: kowens@uhartford.edu KO: 200 Bloomfield Ave, Phone: 860-768-5492 West Hartford, CT 06117-1599
Impacts
Natural resource governance
◦ Local versus central
◦ Successful characteristics
Governance structure in CT
Jurisdiction of coastal areas
A model for a local system
Climate Adaptation Board
Horizontal inundation
and coastal erosion
Water level changes
Temperature increase
Flashy storm events
(terrestrial impact)
Habitat /ecosystem
changes
Chaotic and emergent
properties
◦ Patterns of land-use change
maybe unexpected
◦ Strength and tracks of
Hurricanes?
Available at http://www.bing.com/maps
Land-use changes
◦ Infrastructure impacts
including stormwater
system changes, roads
Dwelling impacts
◦ Loss of homes,
businesses, property
Changing the character
of communities Old Saybrook CT
Available at http://www.bing.com/maps
Change will not occur at a constant rate
Extremely complex processes and systems (i.e.
physical, biological, anthropogenic) leads to
potential emergent properties / problems
Spatial uncertainty or “non-stationarity”–
boundaries and lines are not fixed!!!
Connecticut is a “home rule” state.
The experiential level of climate change is at the
local or site level– in other words the character &
identity of communities will be impacted
Commons Local governance versus central governance Scales and bridging Characteristics for success
Many scholars contend that localized decision-making is the key to
achieving social justice and ecological sustainability
Centralized resource governance may fail to recognize that
individual ecological regions are composed of a unique mix of
biophysical and social attributes
Local decision-makers are closer to the issues
◦ Local populations likely have more interest in sustainable use than higher-
level managers or corporations.
Local /indigenous knowledge is important
◦ “local communities are more cognizant of the intricacies of local ecological
processes and practices; and that they are more able to effectively manage
those resources through local or ‘traditional’ forms of access.”
Participatory governance is key
Some researchers find that local governance is not
necessarily better than any other kind
Purcell and Brown argue against what they call the
“local trap” of “development researchers and
practitioners falsely assum[ing] that localized decision-
making is inherently more socially just or ecologically
sustainable.”
Jones finds that participation can devolve into a scenario
where locals are “co-opted simply to slot into [pre-
determined] externally defined objectives.” Cash and Mosher: Utilize scale-dependent comparative advantages; and
match scales of biogeophysical systems with scales of management
Many scholars find that ‘bridging organizations’ or boundary-spanning
strategies can provide governance links across scales and at multiple levels.
Ostrom, describing research on climate change and adaptation, encourages
polycentric governance approaches that “facilitate achieving benefits at
multiple scales as well as experimentation and learning from experience
with diverse policies.”
She proposes that climate change in particular should be addressed through
“small- to medium-scale units that are linked together through diverse
information networks.”
To address the challenges of natural resource system governance, we
suggest using boundary spanning between scientists, decision-makers, and
political actors at different scales Collaboration Equity Accountability and transparency Legitimacy Water and land planning integration All are found in the wetlands Agency model
Characteristic Ivey et Cuthill Adger Olsson Wetland
al. and Fein et al. et al. Agency Model
Collaborative process with leaders, X X X
stakeholders (urban and rural), local users,
and citizens linking to government
Clear roles and responsibilities X X
Multi-level and government-spanning X X X (Municipal only)
Equitable policy and processes X X X
Accountable and transparent process X X X
Efficient X X
Legitimate X X
Collecting and disseminating information, X X X
including local knowledge
Identifying alternative pathways for X X (potential)
response/ Create windows of opportunity
Integrate ecosystem planning, design, and X X
management, including water/land planning
integration Municipal
RPOs
State
(Federal)
Available at http://www.ct.gov/dep/lib/dep/gis/resources/Index_Towns.pdf Municipal
RPOs
State
(Federal)
Available at http://www.ct.gov/opm/lib/opm/igp/org/rpo.pdf Municipal
RPOs
State
(Federal)
http://www.ct.gov/ecd/LIB/ecd/20/14/state%20of%20connecticut%20county%20outline.PDF Local democracy and
home rule state
Counties stripped of
power
Municipal
governments are
powerful
◦ Greenwich
Available at http://www.ctheritage.org/biography/topical_govsince1818/city.htmGovernance Entity Role Level
Municipal Inland Wetlands Permits activities for inland wetlands and Municipality
Commission watercourses
Planning and Zoning Creates development plans; districts; Municipality
Commission infrastructure plans; zoning for building
placement and density
Conservation Commission Inventories natural resources, provides Municipality
advisory role
Regional Planning Organizations Community planning for groups of Regional
municipalities
CT DEEP Permits activities in tidal wetlands and State
provide coastal management planning
guidance
United States Army Corp of Permits fill in navigable waterways Federal
Engineers (USACE)Governance Entity Role Level
Municipal Inland Wetlands Permits activities for inland wetlands and Municipality
Commission watercourses
Planning and Zoning Creates development plans; districts; Municipality
Commission infrastructure plans; zoning for building
placement and density
Conservation Commission Inventories natural resources, provides Municipality
advisory role
Regional Planning Organizations Community planning for groups of Regional
municipalities
CT DEEP Permits activities in tidal wetlands and State
provide coastal management planning
guidance
United States Army Corp of Permits fill in navigable waterways Federal
Engineers (USACE)Adaptation Time Spatial Type of Governance
Type scale Scale Solution
Shoreline Short, Site Engineering DEEP, USACE,PZ
armoring (e.g. rip periodic
rap)
Elevation change Short, Site Engineering, DEEP, MIWC, PZ
(e.g. fill, berming, periodic Zoning
embankments)
Accommodations Medium Neighbor- Planning and PZ, CONCOM
(e.g. setbacks, hood, Town Zoning
rolling easements,
cluster
development)
Retreat (e.g. Long, Town Planning PZ, CONCOM,
abandonment, periodic Coastal Management,
infrastructure DEEP, USACE
changes, property
compensation)
Adapted from: J. Titus, EPA, Rolling Easements (2011),
available at the Climate Ready Estuaries Web site at
www.epa.gov/cre/downloads/rollingeasementsprimer.pdf (January 25, 2012). Complicated
and
overlapping
At times of
rapid changes
this is
potentially
problematic
Not all
worked out
in case law Complicated and
overlapping
At times of rapid
changes this is
potentially
problematic
What happens
with “non-
stationarity” and
spatial uncertainty Key exemption in law
CT has unique water resource
governance structure (CGS is agricultural
22a-39)
Each and every town wetlands
exemption
agency (170)
◦ Regulates own wetlands and
watercourses through a
commission that votes on
permits
◦ Has own regulations
◦ Has own TOWN POLITICS
Municipal Inland Wetlands Agencies
are peopled by persons with day
jobs. Commissioners are not
professionals though some towns
have wetland agents/others that
provide support roles
Available at http://www.livinggreaterhartford.com Key exemption in law
CT has unique water resource
governance structure (CGS is agricultural
22a-39)
Each and every town wetlands
exemption
agency (170)
◦ Regulates own wetlands and
watercourses through a
commission that votes on
permits
◦ Has own regulations
◦ Has own TOWN POLITICS
Municipal Inland Wetlands Agencies
are peopled by persons with day
jobs. Commissioners are not
professionals though some towns
have wetland agents/others that
provide support roles
Available at http://www.livinggreaterhartford.com4
1
2 3 Change will not occur at a constant rate
Extremely complex processes and systems (i.e.
physical, biological, anthropogenic) leads to
potential emergent properties / problems
Spatial uncertainty or “non-stationarity”–
boundaries and lines are not fixed!!!
The experiential level of climate change is at the
local or site level
◦ identity of communities will be impacted Strong local municipal
orientation
CA requires integrated land-use,
water resource, and
environmental require
simultaneous planning,
engineering, zoning solutions.
◦ Governance scale and scope does
not match impacts.
Many impacts and adaptations
are experienced locally
Rate and magnitude of change
unknown A hybrid Municipal board that
permits activities associated with
climate adaptation and provides
guidance and recommendations for
CA planning Members of CAB
Consists of both volunteers and Inland Wetlands
members from other town boards
Emergency Management
Like Wetlands Commissions, right to
jurisdictional review of activities. If P&Z
not directly involved in statute driven Conservation Commission
Climate Adaption kicked out of
process Floodplain Administrator
Fills in gaps in governance system for Local citizens
a period when flux, change, and DEEP ?
uncertainty are common.
Intended to encourage local RPO ?
participation and control
Conduit for funding
Jurisdiction could be physically
limitedPros Cons/Issues
Local governance part of CT Education important to allow
tradition for growing technical
Interdisciplinary (land planning expertise
and water) Local governance is, well local
For activities requiring immediate
Municipalities may not want
attention, towns would have
control over decisions this
Jurisdictionally “clean” Different role for DEEP for
certain shoreline activities
Venue for managing emergent
processes Need linkages with regional
Matches impact scale to organization (Shoreline RPO?)
governance scale and state
Rapid deployment of decisionsCarl L. Zimmerman, PhD candidate, UCONN
Prof. Katharine Owens, PhD, University of Hartford
Contact Info: Address:
E-mail: carl.zimmerman@ct.gov CZ: 79 Elm Street,
Phone: 860-424-3244 Hartford, CT 06106
E-mail: kowens@uhartford.edu KO: 200 Bloomfield Ave,
Phone: 860-768-5492 West Hartford, CT 06117-1599You can also read
