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#14 - Juillet-Août 2014 Dossier LE PATRIMOINE CULTUREL EUROPEEN Protéger les racines et découvrir les histoires de l’Europe EUROPE & BEYOND I Italian Presidency OUR STORIES I 2014 World Cup and human rights FREIZEIT I Représenter la guerre
CONTRIBUTEURS
Jessica Bosseaux est Malini
chargée de communication
audiovisuelle dans l’unité Morzaria
«Communication» de la ECHO’s Regional
DG HR. Diplômée d’un master Information Officer
en marketing, elle publie for Central, East and
actuellement dans International Southern Africa,
journal of green economics son has been covering
mémoire sur les stratégies humanitarian crises
marketing adoptées par les for seventeen years
entreprises utilisant les labels with over a decade
pour le commerce équitable. in Africa.
Patrice Lenormand is Carsten Sorensen joined
the Deputy Head of DG DEVCO’s DG HR’s Security Directorate
Governance, Democracy, Gender in November 2013, to lead
and Human Rights Unit and the Duty Office and Business
is currently responsible for the Continuity Teams. Since joining
implementation of the European the Commission in 1995, he has
Instrument for Democracy and been involved in internal market,
Human Rights (EIDHR). He has a external relations and trade
post-graduate degree in EU Law and matters, including a spell at the EU
Political Sciences. Delegation in New Delhi.
Guy Drowart heads Silvia Mora started her career
the User Proximity Services at Microsoft, Ireland. In 1995, she
(DIGIT). He started in joined the EU institutions to work
contract management. as a translator for the Committee of
Later he managed the Regions. In 2003, she became
Commission buildings. desk officer for the Euro-Med Youth
In DIGIT, he is in charge programme in DG EAC. Since
of videoconferencing, 2006, she is a trainer in DG BUDG,
telephony, etc. His where she also leads the internal
current interest is unified communication team supporting the
communications. network of finance units.
Gianluca Turco Monique Théâtre est
responsable des relations avec les
joined the Commission in
anciens fonctionnaires au sein
2004, after having worked at
de l’unité «Politique sociale» de la
the Ambrosiana Library in
DG HR. Elle travaille notamment
Milan and at the Bodleian
sur l’assistance aux pensionnés
Library in Oxford. Since
en diffi culté, les relations avec
2013, he is the Head of DGT
les associations d’anciens, la
Library and a member DGT’s
préparation à la retraite et la
Knowledge Management
valorisation de l’expertise.
Team.
Rédacteur en chef: Zach Hester Tél. ::02 02296
2969617
9617-–Secrétaire
Secrétairede derédaction:
rédaction:Dominique
DominiqueLabourdette
Labourdette
Rédaction: Matteo Manzonetto, Michael Scheerer – - Stagiaire:
Stagiaire: Sabrina
MathildeFredj,
Maughan
Alice Siniscalchi
Mise en page & Cend en ligne: Marcelo Contreras - Courrier des lecteurs: Eimear O’Kelly
Commission en direct est édité par l’unité de Communication, DG HR D.3 Chef d’unité: Norman Jardine
Adresse :CE-SC11,
Adresse: 01/18Télécopieur:
CE-SC11,01/18 Télécopieur:0202299
29992928585
Courrier des lecteurs: votcour@ec.europa.eu
Envoi de la publication aux pensionnés: OIB-mailing-PMO@ec.europa.eu
hr-cend-pension@ec.europa.eu
ISSN 1830-5598
: 1830-5598(version
- Cette imprimée)
publication–n’engage
ISSN 1977-9259
pas juridiquement
(PDF) – ISSN
la Commission.
1977-9259 (EPUB)
ACCÈSpublication
Cette À COMMISSION
n’engageENpasDIRECT EN LIGNE
juridiquement la Commission.
ACCÈS À COMMISSION
Personnel EN DIRECT EN LIGNE OP et retraités: https://myintracomm-ext.ec.europa.eu
actif: http://myintracomm.ec.europa.eu
Autres
Personnelinstitutions
actif: https://myintracomm.ec.europa.eu
et agences (également EEAS): OPhttp://myintracomm.ec.testa.eu
et retraités: https://myintracomm-ext.ec.europa.eu
Autres institutions et agences (également EEAS): http://myintracomm.ec.testa.eu
Couverture: Le monastère de Dragomirna en Roumanie, grand prix et prix du public 2014 dans
la catégorie «Conservation» des Prix du patrimoine culturel de l’Union européenne.
2
EDITORIAL
© Matton
TAKING TIME TO BREATHE
by Zach Hester, EDITORINCHIEF, CEND
W ith the European election results in and
the process of choosing the next President
of the Commission and the subsequent selection of
pean Semester (pages 12-13). Likewise, from the work
of the Commission’s Task Force for Greece, notably in
the health sector reforms (pages 22-24).
the next College now under way, there will be little However, to give you a moment to pause, breathe
time to pause this summer, especially for those of our and reflect, the dossier this summer focuses on Europe’s
colleagues involved in this cycle that comes around cultural heritage. While presenting the new EU heritage
every five years. label (pages 38-39) and some of the wonderful projects
As the world continues to turn, the incoming Italian that won this year’s EU Prizes for Cultural Heritage/
Presidency is likely to have a busy agenda over the next Europa Nostra Awards (pages 40-45), we also discuss
six months, trying to resolve quickly the institutional with Commissioners Androulla Vassiliou and Johannes
issues, so as to be able to focus on the overriding need Hahn some of the key changes under the new Multian-
to promote growth and new jobs and to help set the nual Financial Framework and the relevant programmes
direction for the EU over the next five years. See our that will affect projects in the cultural heritage sector
interview with Stefano Sannino, Italy’s Ambassador (pages 34-35). After all, cultural heritage can make a sig-
to the EU, on the Presidency’s priorities (pages 10-11). nificant contribution to local and regional economies
While Europe is emerging from the economic crisis, in terms of growth and new jobs, and the new funding
there is still much work to do. However, there is some requirements seek to promote this.
positive news this year in the Commission’s country- For those about to go on holiday, buon viaggio! J
specific recommendations as part of the fourth Euro-
SOMMAIRE
LE PATRIMOINE CULTUREL EUROPEEN
14 18 22 27
06 POST OUR STORIES
22 Health reforms in Greece
07 REGARDS
24 Task Force for Greece
EUROPE & BEYOND 25 Politique sportive pour l’UE
27 A bodyguard’s story
08 Brèves
29 A Copenhague à vélo
10 Italy takes EU’s helm
30 2014 World Cup and human rights
12 European Semester
14 L’Europe et le cinéma AU QUOTIDIEN
18 Central African Republic
46 Budgetary experts look to future
20 Hubert Reeves
48 Videoconferencing
15 PHOTOS 49 On-line dictionaries
50 Voyage en Chine
52 Nominations
Stefano Hubert Göran Georgette Yves Androulla Johannes
Sannino Reeves Carlsson Lalis Le Lostecque Vassiliou Hahn
10 20 22 24 25 34 34
Dossier
34 Androulla Vassiliou and Johannes Hahn
00
50 53 36 Facts and figures
37 Spotlight on Pompeii
38 Le Label du patrimoine européen
40 EU Prize for Cultural Heritage/Europa Nostra
Awards 2014 - ‘Conservation’
45 Prix des disciplines satellites à la conservation
GENERATIONS
53 Souvenirs d’un indigné
55 Antonio Ferrante di Ruffano: 100 ans
FREIZEIT
56 Représenter la guerre
32
59 Brèves
60 Jeux
62 Histoire en images
63 Annonces
Georges
Berthoin
53
POST
PERCEPTION OF COMMISSION’S
COMMUNICATORS seen on Yammer
I could not resist sharing this. A French university teacher, teaching
e-communication in a Belgian university said that there are no
communication experts working at the Commission. All people
working there are only public servants who have nothing to do with
communications...
Petre Dumitru, DG BUDG
Communication skills are becoming very
important in life and at work. And the way
we communicate, also as an organisation, is
changing. Citizens are becoming extremely
empowered, and want not only to express
their views but have real influence on
decision-making.
Maria Podlasek-Ziegler, DG EAC
To me it seems as if much of the Commission still sees communication
as a one-way process – we want people to see things the way we do,
and ‘communication’ has to ‘get the message across’ (across what, by
the way? The great divide between us and the people?)
But communication is a two-way process – it requires a lot more
listening than actual talking. And it requires acting on what you have
listened to.
Sascha Leib, DG COMM
REGARDS
N’oublions pas le résultat des élections européennes, il y a seulement
deux semaines! Et n’attendons pas cinq ans pour reparler d’Europe !
Michel Barnier
http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_SPEECH-14-449_fr.htm
It is certainly clear to me from the
month that I spent campaigning in
Slovakia that we need to listen more
to what European citizens are telling
us – both positive and negative
– and to act more effectively to
address their concerns.
Maroš Šefčovič
http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_
SPEECH-14-433_en.htm
“Let me be clear – I welcome
this debate. Detailed public
discussion can only lead to
better policies. And it is a core
part of our democracy.
Karel De Gucht, on the
The hundreds of thousands of pro-EU Transatlantic Trade and
Investment Partnership
protesters we saw in Ukraine earlier this year http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_
SPEECH-14-439_en.htm
show that the ideas underpinning the creation
of the European Union are still very much
alive and shared even outside its borders.
Štefan Füle, on the 70th anniversary of the
Crimean Tatars’ deportation
http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_SPEECH-14-390_en.htm
EUROPE & BEYOND
EU tax inquiry into Apple,
Starbucks, and Fiat
European regulators are investigating alleged low
tax deals for Apple, Starbucks and Fiat. As Com-
© Belga
mission Vice-President in charge of Competition
Policy, Joaquín Almunia, announced on 11 June,
the Commission has opened three in-depth inves-
tigations to examine whether ‘tax ruling’ decisions
Lithuania ready to join taken by authorities in Ireland, the Netherlands
the euro and Luxembourg, leading to significant corporate
O
income tax reductions for these companies, comply
with the EU rules on state aid. Joaquín Almunia
n 4 June, the Commission released its 2014
said: “In the current context of tight public budgets,
Convergence Report, assessing the readi-
it is particularly important that large multinationals
ness of eight Member States – Bulgaria, the Czech
pay their fair share of taxes. Under the EU’s state aid
Republic, Croatia, Lithuania, Hungary, Poland, Ro-
rules, national authorities cannot take measures allow-
mania, and Sweden – to join the single currency. The
ing certain companies to pay less tax than they should
Commission concludes that these countries have
if the tax rules of the Member State were applied in a
made uneven progress on the road to euro adoption.
fair and non-discriminatory way”. Tax rulings as such
However, Lithuania stands out from the group, now
are not problematic. They are comfort letters by
fulfilling all the convergence criteria.
tax authorities giving a specific company clarity on
The Commission has therefore proposed that Lithu-
how its corporate tax will be calculated or on the
ania adopt the euro on 1 January 2015. The Council
use of special tax provisions. However, tax rulings
will take the final decision on the matter in the sec-
may involve state aid within the meaning of EU
ond half of July, after EU Heads of State and Govern-
rules if they are used to provide selective advantages
ment discussed the subject at the 26-27 June Euro-
to a specific company or group of companies. J
pean Council, and once the European Parliament
http://europa.eu/!tJ74vv
has given its opinion.
Olli Rehn, Commission Vice-President responsible
for Economic and Monetary Affairs and the Euro,
said: “Lithuania’s readiness to adopt the euro reflects
its long-standing support for prudent fiscal policies and
economic reforms. That reform momentum, driven in
part by Lithuania’s EU accession ten years ago, has led
to a striking increase in Lithuanians’ prosperity – the
country’s per capita GDP has risen from just 35% of the
EU-28 average in 1995 to a projected 78% in 2015.”
None of the seven other Member States assessed
currently fulfils all of the criteria to adopt the euro.
Their situation will be reassessed in two years’ time.
Denmark and the UK negotiated opt-out arrange-
ments in the Maastricht Treaty. J
http://europa.eu/!xk33BP
© EU
8
More living space for
large carnivores in
Europe
At least one of the following species – Europe’s brown
bear, wolf, wolverine, lynx – can now be found in
21 of the EU’s Member States. After a lengthy period
of decline their numbers are growing once more,
© EU
but coexistence with man can be problematic. In
an effort to solve the social and economic problems
that sometimes result from this new expansion, the
Fin du différend UE-îles Commission launched a platform where farmers,
conservationists, hunters, landowners and scientists
Féroé sur le hareng can exchange ideas and best practices on sharing
L
the same land with large carnivores.
e 11 juin 2014, Maria Damanaki, commissaire Environment Commissioner Janez Potočnik said:
chargée des Affaires maritimes et de la Pêche, “We need to treat our natural neighbours with respect
et Jacob Vestergaard, ministre de la Pêche des îles – but we also need to heed the concerns of those whose
Féroé sont parvenus à un accord politique sur la ges- lives are genuinely affected by their close proximity.” The
tion du hareng atlanto-scandinave dans l’Atlantique Platform held its first working session on 10 June in
du Nord-Est. Les îles Féroé ont convenu de cesser Brussels, following the official launch and ceremo-
toute activité de pêche non durable. La Commis- nial signature of the agreement. It adopted terms of
sion, quant à elle, présentera un projet de règlement reference and a work plan. J
levant les restrictions en matière de commerce et http://europa.eu/!wG44hW
d’accès aux ports de l’UE prises contre les îles Féroé
en août 2013.
Pour rappel, à la suite des augmentations des captures
de maquereau décidées unilatéralement par les îles
Féroé en 2010, les traditionnels échanges bilatéraux
de droits de pêche avaient été interrompus, rendant
# Juillet-Août 2014
ainsi impossible l’accès des pêcheurs de chaque partie
à leurs lieux de pêche traditionnels dans la zone de
pêche de l’autre partie.
L’issue de cette dispute se place dans un contexte
actuel plus large de lutte contre la pêche illicite au
niveau mondial. A la suite d’une proposition de la
Commission, le Conseil des ministres avait décidé
le 24 mars 2014 d’inscrire le Belize, le Cambodge
© Matton
et la Guinée sur la liste des pays qui ne sont pas
suffisamment actifs dans la lutte contre la pêche il-
licite. Le 10 juin, elle avait lancé un avertissement
aux Philippines et à la Papouasie - Nouvelle-Guinée
qui risquent de rejoindre la liste. J
http://europa.eu/!Yp89jG
9
EUROPE & BEYOND
ITALIAN PRESIDENCY OF THE EU
© MC
“GROWTH DRIVES OUR AGENDA”
by Matteo Manzonetto and Zach Hester, CEND
On 1 July, Italy took over the helm of the EU. Italy’s 12th Presidency comes at a
pivotal moment for the EU, with the renewal of its Institutions and the need for a
push to end the economic crisis with sustained growth and new jobs. Italy’s Permanent
Representative – and former Director-General of DG Enlargement – Ambassador
Stefano Sannino tells Commission en direct about Rome’s plans for the next six months.
Italy is taking up the Presidency at a crucial on the Energy and Climate 2030 Package at the next
moment for Europe’s future and its institutional European Council in October.
face and power balance for the coming years.
How will Rome handle this challenge? What are your priorities in terms of jobs and
To quote our Prime Minister Matteo Renzi, ‘policies youth unemployement?
come first, the rest will follow’. This translates into a Economic growth can and must generate new jobs.
need to make sure that the future EU is shaped by a We will be building on the two previous employment
growth and employment agenda. We will help define summits, focusing on youth unemployment and on the
a roadmap for the next five years, with a push for implementation of the EU’s Youth Guarantee Scheme to
growth, complementing what has already been done ensure that those leaving formal education or the unem-
in terms of fiscal and structural consolidation of the ployed are put in the position to get a good-quality job.
economy. While the latter was absolutely necessary,
it is not sufficient to ensure that jobs are created and After the European elections, Italy emerged
that the economy starts growing again. We have iden- as one of the few countries resisting the
tified some areas for our growth agenda we would wave of euro-scepticism and populism,
like to focus on, such as industrial policy, the Single possibly paving the way for a greater
Market, the digital economy, youth employment, and leadership role for Rome in Europe. How is
investments in the real economy and infrastructures, the Presidency going to build upon this?
as well as energy and climate policies. In this area, I think the electoral success of a strong pro-European
we are confident we will reach a political agreement force in Italy is due mainly to the government’s very
10We want to give Europe a clear sense of direction,
with growth and employment as the leitmotiv
ambitious national reform agenda focusing on growth What else is on the external dimension of
and jobs. We will use this political capital to influence your agenda?
the broader EU agenda along these lines. Quoting once Our attention will be on the Mediterranean area, as
again our Prime Minister, ‘we have to change Italy in order it has already been in the past. Stronger cooperation
to change Europe’. across the region has huge implications for the rest of
We also need to look at the way the EU Institutions Europe in many areas, such as migration, security – with
function, in particular with regard to the relationship the explosive situations in Syria, Libya, and now Iraq
between the Council and the European Parliament. With – and also energy. This does not mean we will forget
the Lisbon Treaty, Parliament’s powers have grown con- about Ukraine and the Western Balkans, regions where
siderably, and the Council has had to readjust. We will the EU has a key role to play. Building on the Union for
work towards normalising this relationship and reinforc- the Mediterranean, which is working with a bottom-
ing the legislative triangle between the Commission and up approach, we will focus on concrete initiatives to
the two co-legislators. As for the Commission’s structure, develop the local economy and encourage investment,
decisions will be up to the next Commission President. including in energy, as well as addressing migration
However, the European Council has made it clear that flows – through use of development assistance.
the next Commission’s focus should be on growth and
jobs – and these policies should shape the Commission’s How are you coordinating with the other
agenda and its set-up. two Presidencies of your trio, Latvia and
Luxembourg? What are your common lines of
Migration seems to be one of the Italian action for the next 18 months?
Presidency’s top priorities when it comes to We want to give Europe a clear sense of direction, with
Europe. What are you plans in this regard? growth and employment as the leitmotiv. The protest
Migration is one of the most important challenges for vote was, in part, against the negative effects of certain
the EU. We face enormous pressures at our borders – policies – policies that were, nevertheless, absolutely
from economic migrants and asylum seekers. The EU necessary. The work to rescue the euro was indispensa-
needs to re-define the policies for managing its borders ble – you must extinguish the fire first before starting
# Juillet-Août 2014
– not only along the shores of the Mediterranean but to rebuild. What we would like to rebuild now is a
also along our Eastern borders. We also need to over- sense of hope in the future and trust in the European
come the polarisation of positions across Europe in this project. The EU can – and must – give concrete an-
area. We are all in this together – responsibility and soli- swers to concrete problems, focusing on results. But
darity are two sides of the same coin. This exercise also we also need to underpin our society with the rule of
needs to include the countries of origin and transit – we law and fundamental freedoms – the EU is not just
have to work with them to build meaningful policies. a collection of common interests, it must also be a
community of values. J
And what about Europe’s ‘internal migration’? http://italia2014.eu/
The right of free movement of persons must remain http://www.italiaue.esteri.it/Rapp_UE
a core component of the EU. This issue is, however,
generating sensitivities in some countries – these need
to be answered by addressing some of the system’s pos-
sible dysfunctions and abuses, but in full respect of
the Treaties.
11EUROPE & BEYOND
X Joint press conference with László Andor, Oli Rehn and Algirdas Šemeta on the 2014 country-specific recommendations.
EUROPEAN SEMESTER
© EU
MORE GROWTH AND FEWER
EXCESSIVE DEFICITS
by Michael Scheerer, CEND
The 2014 European Semester is in full swing. On 2 June, the Commission published its
annual country-specific recommendations, along with an overview of what is needed to
build more lasting growth and better jobs.
T he recommendations have become the focal
point of the European Semester, the EU’s new
calendar for economic policy coordination, which is
deliver a stronger recovery and a better standard of living
for everyone.”
now in its fourth year. In 2014, recommendations have Sustained policy efforts needed
been made to 26 countries (excluding Greece and Cy- The recommendations are based on a thorough assess-
prus, which are implementing economic adjustment ment of each Member State’s plans for sound public
programmes) and to the euro area as a whole. As part finances (Stability or Convergence Programmes) and
of the package, the Commission also adopted several policy measures to boost growth and jobs (National
decisions on Member States’ public finances under the Reform Programmes).
Stability and Growth Pact. Taken together, they repre- According to the Commission’s analysis, sustained
sent an ambitious set of reforms for the EU economy. policy efforts at all levels in recent years have put the
Commission President José Manuel Barroso said: EU economy on much firmer ground. As a result, the
“This is about helping Member States firmly out of the crisis emphasis of the recommendations has shifted in 2014
and back to growth, with the country-specific recommenda- from addressing the urgent problems caused by the crisis
tions acting as a compass showing the direction. The efforts to strengthening the conditions for sustainable growth
and sacrifices made across Europe have started to pay off. and employment in a post-crisis economy.
Growth is picking up and – while still too modest – we However, growth will remain uneven and fragile
will see a rise in employment from this year onwards. If over 2014-2015, so the momentum for reform must
politicians show leadership and summon the political will be maintained. Over the longer term, the EU’s growth
to see reform through – even if it is unpopular – we can potential is still relatively low – high unemployment
12Structural reforms need to continue, specifically to tackle
high unemployment, inequality, and poverty
levels and the difficult social situation will only im- Because the recovery is still unevenly spread and frag-
prove slowly, and the large investment gap will take ile, structural reforms of our economies need to continue,
time to be filled. specifically to tackle high unemployment, inequality, and
poverty. The crisis has had a severe and lasting impact on
Progress made since 2013 the level of unemployment in the EU, which remained
The recommendations reflect progress made since the dramatically high at 10.8% in 2013, with differences rang-
2013 round, which has yielded positive results – growth ing from 4.9% in Austria to 27.3% in Greece.
has returned, including in most of the countries affected This requires continued reforms of employment
by the crisis. Only Cyprus and Croatia are expected to policies, as well as improved coverage and performance
see their economies shrink this year, and by 2015, all EU of education and welfare systems. Particular attention
economies are expected to be growing again. is paid in the recommendations to tackling youth un-
Public finances have continued to improve and in employment, notably by implementing the EU’s Youth
2014, the aggregate budget deficit of EU countries is ex- Guarantee.
pected to fall below the 3% of GDP limit for the first time
since the crisis hit. The Commission has recommended Boosting investment - both private and public
that Belgium, the Czech Republic, Denmark, the Neth- As bank funding remains tight in Italy, Greece, Spain,
erlands, Austria and Slovakia exit the Excessive Deficit Lithuania, Slovenia, Croatia and Cyprus, especially for
Procedure, which will bring the number of countries still small and medium-sized enterprises, the Commission
in the procedure down to 11 (from 24 in 2011). is eager to boost private investment. The recommenda-
Reforms in the most vulnerable countries are paying tions point to a need to further stabilise the banking
off. Ireland exited its financial assistance programme in sector and support alternative forms of finance – for
December 2013, Spain in January 2014, and Portugal instance, loan guarantee schemes or corporate bonds.
in May 2014. Greece is forecast to return to growth Due to the accumulation of deficits over time, public
in 2014, while the situation in Cyprus has stabilised. debt is forecast to peak this year and needs to be put
Thanks to its determined pursuit of economic reforms, on a downward path, particularly in Belgium, Ireland,
Latvia was able to join the euro in January. Greece, Spain, Italy, Cyprus and Portugal, where it re-
Rebalancing is taking place, with current account mains above 100% of GDP. The challenge for public
# Juillet-Août 2014
positions improving in a number of countries. In March finances is to manage the costs of ageing – particularly
2014, for the first time since the Macroeconomic Im- pensions and healthcare – and to preserve growth-
balances Procedure was introduced, the Commission enhancing investment in education, research and in-
concluded that two countries (Denmark and Malta) are novation.
no longer experiencing imbalances, and that Spain is
no longer in a situation of excessive imbalance. Next steps
The country-specific recommendations will be formally
Tackling high unemployment adopted by the EU’s Council of Finance Ministers on
Major reforms to improve the resilience of the labour 8 July. It will then be up to Member States to implement
market have been introduced in several Member States, the recommendations by taking them up when drafting
including Spain, Portugal, Italy, and France. The out- their national budgets and other relevant policies over
look is for a modest rise in employment from this year the next 12-18 months. J
onwards, and a decline in unemployment to 10.4% http://europa.eu/!mn97xN
by 2015, as labour market developments typically lag
behind GDP by half a year or more.
13EUROPE & BEYOND
© Belga
MOTEUR… ACTION!
LA COMMISSION SOUTIENT LE 7E ART
par Jessica Bosseaux, DG HR
Vidéo à la demande, téléchargement légal, streaming... Autant de nouvelles façons de
voir un film qui ont modifié considérablement l’économie de la création audiovisuelle.
La Commission a donc modernisé le programme «Europe Créative - MEDIA» pour
soutenir le cinéma dans son processus d’adaptation aux nouvelles technologies, et
augmenter son audience.
A vec ses 100 millions d’euros par an en moyenne,
le programme «Europe Créative - MEDIA» ne
réformera pas le marché audiovisuel et cinématogra-
du respect des droits d’auteur et du développement
de modèles d’affaires durables. La Commission a testé
l’impact de sorties des films simultanément en salle et
phique. La Commission a donc établi une stratégie en vidéo à la demande (VOD) à la suite d’une action
d’ensemble incluant les professionnels du secteur ainsi préparatoire votée au Parlement. Cette pratique inter-
que les autorités publiques des Etats membres – qui dite dans plusieurs pays en Europe a généré des résultats
injectent 3 milliards d’euros par an pour soutenir ce surprenants!
secteur – à travers le «Forum du film européen» qu’elle A en croire l’expérimentation qui, jusqu’à au-
a lancé lors du Festival de Cannes le 15 mai 2014. Ce jourd’hui, a porté sur des films aux budgets modestes,
forum, qui complémente le programme, promeut la les craintes de baisse de fréquentation des cinémas
diversité culturelle et la compétitivité de l’industrie eu- s’avèrent infondées: la VOD n’a pas fait concurrence
ropéenne à travers un dialogue structuré et approfondi au cinéma comme s’en inquiétaient certains Etats. La
entre acteurs du secteur. Cette initiative, saluée par les VOD a principalement été utilisée là où le film n’était
Etats membres en cette période d’austérité, a pour but pas à l’affiche, ce qui a généré des économies en mar-
d’améliorer l’efficacité globale et la complémentarité keting et limité d’autant le piratage, selon «European
des aides publiques dans ce secteur, et non pas d’en film in the digital era – Bridging cultural diversity and
accroître le montant. Afin d’accroître le succès des films competitiveness», étude du professeur Thomas Paris sur
européens à l’intérieur et l’extérieur des frontières natio- la base des expériences menées (voir lien ci-dessous).
nales, le Forum aide les autorités publiques à traiter les Cela suscite l’intérêt des professionnels et des autorités
défis communs auxquels elles sont exposées dans ce publiques, soucieux d’adapter leurs politiques au déve-
domaine avec la révolution numérique et son impact loppement des marchés.
sur l’économie du film. Poursuivant cet objectif, la Commission fait preuve
d’innovation et expérimente de nouvelles méthodes
Fin de l’exclusivité au cinéma? même si ça ne plaît pas à tout le monde! J
L’ère du tout numérique peut évidemment aider au http://europa.eu/!tD78rR
partage des œuvres cinématographiques, sous réserve
14PHOTOS
© EU
High-level meeting with religious leaders
On 10 June, high-level representatives from Christian, Muslim, Jewish, Hindu, Sikh and Mormon communities met with
President José Manuel Barroso, European Council President Herman van Rompuy and European Parliament Vice-President
László Surján to exchange views on current societal developments in the EU, on Europe’s role in the world and in the
immediate neighbourhood, and on the part religions can play in this context. The participants observed a minute’s
silence in respect of the victims of the tragic attack in the Jewish Museum in Brussels on 24 May and adopted a joint
declaration asking for the immediate release of Meriam Ibrahim, a Sudanese Christian sentenced to death for apostasy.
# Juillet-Août 2014
President Barroso acknowledged the importance for the Commission to dialogue with religions about policy developments.
He pointed out that such an inclusive meeting could hardly happen anywhere else in the world and hoped that “this
high-level dialogue will remain a fruitful platform in the future”.
Under the Lisbon Treaty, the EU has a legal obligation to hold an “open, transparent and regular” dialogue with churches,
religions, philosophical and non-confessional organisations (TFEU Article 17). Besides the annual high-level meetings
with religious leaders and respectively with representatives of non-confessional organisations, such as humanists and
free thinkers, the Commission’s Bureau of European Policy Advisors organises dialogue seminars to deepen discussion
with the mentioned organisations on matters such as climate change, labour market, freedom of religion and belief,
populism or neighbourhood policy. J
www.ec.europa.eu/bepa
www.ec.europa.eu/commission_2010-2014/president
15© Gerald Zugmann
X Opéra d’Oslo (Norvège), par Snøhetta, lauréat 2009.
© Made in Europe
© Iwan Baan
X Maquettes exposées au Palazzo Michiel. X Superkilen (Danemark) par BIG Bjarke Ingels Group,
Topotek1 et Superflex, finaliste 2013.
Biennale de Venise
L’architecture «Made in Europe»
Le prix «Mies van der Rohe» récompense depuis plus de 25 ans les plus incroyables réalisations architecturales
contemporaines de l’Union européenne. Dans ses archives, on ne retrouve pas moins de 2 500 édifices, soit une partie
considérable de l’héritage culturel du continent.
Jusqu’au 4 août, dans le cadre de la prestigieuse Biennale de Venise, le Palazzo Michiel accueille «Made in Europe», une
exposition inédite présentée par la Commission et la Fundació Mies van der Rohe.
Organisée de manière thématique (habitat collectif, éducation, centres culturels…), «Made in Europe» réunit 145 maquettes
de projets couronnés depuis 1987 ainsi que des contenus audiovisuels et des plans. Une frise chronologique de l’histoire
de l’Europe met en relief les liens entre l’architecture et l’évolution politique, scientifique et culturelle.
L’exposition propose une vue d’ensemble du secteur de l’architecture, l’une de ces industries culturelles et créatives
européennes qui ne représentent pas moins de 4,5% du PIB de l’Union. De quoi mettre sous les projecteurs l’excellence,
la créativité et l’innovation dans l’architecture européenne.
J
http://miesbcn.com/
16PHOTOS
© All rights reserved
© All rights reserved
© All rights reserved
# Juillet 2012
Luxembourg Night Marathon
‘All Together’ running for Europe – Full speed ahead in 2014
In the Luxembourg Night Marathon on 31 May 2014, 434 colleagues and friends ran under the European colours – in
support of the Commission Representation in Luxembourg’s project ‘All together – Running to fight drugs and social
exclusion» (see CEND #03, page 25).
Congratulations to the six teams composed of youngsters from Manternach Therapy Centre (Syrdall Schlass), Jugend- an
Drogenhëllef and Caritas Streetwork who successfully competed in the team run and the three youngsters who even
ran the challenging half-marathon! They all proved their fighting spirit and made it to the finish line.
Special thanks also go to the VIP runners, Members of the European Parliament and candidates in the European elections
who also ran supporting ‘All Together’.
Motivating people in need is at the heart of this project!
17EUROPE & BEYOND
X Children in the Central African Republic have lost their childhood, making toy guns out of reeds.
CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC
© EU
‘SAFE ACCESS’ TO THE MOST
VULNERABLE IS ESSENTIAL
by Malini Morzaria, DG ECHO
As the humanitarian situation deteriorates in the Central African Republic, amid the
interreligious violence, maintaining ‚safe access’ to the most vulnerable people is essential
for emergency humanitarian relief efforts.
F atou is 75 years of age. She ran for her life, taking
refuge in the central mosque in Bangui, the capi-
tal city of the Central African Republic. Alone, she relies
them ‘I will slow you down, besides they cannot hurt me – I
am an old Central African woman’.”
Over half a million people have been uprooted from
on humanitarian aid for her basic needs. Fatou’s chil- their homes by the latest crisis – 12% of the Central Afri-
dren and grandchildren have fled the violent conflict can Republic’s population of 4.6 million. Over 300,000
that has been raging in the Central African Republic more have crossed borders seeking help in neighbour-
since December 2012, when an alliance of rebels started ing countries.
their takeover. The violence peaked in December last Fatou continues. “None of us thought this would
year, when vigilante militia formed in defence. happen. They say that Muslims do not like the Christians.
How?” she questions. “Christians and Muslims have been
Not even the elderly are safe living together as neighbours, as friends, as husband and
“In December of last year, all my family left the country wife. We have lived together in peace – always. I have lived
– some to Chad and some to Cameroon. I did not go, because in this country all my life, as have my parents and their
I am old and have rheumatism,” Fatou explains. “I told parents before them,” she recalls. “Those bandits, and that
18The religious dimension of the conflict has turned
neighbours against each other
is what they are – bandits, they took everything. There is not Attacks and counterattacks are daily occurrences across
a brick, not a spoon, not even a thread.” this war-torn country – the size of France.
Sara is 70 and was helped to flee the fighting in The Danish Refugee Council (DRC), one of the
Bossangoa, some 300 km North of the capital, even- many organisations financed by the European Com-
tually finding haven with other displaced people in mission’s Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection de-
Bangui. She recalls hiding in the bush for days before partment (ECHO) in the Central African Republic (see
venturing back home. “The thugs did not even leave a box), explains that it is not the moment to talk about
piece of straw.” Her children left the country, heading reconciliation. There are still unresolved issues and
to Cameroon and Chad. Sara also chose not to go, feel- mistrust on both sides. Instead, they help re-connect
ing protected by her age and disability. The lack of law communities by creating dialogue.
and order has bred impunity, so the ‘bandits’ or ‘thugs’ As the crisis deepens, humanitarian organisations,
go unpunished and civilians have no respite. together with ECHO are advocating for the safe access
to the most vulnerable who have not received adequate
Conflict’s religious dimension help. They are also calling for the voluntary and pos-
The religious dimension of the conflict has turned sibly aided movement of some 20,000 people who are
neighbours against each other and divided both the at risk and confined within limited areas. J
society and the country into ex-Seleka and anti-balaka.
EU humanitarian assistance African Republic, with funding of over €76 million in 2013. The
The Central African Republic is one of the world’s poorest coun- total commitment has been considerably stepped up in light of
tries, ranking 180 out of 187 in the UN’s Human Development the evolving needs. The European Commission alone increased its
Index. Decades of political instability and natural disasters have humanitarian funding to €51 million since the outbreak of violence
contributed to the destruction of the national economy, lack of in early December 2013, along with €23 million in development
infrastructural development and the overall weakening of state funds. Moreover, the EU has organised repeated airlis from Eu-
institutions. Turmoil in neighbouring Chad, Sudan and the Demo- rope and the region to ferry relief supplies and aid workers into
cratic Republic of Congo overshadowed the humanitarian situation the country.
in the country, turning it into a ‘forgotten crisis’. Following a change ECHO is supporting projects covering protection, access to health
# Juillet-Août 2014
of regime in March 2013, national authorities struggled to restore care, food and nutrition assistance, distribution of clean water,
order. Since the beginning of December 2013, inter-communal sanitation services, logistics and humanitarian coordination. Refu-
violence has escalated dramatically leading to widespread human gees who settled in the Central African Republic in the last years
rights violations and killings. are also being assisted. Nutritional surveillance and treatment
Over half of the county’s 4.6 million people are in need of humani- integrated into health services is a priority in a country where 129
tarian assistance. Massive displacement, destruction of property out of every 1,000 children die before the age of five.
and loss of livelihoods have exacerbated vulnerabilities of an al- EU humanitarian funds are also helping improve the emergency
ready fragile population. Priority needs include food, healthcare, response capacities of UN agencies and NGOs, from rapid deploy-
water, sanitation and hygiene, shelter and basic household items. ments and needs assessments to timely responses. A team of
The protection of civilians also raises major concerns, and lack of European humanitarian experts is present on the ground, monitor-
access and general insecurity make the relief efforts particularly ing the situation and working closely with partner organisations to
challenging. ensure that aid reaches those who need it most.
How are we helping?
The European Union as a whole – Commission and Member
States – is the largest donor of life-saving assistance to the Central
19EUROPE & BEYOND
HUBERT REEVES
© JB
SCIENCE ET ECOLOGIE
par Jessica Bosseaux, DG HR
Notre invité spécial Hubert Reeves, astrophysicien renommé d’origine québécoise
très impliqué dans la lutte écologique, est l’auteur de plusieurs ouvrages visant
à la vulgarisation de la science. A l’occasion d’une conférence sur la biodiversité
et les liens entre le micro- et le macrocosme, qu’il a donnée à la Commission,
à l’invitation de la DG RTD, nous l’avons rencontré.
Quelles sont les grandes priorités en termes Il faut se débarrasser du nucléaire et du charbon et se
de défense écologique? tourner vers le renouvelable. On sait fabriquer des mou-
Je citerais en premier lieu la taxe carbone que nous lins à vent depuis longtemps, donc il n’y a ni mystère à
devons améliorer et à laquelle nous devons impérati- élucider ni besoin de réinventer la roue. La réelle néces-
vement intégrer l’aviation. Un pays ne peut pas décider sité, c’est le développement de ces procédés pour une
seul de son application, car l’impact sur le marché aérien meilleure récupération de l’énergie. Les renouvelables
serait trop fort. Il faut une décision supra nationale ne sont actuellement pas suffisamment performants
qui ne favorise pas les classes sociales les plus aisées. pour prendre la place et combler les besoins énergé-
Le second point qui me paraît important est la taxe tiques. Cette transition est nécessaire car on ne peut
écologique qui fait beaucoup de bruit en France car elle plus se passer de l’électricité, ni continuer d’en produire
défavorise une partie de la population. avec les méthodes actuelles.
Sur le plan énergétique, il y a beaucoup de choses
à améliorer. En France, par exemple, on installe des Quel est le rôle de l’Europe?
réacteurs à fusion contrôlée qui valent 19 milliards alors L’Europe joue un rôle de modèle, elle doit garder cette
que ce n’est pas la solution la plus rentable à long terme. position de leader et donner l’exemple. Elle doit mon-
20Il faut se débarrasser du nucléaire et du charbon
et se tourner vers le renouvelable
trer la direction dans laquelle il faut se lancer. Elle est tout trouvé, ça ne sert à rien de nous fatiguer», comme
également un acteur incontournable de la recherche c’était le cas au Moyen Age avec les textes bibliques.
scientifique. L’ESA (European Space Agency) a financé Cela aurait des effets dramatiques.
par exemple le satellite Planck qui a mesuré des rayon-
nements fossiles et qui a donné ses premiers résultats Quel rôle jouent les citoyens dans tout ça?
l’an dernier. Au niveau du gouvernement, les caisses sont vides et on
Depuis la Seconde Guerre mondiale, les Etats-Unis est confronté à la vie politique, qui inclut des querelles
étaient la grande nation fondamentale en recherche et des soucis d’égo et d’images, dans un milieu très flou
scientifique, mais l’Inde devient de plus en plus impor- et incertain.
tante dans le domaine et la Chine est maintenant très Au niveau des municipalités, ça marche beaucoup
présente dans le renouvelable. La bonne nouvelle c’est mieux. Les villes sont des lieux de prise de décisions,
que dans le monde de la science, on a plutôt tendance à elles sont importantes dans la mise en place de projets, et
s’associer par souci économique. Par exemple, de nom- c’est donc là qu’il y a le plus d’espoir de faire évoluer les
breux pays, y compris les Etats-Unis et le Japon sont choses. Les citoyens jouent un rôle primordial à l’échelle
associés au CERN – l’Organisation européenne pour la municipale. Tous les petits gestes sont importants, donc
rechercher nucléaire –, près de Genève. Cela permet à si chacun fait sa part on peut espérer que ça marche.
la science de ne pas être à la merci des politiques et de La solution réside dans les actions individuelles, et je
connaître plus de stabilité et de sécurité. pense que la meilleure manière d’utiliser l’argent dont
on dispose est d’investir dans les énergies renouvelables
Les découvertes en astrophysique semblent de types éolien ou photovoltaïque.
cependant peu nombreuses depuis plusieurs Bien sûr, la crise économique a eu un gros impact sur
décennies… les investissement, à toutes les échelles. Elle a modifié les
L’astrophysique a en fait connu un énorme corpora- priorités et placé l’écologie au second plan. Il semblerait
tisme. Dans les années 1980, une école de physique qu’il y ait des choses plus urgentes, comme le chômage.
défendait la théorie des super-cordes, qui semblait Il est vrai que le chômage est un problème majeur,
# Juillet-Août 2014
pouvoir donner les réponses à un très grand nombre mais s’il augmente, ce sera encore pire d’un point de
de questions jusque-là très énigmatiques. Cette théo- vue écologique! Et s’il n’y a pas d’écologie, l’économie
rie élégante a pris tellement d’importance qu’il était s’effondre. On observe des répercussions négatives de la
quasiment impossible pour un chercheur de trouver pollution et de la destruction de la biodiversité sur tous
un poste dans une université sans avoir travaillé préala- les plans. C’est un sujet à présent primordial qui mérite
blement sur ce sujet. Elle fournit des solutions mais elle des solutions. On ne peut pas remettre à plus tard les
ne répond pas aux questions primaires que la science projets de développement durable et de responsabilité
se pose, comme par exemple: «pourquoi sommes-nous environnementale. Chaque jour, les coûts de réparation
dans un monde à trois dimensions et pas à deux?» de nos actes augmentent, et il sera peut-être un jour
Selon certains auteurs, cette théorie très prometteuse impossible de faire machine arrière. J
a immobilisé la recherche et n’a pas donné ce qu’elle www.hubertreeves.info/
avait promis. Nous changeons peu à peu d’orientation, Video de la conférence – mot de passe HRB3_LS
mais aucune autre théorie ne paraît plus prometteuse. http://vimeopro.com/user20281489/lunchtime-
Notre plus grande crainte dans le monde des seminars/video/94966197
sciences, c’est la scolastique qui consiste à dire: «on a
21OUR STORIES
TASK FORCE FOR GREECE
WORKING TO CREATE A BETTER
HEALTH SYSTEM
by Michael Scheerer, CEND
The restructuring of the Greek health care system is one of the most ambitious
health reforms in Europe since those carried out by the Central and Eastern European
countries following the fall of the Berlin Wall a quarter of a century ago. Göran
Carlsson, member of the Task Force for Greece, tells Commission en direct how health
care reform is an important part of the response to the economic crisis.
How is the Task Force helping to get the
health sector back on track?
In mid-2011, the Commission set up the Task Force for
Greece (TFGR), offering sectorial technical assistance in
many fields of society, including in health, where the
Greek government itself was anxious to make reforms.
Several health reforms were necessary from a strictly
financial perspective, but other reform components
were aimed at providing universal health coverage and
increasing quality and efficiency in the health system.
Technical assistance and support for these measures
came from the Task Force, notably through expertise
from EU Member States.
© MC
After the assessment and planning phase, the Task
Force has strongly supported the Greek Ministry of
Health in getting a Contribution Agreement signed
with the World Health Organization’s Regional Office systems development – in Sweden and internation-
for Europe and the German International Development ally. I spent four years as the adviser to the head of
Agency (GIZ) – contracting a strong international body health services in Zambia. Later, I headed a Swedish
with an excellent reputation to implement the first ‘semi-governmental’ organisation, organising health
steps of the health reforms. The Task Force, being a cooperation, mainly with Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus.
time-bound project, could not be expected to take on After this experience I was asked to join the Ministry.
such activities in the longer term.
What is your particular role in Athens?
What is your professional background? In the Task Force, I have worked very closely from
I started as a general practitioner in rural northern Swe- Athens with another Commission colleague and the
den several decades ago. Since July 2012, I am seconded Cluster Coordinator in Brussels.
to the Task Force by the Swedish Ministry of Health During my first 18 months, our health team liter-
and Social Affairs, where I worked on international is- ally had daily discussions with the Greek Ministry of
sues. Early in my career I became increasingly involved Health’s excellent reform team on key reform areas and
in public health, health care management and health how to plan and implement such reforms. Once the
22© Belga
reforms were agreed at the Greek political level, we The Greek health insurance body, EOPYY, is in ur-
jointly contacted experts, organised assessments, and gent need of reorganisation, which is now taking place.
assisted in developing action plans. Important fields to develop further include eHealth as a
Since the end of 2013, implementing the reforms development tool and public health in order to prevent
has been much more of a task for WHO Europe and health problems occurring. We are also working with
GIZ. Ours is now more of a supportive and monitor- the Greek authorities on an anti-corruption strategy
ing role. in the sector.
What are the most urgent reforms for Greece? Any particularly memorable moments from
The extreme level of unemployment in Greece – now your work in Greece?
about 27% – has deprived 2 to 2.4 million Greeks of Yes. First, in September 2012, when then Minister of
health insurance. A universally accessible primary Health Andreas Lykourentzos announced the Health
health care system, providing access also to specialist in Action Initiative – the basis for the health reforms
care, is absolutely necessary to ensure universal access developed further over the year that followed, and on
for all Greeks to health care. This is a human right! which our Greek colleagues and ourselves worked very
A comprehensive system for primary health care, hard. Second, a late Sunday evening in July 2013, when
# Juillet-Août 2014
previously lacking, was legislated in February 2014 agreement was reached to sign the Contribution Agree-
– implementation is still a difficult challenge though. ment for the implementation of the health reforms.
Greek pharmaceutical expenses were originally twice as This was indeed an occasion for a late-night celebration.
high per capita as in any other EU Member State – much
of this over-spending has been corrected through meas- What is the situation like now on the ground?
ures like an electronic prescription system, better pric- As announced by the Prime Minister, since 1 June 2014,
ing, etc. there is full access to health care – also for the one fifth
Hospital management reforms are also important of the Greek population uninsured. When this has be-
and on-going. These include making use of a more come a solid reality, progress should be strong enough
efficiency-promoting reimbursement system and of to be visible for ordinary Greeks.
efficient procurement. Human resources in the health Many other more structural steps – requiring more
sector is a critical problem as well, with too large a share planning and preparations – are more difficult to per-
of doctors and too few of many other health profes- ceive for the population. J
sionals, including nurses. http://europa.eu/!QB34hF
23You can also read
