Case Study Findings - WSH Institute
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Case Study Findings
Agenda
1. Introduction and Update
2. Insights on WSH Ownership – 5 Key Industry Sectors
2.1. Objectives and Methods
2.2. Overview of Findings
2.3. Constraint and Limitations
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21. Introduction and Update
Stage 2
Stage 1
Stage 3
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32. Insights on WSH Ownership
– 5 Key Industry Sectors
2.1. Objectives & Methods
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42.1. Objectives & Methods
Study Objectives
o Define the meaning and elements of WSH ownership.
o Determine how companies demonstrate WSH ownership.
o Identify the challenges to inculcation of WSH ownership.
o Identify key success factors in inculcation of WSH ownership.
Methods
o This stage involves in-depth study of 3-6 companies for each industry using Focus Group
Discussions, In-depth Interviews and Observations.
Marines Logistics and
In-depth
Industries Transport
Interview
FGDs
Participant
Construction Hospitality and Manufacturing Observation
Entertainment and Metalworking
Industries
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52.1. Objectives & Methods
Methods
Overall Data Collection Period: August 2017 – March 2018 for 5 industries
Industries
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62. Insights on WSH Ownership
– 5 Key Industry Sectors
2.2. Overview of Findings
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72.2. Overview of Findings
Definition of the Meaning and Elements of WSH Ownership
Behaviors of workers that Safety
promote the safety functioning Citizenship
of the organization
Ownership
Multi-way communication
Employees’ shared and voluntary
perceptions of policies, Safety Social commitment between
procedures, and practices Climate Contract workers, supervisors, and
relating to safety management pertaining to
safety
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82.2. Overview of Findings
Total no. of IDI participants: 62
Total no. of FGD participants: 193
By Industry: No. of participating companies, FGDs, in-depth interviews and site observations
Hospitality and
Logistics and Manufacturing Marines
Construction Entertainment
Transport and Metalworking Industries
Industries
6 companies 4 companies 3 companies 3 companies 3 companies
10 FGDs 4 FGDs 6 FGDs 7 FGDs 7 FGDs
18 In-depth 16 In-depth 11 In-depth 13 In-depth 4 In-depth
Interviews Interviews Interviews Interviews Interviews
6 site 8 site observations 3 site observations 3 site observations 3 site observations
observations
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92.2. Overview of Findings
a) Demographic Information – Gender, Career level, Age
Construction N = 83
Logistics and N = 40
Transport
Manufacturing and
Metalworking N = 51
Marine N = 58
Hospitality and
N = 37
Entertainment
Industries
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102.2. Overview of Findings
b) Demographic Information – Nationality
Singapore Citizen
Singapore Permanent Resident
Non-Singaporean
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112.2. Overview of Findings
c) Demographic Information – Education
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122.2. Overview of Findings
d) Demographic Information – No. of years with the current company
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132.2. Overview of Findings
Activities across five industries
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142.2. Overview of Findings
Conceptual Model of Ownership
Behaviors of workers that Safety
promote the safety functioning Citizenship
of the organization
Ownership
Multi-way communication
Employees’ shared and voluntary
perceptions of policies, Safety Social commitment between
procedures, and practices Climate Contract workers, supervisors, and
relating to safety management pertaining to
safety
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152.2. Overview of Findings
Example 1: Towards Safety Climate – Leadership
“if you ask me what is compliance, I
“…this morning one worker come and tell….
don’t know, because to my mind you
Tell me boss, today I, don’t want to work. I
don’t tick the box you don’t think
said what happened. Boss, you always tell us
safety. And I’ve done this, I’ve done
that no safe cannot work right. You see this
this a way to remember, that’s of least
item, this how to work this small area very
importance, you have to feel safety.
congested. I said very good now you are
Therefore we said that safety will start
aware, so I say what you need to do now? He
from leadership, start from me, we
said, boss I will need to inform the people to
have a programme called Felt
clean up this area before I start work. I said
Leadership.”
very good…”
General Manager, Industry 1
CEO, Industry 2
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162.2. Overview of Findings
Safety Climate across 5 Industries
Organizational Structure Communication
• Type of industry and structure • Ambience of sharing
o Safety department structure options
• In-house/ outsource workers ratio Safety o Suggestion box
(management-centric)
• Customer relations, product type
and safety Climate o Moving beyond
compliance
o Direct/ indirect customer relations • Materials
o Clients safety demands and needs o Visual materials
o Social media and intranet
• Communication types
o Toolbox meeting
o Text-based
Compliance: Reward and Penalty communication
o Mobile-mediated
• Incentives communication
• Prizes
• Warning, Fines, Wall of Shame
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172.2. Overview of Findings
Safety Climate Findings
Ownership Ownership hindrances Potential Key Success
demonstration (Challenges) Factors
• Organizational • Top-down one way • Developing no-blame
Structure communication practices (Provera,
o Type of industry and Montefusco, & Canato, 2010)
structure
• Gap between formal
policies and policy-in- • Communication
• Communication process – Active
action
o Moving beyond listening, dialogue-
compliance
based (Covey, 1991)
• Challenges related to
• Compliance: Reward leadership style
and Penalty • Empowering
technology innovation
• The need to balance the for safety (Shultz, 2013)
tension between
productivity and safety
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182.2. Overview of Findings
Example 2: Towards Safety Citizenship
“worker they feel, their voice are being heard. and they will be
very proud because all the feedback, if we implement, we will do
the right thing for them but the work instructions or rectification
we will put their name. That this guy in fact he tell us and he share
with us this new idea so now this idea is implemented in the house
shop. This thing, this thing is implemented by everyone but
initiated by this gentlemen…. I [the manager] learn, he [the
worker] also learn. He know that now he can work safely.... My
idea, many of the time come from after I talk to them. “
General Manager, Industry 1
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192.2. Overview of Findings
Safety Citizenship across 5 Industries
Transformational Leadership Responsibility
• Encouraging innovation • Coaching
(campaign, competition) o Learning by doing
o Technology innovation Safety o Active learning – learning
o Safety innovation through role-play
• Voice Citizenship
o Empowering workers to suggest
innovations for safety and
productivity
o Spot the hazard campaign
o Egalitarian stop card
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202.2. Overview of Findings
Safety Citizenship
Findings
Ownership Ownership hindrances Potential Key Success
demonstration (Challenges) Factors
• Transformational • Fragmented identity • Transformational
Leadership leadership
o Innovation behaviours (Bass &
• Relying on external
o Voice Avolio, 1990)
extrinsic motivation
• Responsibility • Safety partnership
o Coaching • Less autonomy in behaviour (Graen & Uhl-
voicing out concerns Bien, 1995)
• Develop holistic • Encouraging workers’
safety citizenship involvement in
behaviours decision-making
process (Morrow, 1991)
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212.2. Overview of Findings
Example 3: Towards Social Contract
“You can see everybody, this guy he 18 “Because as you can see in our little
department, there are mixture of
years with this company, we work as a
young and old, so when we work
team for me ah 7 years, we together
together, there’s young and old. So we
already 7 years. We know everything we
make sure everybody, you old you
need to do. We help each other as a team don’t carry this thing, we let the
work 7 years. Example 17 years work ah young boy, younger guys to carry
you see.” things.”
Workers, Industry 3 Supervisors, Industry 3
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222.2. Overview of Findings
Social Contract across 5 Industries
Employee well-being Commitment
• Care for each other • Intra/inter connections
• Enrichment o Intra-group
Social o Worker-supervisor
o Workers etiquette
Contract o Inter-group
o Worker level
o Management level
• Mentorship
o Buddy system
• Company as family
o Workers welfare
o Company events
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232.2. Overview of Findings
Social Contract Findings
Ownership Ownership hindrances Potential Key Success
demonstration (Challenges) Factors
• Employee well-being • Development of trust • Building trust and
o Care for each other togetherness (Zwetsloot et
al. 2017)
• Innovative ways to
incorporate workers’
• Commitment • Encouraging workers to
o Intra/inter-
feedback
be open about mistakes
connections (Simard & Marchand, 1994)
o Mentorship • Identifying safety
o Company as family leaders
• Flexibility and a sense
of autonomy (Baltes et al.,
• Multi-way 1999)
communication and
voluntary commitment
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242.2. Overview of Findings
Conceptual Model of Ownership
Behaviors of workers that Safety
promote the safety functioning Citizenship
of the organization
Ownership
Multi-way communication
Employees’ shared and voluntary
perceptions of policies, Safety Social commitment between
procedures, and practices Climate Contract workers, supervisors, and
relating to safety management pertaining to
safety
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252.2. Overview of Findings
Challenges to WSH ownership !
Safety climate Safety citizenship Social contract
• Top-down one way • The nature of fragmented • Development of trust in
communication identity management as well as
among co-workers
• More formal policies to • Relying on external
policy-in-action extrinsic motivation and • Need to explore innovative
external safety rules and ways to incorporate
• Challenges related to procedures workers’ feedback
leadership style
• Workers have less • Identifying and appointing
• The need to balance the autonomy in voicing out safety leaders
tension between concerns
productivity and safety • Maintaining multi-way
• Ensure to develop holistic communication and
safety citizenship voluntary commitment
behaviours between workers
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262.2. Overview of Findings
Potential Key Success Factors
Safety climate Safety citizenship Social contract
• Developing no-blame • Transformational • Building trust and
practices leadership behaviours togetherness among
workers, supervisors, and
• Communication process – • Safety partnership management
Active listening, dialogue- behaviour
based • Encouraging workers to be
• Encouraging workers’ open about mistakes by
• Empowering technology involvement in decision- taking a non-punitive
innovation for safety making process approach to learning
• Provision of flexibility and
a sense of autonomy
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27Thank you
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28Recall: Project Objectives
1. Defining the meaning and elements of industry ownership by WSH;
2. Determining how 5 selected industries demonstrate ownership;
3. Developing the ownership measurement tool;
4. Identifying key success factors in the inculcation of industry ownership;
5. Proposing the suitable intervention and evaluation;
6. Proposing recommendations to inculcate industry ownership for WSH; and
7. Exploring the relationship between WSH and productivity and the various ways to
enhance this relationship
Hospitality and
Construction Logistics Manufacturing Marines
Entertainment
and Transport and Metalworking Industries
Industries
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29Recall: Research Questions and Hypotheses
Research Question 1: Research Question 2:
What is the current status of What is the effect of the proposed
industry ownership of workplace communication intervention?
safety and health (WSH)?
Hypotheses
• H1: Ownership drives WSH behaviour and attitudes
• H2: Communication improves ownership in WSH
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30Recall: Research Questions for Stage 2
Research Question 1:
What is the current status of industry ownership of workplace safety and health (WSH)?
• RQ1a: What is the industry’s perceptions of and attitudes towards WSH?
• RQ1b: What is the industry’s perceptions towards WSH policies and
regulations?
• RQ1c: How does the industry demonstrate WSH ownership?
• RQ1d: What are the factors or variables that contributed to WSH ownership?
• RQ1e: What are the elements that constitute WSH ownership at the
individual-, cultural- and organisational-level?
• RQ1f: What are the different ‘personas’ and visual representations of WSH
ownership at the individual-, cultural- and organisational-level?
• RQ1g: Why do the different ‘personas’ act in a certain way and what would
motivate the ‘personas’ to alter behaviour and change the mindset for
WSH ownership?
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31Recall: Research Flowchart of Study
I. Literature Review II. Case Study III. Baseline Survey
Literature review on Conduct FGDs, In-depth Formulate constructs and survey
psychological and collective Interviews, Observations on items
ownership in workplace safety the constructs of WSH worker-
and health centric model of ownership
Operationalize multi-level
Conceptualize multi-level ownership
ownership Interview Guide
• Specific health & safety Individual Level Measurements
issues by industry • E.g: Attitudes toward WSH
Develop WSH worker-centric • Ownership
model of ownership • Communication Cultural Level Measurements
• E.g: Descriptive norms
Constructs
• Safety Citizenship
IV. Data Analysis and Organizational Level
• Safety climate
Measurements
• Social Contract Proposed Intervention
• E.g: WSH Policies and
Conduct data analysis and Regulations
propose interventions
• Design and develop WAT4M
V. Evaluation of Intervention system prototype
• Conduct baseline survey
Testing the intervention using
the collected data
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