CULTURAL GLOBALIZATION AND SHIFTING THE CULTURAL IDENTITY OF YOUTH: SATELITE TV PERSPECTIVE
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BANGLADESH RESEARCH PUBLICATIONS JOURNAL
ISSN: 1998-2003, Volume: 10, Issue: 1, Page: 14-24, May - June, 2014
CULTURAL GLOBALIZATION AND SHIFTING THE CULTURAL IDENTITY OF
YOUTH: SATELITE TV PERSPECTIVE
Sezan Tanvir1, Taufiq-E-Ahmed Shovo1* and Kaniz Fatima Mohsin2
Sezan Tanvir, Taufiq-E-Ahmed Shovo and Kaniz Fatima Mohsin (2014). Cultural Globalization and
Shifting the Cultural Identity of Youth: Satelite TV Perspective. Bangladesh Res. Pub. J. 10(1): 01-24.
Retrieve from http://www.bdresearchpublications.com/admin/journal/upload/1410003/1410003.pdf
Abstract
Culture is reflected through the attitudes, norms and values that shapes up the
behavior of human being. At present rather than the traditional factors like religious
belief, societal values, age old norms, satellite channels and the programs
broadcasted in STV are more influential in shaping cultural identity. The study aimed
to find out the impact of satellite channels in determining the cultural identity of
youth. The study found significant impact of satellite channels on the youth. They
are adapted with dress pattern, film and literature, cultural festival, language, food
habit, behavior, and technology. The study reveals that many of the respondents
did not even know about our traditional culture and they could not differentiate
the traditional culture from western culture. This study also indicates that our
education system have failed to teach the young generation about the native
culture and tradition. Moreover, the education system is transforming in
accordance with the western thoughts. Young generation and even middle-aged
people were not conscious about Bengali culture because of the globalization. In
this way, Bengali culture is now no more motivated by own culture, even is losing its
own value.
Key words: Foreign Culture, Satellite Television, Khulna city, Cultural Identity.
Introduction
Youth are the future of a country. Every country depends on its young generation to make
a prosperous future. Bangladesh is not an exception. The young generation of Bangladesh
has played a very important role to face the barriers and various problems in past as well
as at present. It is very important for government as well as the senior members to
manage and observe the environment and the culture among which they are growing
up and what factors influencing their life. Over some decades the situation in Bangladesh
of the young generation has been changed (Samuel, 2009). This change mainly seen in
the aspect of culture and culture related issues. Because, if we take into account the
present time or back to few years, considerable effect of Western and Indian culture can
be revealed on the young generation of Bangladesh. In this regard major impetus
towards the change is coming from both Indian and Western culture (Nawaz, 2008). These
foreign cultures have both negative and positive impact among the present generation
of Bangladesh. The main concerning issue is that the culture of young generation is
transforming by Western culture through satellite channels. The change is reflected in the
course of fashion, education, food habit, conversation, way of communication, music
and other Medias, occupation morality and behavior (Khan, 2009). In order to understand
the concept of national identity or culture of young generation, it must be clear what is
meant by “Culture” (Athiyal, 2011). Culture can be defined as a complete way of life of
people, the shared attitude, values, goals and practices that characterize a group, their
customs, art, language, literature, religion and philosophy, the pattern of learned and
shared behavior among the members of a group. Culture is a way of life shared by the
*Corresponding Author Email: sayed_shuvo@yahoo.com
1 Sociology Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh.
2 Economics Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna-9208, Bangladesh.Cultural Globalization and Shifting the Cultural Identity 15
members of a society. This includes their ideas, beliefs, language, values, knowledge,
customs and the things they make (Furlong and Cartmel, 1997). The study aims to find out
the impact of cultural globalization on youth transmitted through satellite channel STV.
There was some hypothesis regarding the level of watching satellite television and its
impact on youths’ daily activities. The hypothesis were
1. There is a relationship between the level of watching satellite TV and food
preference.
2. There is a relationship between watching satellite TV and dress preference.
3. There is a relationship between frequent watching satellite TV and following social
customs.
Materials and Methods
The study was a paper based research on explanatory or descriptive process. Data were
collected incorporating relevant items in the questionnaire, had been analyzed and
interpreted using descriptive techniques. This paper was based on quantitative data. The
study area was Khulna city. The central and densely populated area had been selected
as sample area that includes Shonadanga, Boyra, Khalishpur, Gollamary, Boshupara, and
Moilapota. Urban youth use modern telecommunications due to having higher
accessibility to modern information technology. Data had been collected through using
an interview schedule. The objective of the study was to find out the social context and
status of cultural identity and change among young generation caused by the blow of
satellite television in Khulna City. For this purpose, survey design had been used and data
had been collected from purposively selected 111 people aged from16 to 25 years. There
was a hypothesis that “there was an impact of satellite channels on changing cultural
identity of young generation”.
Results
Intrusion of Western and Indian Culture through Satellite Channels
Agreement Level of the Respondents that Foreign Cultures are Entering into Our Culture
Via Satellite Channels
Table 1 shows that majority of the respondents (49.5 percent) agreed with this fact
whereas 16.2 percent agreed strongly, followed by 14.4 percent left their decisions
undecided and 10.8 percent of the respondents disagreed with the view that foreign
culture are entering into our native culture through satellite channels.
Respondents’ Preference Western and Indian Culture Over Traditional Native Culture
It is a controversial issue whether the young generation of our country likes our traditional
culture or likes foreign culture. Table 2 shows that notable portion of the respondents (34.2
percent) liked both Western and Indian culture along with traditional one. Almost 31
percent of the respondents did not prefer foreign cultures over traditional culture, 34.2
percent of the respondents liked foreign cultures over traditional culture. The table clearly
depicted that teen-agers still like our traditional culture (but the number is low).
Dress Preferred by Respondents
Dress pattern is another important factor to analyze the impact of foreign cultures (if any)
on inhabitants of any society. Table 3 shows that the majority of the respondents (32.4
percent) liked foreign outfits (e.g. T shirt, jeans, 3 quarter pant for male and Tops-skirt,
Jeans for female). The rest 33.3 percent liked dresses of native culture (e.g. Panjabi,
Pajama, Lungi for male and Sari, Salwar Kamiz for female). So, it is clear that if this survey
had been conducted 20 or 25 years ago, most of the answers could have come on
Panjabi-Pajama (male) and Sari (female). Therefore, the impact of satellite channels as
well as foreign cultures on teen-agers is evident through teen agers out feet.
Respondents’ Likeness to Use English or Hindi Words Frequently or Not
Table 4 shows that that most of the respondents (62.2 percent) were using English and
Hindi words in their regular conversation. On the other hand, 27 percent of the
respondents told that though they watch STV but never used foreign words in their daily
activities whereas 10.8 percent of the respondents told that they used foreign words
http://www.bdresearchpublications.com/journal/Tanvir etal. 16 sometimes and irregularly. Majority thought that using foreign words is part of smartness and most of them try to use these words in their daily conversation. Type of Festival Observed by the Respondents Festivals are very important part of any culture. As like other aspects, foreign festivals have also entered into our traditional festivals. Today, mass people especially teen-agers observe foreign festivals in spite of traditional one. Many of them even did not know what is foreign or what is our native festival. Table 5 presents responses of respondents regarding what type of festivals they celebrate. Most responses counted on Pahela Baishakh (89.2 percent), Valentine’s Day (40.5 percent), Friendship Day (35.1 percent), 31st Night (27.9 percent) and Chaitra Shankranti (32.4 percent). It can be said that as total response, 135 responses counted on country festivals and 136 responses counted on foreign festivals. Though it is a good sign that most of the respondents were interested to celebrate country festivals beside foreign, but it is matter of doubt till which timeline their interests will continue because they were involving with festivals like Valentine’s Day or 31st Night which are completely inspired from satellite channels and foreign cultures. Beside this, it should be mentioned that this data is counted from multiple responses so it can be concluded that the respondents celebrated country festivals along with foreign festivals. Entertainment Function Type of Movie Preferred by the Respondents Table 6 presents responses of the respondents regarding what type of movies they preferred. Here, most of the responses counted on Hindi movie (79.1 percent) next English movie (54.5 percent), Calcutta bangla movie (26.4 percent) and Bangladeshi movie (21.8 percent). The lowest response counted on Bangladeshi movie. The negligence towards Bangladeshi movie and interest towards foreign movie is a result of invasion of satellite channels. Especially, female teen-agers were very much fond of watching Calcutta bangla movies and Hindi movies and male teen-agers were fond of watching English movies. Type of TV Serial Preferred by the Respondents Table 7 presents responses of the respondents regarding what type of TV serials they preferred. Here, most of the responses counted on Hindi serial (54.1 percent) next English serial (33 percent) followed by Indian Bangla serial (25.7 percent) and Bangladeshi drama (38.5 percent). It can be concluded from the table that most of the respondents were influenced by foreign satellite channels (total 122 responses) whereas Bangladeshi drama counted only 42 responses. Here, female respondents mainly preferred Indian Bangla and Hindi serials and male respondents preferred English serials. The situation is very alarming because watching Hindi and Indian Bangla serials have been revealed as addiction especially to female respondents. They spent three to four hours of watching Hindi and Indian Bangla serials that hampered their educational life. Agreement Level of the Respondents that Bangladeshi Movies, Dramas, Music are Important for Our Culture Teen-agers are young generation of a country. So, it is important to know about their view and attitude towards their own country and culture. Table 8 depict that majority of the respondents (73.9) percent disagreed with the issue, on the other hand 10.8 percent agreed and only 9 percent strongly agreed. So it can be said that, teen-agers did not like Bangladeshi medium of entertainment and they also thought these entertainment sources were neither important for us nor for our culture. Psychological Aspect Agreement Level of the Respondents that Satellite TV Channels and Programs have Psychological Impact on Mass People Table 9 shows that majority of the respondents (72.1 percent) agreed with the issue whereas 14.4 percent left their decision undecided and 8.1 percent agreed strongly with the issue that STV has great psychological impact on mass people. http://www.bdresearchpublications.com/journal/
Cultural Globalization and Shifting the Cultural Identity 17 Testing of Hypothesis Correlation between the Level of Watching Satellite Channels of the Respondents and Type of Food Preferred According to Table 10 70.3 percent of the respondents watched satellite channels regularly among them the majority (67.9 percent) preferred fast food while nearly one- third (24.4 percent) told that they like home-made food and only 7.7 percent told that they like traditional food. Meanwhile, 29.7 percent of the respondents told that they watched satellite channels irregularly and among them, the majority (45.5 percent) liked traditional food while 24.2 percent preferred fast food. The table concludes that there is a correlation between watching television and food preference. Here, the calculated value of Pearson Chi-Squire is 9.375 and tabulated value is 7.779 (Kothari, 2011) at 4 degree of freedom with 0.10(10%) level of significance. Hence null hypothesis, which means there is no relationship between level of watching satellite channels of the respondents and food preference was rejected and alternative hypothesis was accepted. So there is a relationship between level of watching satellite channels of respondents and type of food preferred. Correlation between the Level of Watching Satellite Channels of Respondents and Outfits Preferred Table 11 presents that 70.3 percent of the respondents watched satellite channels regularly of which the majority (61.3 percent) liked outfit of foreign culture (e.g. T shirt, jeans, 3 quarter pant for male and Tops-skirt, Jeans for female). The rest 9 percent liked dresses of native culture (e.g. Panjabi, Pajama, Lungi for male and Sari, Salwar Kamiz for female). Beside this, 29.7 percent of the respondents told that they watched satellite channels irregularly, of them 5.4 percent preferred dresses of foreign culture while the rest 24.3 percent liked dresses of native culture. It can be concluded that the more regular watching satellite channels leads to the more preference of foreign dress both male and female respondents. Here, the calculated value of Pearson Chi-Squire is 49.678 and tabulated value is 6.63 (Kothari, 2011) at 1 degree of freedom with 1% level of significance. Hence null hypothesis is rejected and alternative hypothesis is accepted. So there is a relationship between level of watching satellite channels of respondents and type of dress preferred. Correlation between the Level of Watching Satellite Channels of Respondents and State of Following Social Customs Table 12 presents that 70.3 percent of the respondents watched satellite channels regularly among them more than half (75.6 percent) did not care about social norms and customs while 15.4 percent of the respondents told that they followed social norms and customs partially and other 9 percent told that they followed properly. Beside this, 29.7 percent of the respondents told that they watched satellite channels irregularly and among them the majority (57.6 percent) followed social norms and customs properly while 18.2 percent of the respondents did not follow social norms and customs. It can be concluded from the table that satellite channels leads to the lower propensity of following social norms. Here, the calculated value of Pearson Chi-Squire is 37.469 and tabulated value is 9.21 (Kothari, 2011) which is less than calculated value at 2 degrees of freedom with 1% level of significance. Hence null hypothesis is rejected and alternative hypothesis is accepted. Therefore, there is significant relationship between level of watching satellite channels and state of following social customs. Discussion Social media particularly television have considerable impact on cultural identity formation in all societies exerting both positive and negative effects on group which is the foundation of society’s identity (Domirani et al., 2014 ). Social media can transform social and political relationships and have the strength to convert them into social rules and traditions (Amirentekhabi and Heirannia, 2011). Ideological globalization through social media is the base of internationalization of cultures and civilization (Ameli, 2010). http://www.bdresearchpublications.com/journal/
Tanvir etal. 18 The focus of the study was the impact of foreign culture promoted through STV on young generation. Approximately one-third of the world’s population is made up of 2 billion young people under 18, making up half the population in the least developed nations and less than a quarter in the most industrialized ones (Gigli, S., 2004). After analyzing the answers and information of the respondents it can be said that, young generation is influenced in many ways by western culture. According to Kuipers (2011), globalization is an international cultural instrument, which affect mostly the youth. They are habituated with English language. Thus, we are losing command over our mother tongue because we are highly influenced by Indian dramas (Malik, 2011). Indian culture is eating up the creativity and productivity of many talented Bangladeshi individuals. Rather than expressing their own thoughts and ideas, they could produce. Many of them are reading in English medium. The curriculum type of the English medium schools is also western influenced. Most of them did not have any orientation to traditional and indigenous culture. As well as habituated with fast food. Study also supports that the younger generation prefers fast food over traditional meals. Still most of the young people like traditional food items. Youth are much habituated with western outfits like, shirt. T-shirt, pant tops, skirt. A large number of people are seeing wearing Indian style of dressing and using Hindi words in common conversation (Qamar et al, 2012). The family under which youth are growing is also western influenced. Most of the families are now nuclear which is basically western culture. They are closer to their classmates and college mates than their family members and are more comfortable to discuss about sexual matters and fashion with them rather than their families. But the behavior of parents towards their children is still positive. Most of the parents looks after their children with proper care, affection and intimacy. Though there is touch of modernization in their behavior such as, they are very relaxed and flexible to their child which is contradictory to our tradition. But it is not negative. Social norms and values promotes our behavior like respecting elders, be affectionate to younger, caring neighbor. But these are becoming rare in our youth. Satellite channels brought deteriorated social values and the traditions among the people of Bangladesh (Shamsher and Abdullah, 2012). The main causes of such deterioration are the weakening of family ties and failure of the educational and social institution to guide the youth. Mother’s attention towards their kids has been lessened by spending a long time on watching the television which causes personality disorders in long term (Ruwandeepa, 2011). In this way they kill the quality time that should be spent with the family. Youth under the study, partially agreed that religion is a significant part of our life. And the rate of following religious rules-regulation among young generation on average partial. Study also disclosed that these daily soaps impose Hinduism culture in every sphere of life of Bangladeshi people (Anwar ,2005). Young people think about their opposite gender more moderately now. Most of them look their opposite gender as friend and co-worker. It is also an impact on their psychology of modernization and westernization. There also can fond impact of western culture in using rate of technology of young generation. Most of them use Internet service (including website, mailing, voice chat, live chat) and Mobile phone (including PDA, Android and net serfing) both for their educational, communicational and other needs. The refreshment or entertainment behavior of young generation is also western influenced. Though many of the young people like to watch Bangladeshi movies, dramas, listen Bangladeshi music and to read Bangladeshi literature, but many of them also habituated to watch Hollywood movies, listening English songs and reading translated English literature. It can be revealed that, the indigenous culture have been lost mostly among young generation. But it is a matter of to be enthusiastic that, most of the members of young generation still have positive view about our traditional culture. The criteria of culture which they are habituated is now a part and parcel of their daily life, they can’t avoid them, but many of them are still aware of and many are concerning about our traditional culture. Majority of them are avoiding the bad sides of western culture such as, drinking wine, free sexual relation, going to DJ party, etc. But it is a matter of great sorrow that many of them already acquired these cultures. There is hope that the consciousness is http://www.bdresearchpublications.com/journal/
Cultural Globalization and Shifting the Cultural Identity 19
growing among them. And most of them also support our traditional living pattern and life
style of our country. They think that overall culture & tradition of our country is appropriate
for present time and situation.
After reviewing different findings, the impact of foreign culture and STV on young
generation could be analyzed from three different angles. These are:
Impact of socio-cultural globalization.
Positive impact of westernization as well as cultural globalization.
Negative impact of westernization as well as cultural globalization.
Impact of socio-cultural Globalization
The Cable television has made different attraction in Bangladeshi households. Foreign
movies reflect their own culture. Recent time Indian drama serials are becoming very
much popular in Bangladeshi communities. Our men and women and also our young
generation are blindly affecting by Indian culture which is a tremendous alarming for our
own culture (Mozammal, 2012).
This has made a huge impact on the minds of the Bangladeshi people. Youth select
modern clothing and fashion and prefer Western music and movies than others (Bohrani,
et. al, 2011). The internet has opened up opportunities for youth to learn more about
foreign cultures and places. Globalization has broken all borders. As a result, the new
generation of Bangladesh is more knowledgeable, aware and interested in the world
around them. The amplification of communication technology reinforced the sense of
national identity among the university students (Hafeznia et al. 2000)
In our society, young women who were once the exploited and ignored part of the
population, now assert their rights of being a woman. They have greater access in
education, in different occupation and in decision making that is promoting
empowerment in male dominating society. However, this does not mean that all
Bangladeshi women are fully free. In many places, exploitation continues.
Positive impact of westernization as well as cultural globalization
Children and youth advocates in favor of satellite channels on the ground that programs
broad casted there is a number of positive impact on the young audience like
broadening world outlook and destroying stereotypes, increasing communication and
access to diverse ideas, and promoting critical thinking and participation in social and
political life (Disney, 2004)
Due to globalization, westernization is spreading out all over the world. Westernization has
been placed in different countries because of globalization and it has had an impact on
the Bangladeshi young generation. It has out-rooted the traditional Bengali culture and
the rate at which westernization is happening to Bangladesh is surprising. Regional
languages are on the process of redefined. In many ways instating of regional language
people have been used to English especially in urban areas’ youngsters. It had started get
fixing with western clothing, western languages, western mannerisms and everything else
westernized.
Besides, the festival of Pohela Baishakh, people is now celebrating like other western
cultural festivals especially the youth such as:
Valentine’s Day,
Friendship Day,
Mother’s day,
Father’s day.
And other international celebrations.
Youth are concerned about Global issues and celebration. What the other country are
doing in their cultural issue, just we observe and absorbing them. Bangladesh is a Muslim
majority country mentioned above but her population is losing their local culture gradually
due to Indian drama serials, which is highly influenced by the Hinduism culture (Mirsha,
2012).
http://www.bdresearchpublications.com/journal/Tanvir etal. 20
Negative impact of westernization as well as cultural globalization
Indian drama serials provoke sexual behavior, instigate pre and extra martial affair,
educate criminal activity, originate eve teasing, and nurture conflict between family
members.
Globalization must have positive impact but the worst thing is the deterioration of
indigenous culture, norms and values where youth are the worst sufferer. Easy access to
adult movies, pornographic material, sex toys and other sexual content from all around
the world highly affects youth. Such easy accessibility gives rise to severe social violence
like rape, abuse, eve teasing. The provoking foreign outfit is attracting the teenage girls
which does not match either with Bangladeshi culture or religion. Media impels a greater
impact on peoples identity and lifestyle more significantly on girls than boys (Bohrani, et
al., 2011).
Conclusion
Youth is the future image of a country. It is necessary to enlighten them with indigenous
cultural values. The production and consumption of cultural goods and services has
become commodities, along with the essentials of social life (marriage and family life,
religion work and leisure). What once was an element of the way of life becomes a
product, rather than something unique men had made to suit their own needs and
circumstances. In urban Bangladesh, technology of multi-channels TV began in 1991 and
hence satellite broadcasting has been delivering 'lots of channels to viewers'. Cultural
domination by electronic media within the society thus has eventually become a major
concern of sociological inquiry. The present study is one of such effort to look at how the
urban people, mostly youth has accepted and responded to their access to Western
culture. This is groundwork of further research, which may find useful tools considering the
probable findings in the end.
Acknowledgement
First of all, we are grateful to Almighty Allah for his generous blessings on us. Alongside, we
are really grateful to all the respondents, who have given their cordial help and support
by providing priceless information.
Tables (Frequency Distribution)
Table 1. Agreement level of the Respondents that Foreign Cultures are Entering into Our
Culture Via Satellite Channels
Agreement Level of Respondents Number of Respondents Percentage (%)
Strongly agree 18 16.2
Agree 55 49.5
Undecided 16 14.4
Disagree 12 10.8
Strongly disagree 10 9.0
Total 111 100.0
Table 2. Preferring Western and Indian Culture Over Traditional Culture by Respondents’
Preference of Western and Indian
Number of Respondents Percentage (%)
Culture over Traditional Culture
I like foreign culture 38 34.2
I do not like foreign culture 35 31.5
I like foreign and traditional culture
38 34.2
both
Total 111 100.0
Table 3. Dress Preference by the Respondents
Number of
Preferred Dress Percentage (%)
Respondents
Dresses of foreign culture 74 66.7
Dresses of native culture 37 33.3
Total 111 100.0
http://www.bdresearchpublications.com/journal/Cultural Globalization and Shifting the Cultural Identity 21
Table 4. Using Foreign Language by the Respondents’
Using Foreign Words in Oral
Number of Respondents Percentage (%)
Language
Yes, always 69 62.2
Yes, sometimes 12 10.8
Never 30 27.0
Total 111 100.0
Table 5. Type of Festival Observed by the Respondents’
Responses
Type of Festivals Percentage Percent of Cases (%)
N*
(%)
Pohela Baishakh 99 36.5 89.2
Chaitra Shankranti 36 13.3 32.4
New Year 21 7.7 18.9
Valentine’s Day 45 16.6 40.5
Friendship Day 39 14.4 35.1
31st Night 31 11.4 27.9
Total 271 100.0 244.1
Total responses on country festival = 135
Total responses on foreign festival = 136
*Multiple responses
*Total number of respondents was 111
Table 6. Type of Movies Preferred by the Respondents’
Responses
Type of Movie Percentage Percent of Cases (%)
N
(%)
Hindi movie 87 43.1 79.1
English movie 60 29.7 54.5
Calcutta movie 29 14.4 26.4
Bangla movie 24 11.9 21.8
Other country movie 2 1.0 1.8
Total 202 100.0 183.6
Total responses on country movie = 24
Total responses on foreign movie = 178
*Multiple responses
*Total number of respondents was 111
Table 7. Type of TV Serial Preferred by the Respondents’
Responses
Type of TV Serial Percentage Percent of Cases (%)
N*
(%)
Hindi serial 59 35.8 54.1
English serial 36 21.8 33.0
Indian Bangla serial 28 17.0 25.7
Bangladeshi drama 42 25.5 38.5
Total 165 100.0 151.4
Total responses on country serial = 42
Total responses on foreign serial = 122
*Multiple responses
*Total number of respondents was 111
http://www.bdresearchpublications.com/journal/Tanvir etal. 22
Table 8. Agreement Level of the Respondents that Bangladeshi Movies, Dramas, Music are
Important for Our Culture
Agreement Level of Respondents Number of Respondents Percentage (%)
Strongly agree 10 9.0
Agree 12 10.8
Undecided 6 5.4
Disagree 82 73.9
Strongly disagree 1 0.9
Total 111 100.0
Table 9. Agreement Level of the Respondents that STVs have Psychological Impact on
Mass People of Our Country
Agreement Level of Respondents Number of Respondents Percentage (%)
Strongly agree 9 8.1
Agree 80 72.1
Undecided 16 14.4
Disagree 1 0.9
Strongly Disagree 5 4.5
Total 111 100.0
Tables (Testing of Hypothesis)
Table 10. Correlation between the Level of Watching Satellite Channels by the
Respondents and Food Preference
Type of Food Preferred by the
Respondents
Level of Watching Satellite Channels Total
Traditional Home-
Fast food
food made food
Count 53 6 19 78
% within level of
Regularly watching satellite 67.9 7.7 24.4 100.0
channels
% of Total 47.7 5.4 17.1 70.3
Count 8 15 10 33
% within level of
Irregularly watching satellite 24.2 45.5 30.3 100.0
channels
% of Total 7.2 13.5 9.0 29.7
Count 61 21 29 111
Total
% of Total 55.0 18.9 26.1 100.0
Pearson Chi-Square Value (χ2): 25.853 df: 2 Level of Significance: 1% Critical Value: 9.21
Asymptotic Significance: 0.000
Table 11. Correlation between the Level of Watching Satellite Channels by the
Respondents and Dress Preference
Type of Dress Preferred by
Respondents
Level of Watching Satellite Channels Total
Dress of Dress of Native
Foreign Culture Culture
Count 68 10 78
% within level of watching
Regularly 87.2 12.8 100.0
satellite channels
% of Total 61.3 9.0 70.3
Count 6 27 33
% within level of watching
Irregularly 18.2 81.8 100.0
satellite channels
% of Total 5.4 24.3 29.7
Count 74 37 111
Total
% of Total 66.7 33.3 100.0
Pearson Chi-Square Value (χ2): 49.678 df: 1 Level of Significance: 1% Critical Value: 6.63
Asymptotic Significance: 0.000
http://www.bdresearchpublications.com/journal/Cultural Globalization and Shifting the Cultural Identity 23
Table 12. Correlation between the level of Watching Satellite Channels by the
Respondents and State of Following Social Customs
Respondents Follow the Traditional Social
Customs and Norms or Not Total
Level of Watching Satellite Channels
Follow Follow Do not
Properly Partially Follow
Count 7 12 59 78
% within level of
Regularly watching satellite 9.0 15.4 75.6 100.0
channels
% of Total 6.3 10.8 53.2 70.3
Count 19 8 6 33
% within level of
Irregularly watching satellite 57.6 24.2 18.2 100.0
channels
% of Total 17.1 7.2 5.4 29.7
Count 26 20 65 111
Total
% of Total 23.4 18.0 58.6 100.0
Pearson Chi-Square Value (χ2): 37.469 df: 2 Level of Significance: 1% Critical Value: 9.21
Asymptotic Significance: 0.000
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